U.S. European Command State Partnership Program

U.S. European Command State Partnership Program

Origin	1993
Authorities	Title 10 (Armed Forces); Title 32 (National Guard); National Defense Auth. Act
Countries	22
SPP Expenditures	$2.8M (2012)
SPP Events	271 (2012)^[1]
ISAF Nations	19^[2]
ISAF Troops	7727^[3]

A map of the 22 EUCOM State Partnerships

Indiana National Guard and Slovak troops train for medical evacuations in Slovakia

Soldiers from Slovenia and Colorado practice explosive breaching techniques during a three-week Joint Combined Exchange Training exercise in Slovenia

The Ohio TAG awards the Ohio Commendation Medal to Hungary soldiers

Soldiers from Kansas and Armenia train together on demining operations

Soldiers from Texas and Czech Republic conduct Blackhawk training exercises

Minnesotan and Croatian troops assist in Afghan election

Croatian and Minnesota Soldiers prepare to clear a room together at the JMRC

President Barack Obama reviews Polish soldiers alongside soldiers from Illinois

Soldiers from Kansas and Armenia practice a riot control exercise

Ohio National Guard's BAO in Hungary, talks with a Hungarian counterpart

The United States European Command State Partnership Program (EUCOM SPP) is a National Guard program that links U.S. States with partner countries in the European Theater for the purpose of supporting the security cooperation objectives of United States European Command (EUCOM).^[4] Currently, 22 Partnerships exist with former Soviet, Yugoslav and Warsaw Pact countries in the EUCOM Area of Responsibility. The program is a component of the larger (global) State Partnership Program, which oversees the program of each of the six geographic Combatant Commands.

By linking U.S. States with designated partner countries, the SPP stated aim is to promote access, enhance military capabilities, improve interoperability and enhance the principles of responsible governance.^[5] Furthermore, the SPP aims to support several areas of potential interest to the US Congress, such as:

helping prevent failed states and creating stable regions
improving the capabilities of partner nations to protect their citizens
strengthening relationships to facilitate access and interoperability
improving cultural awareness and skills among U.S. military personnel
fostering the integration of reserve and active component forces into a "total force"

All EUCOM SPP activities are coordinated through the U.S. Ambassadors' country teams, the partner State, and other agencies as appropriate, to ensure that National Guard support is tailored to meet both U.S. and country objectives. Specifically, all activities must support the EUCOM Theater Campaign Plan (TCP) as well as individual U.S. Ambassador mission plans in the countries where they operate.^[6] The unique civil-military nature of the National Guard allows active participation in a wide range of security cooperation activities, such as:^[7]

emergency management and disaster response
border and port security
leadership and NCO development
medical capacities
economic security
natural resource protection
peacekeeping operations
counter trafficking
counter proliferation
counter terrorism

History

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, an opportunity emerged for bilateral relations with the 15 former Soviet Republics. Such relations were necessary to maintain regional stability and to ensure the development of civilian-controlled militaries.

The SPP evolved from the 1991 U.S. European Command decision to set up a Joint Contact Team Program in the Baltic Region with Reserve component Soldiers and Airmen. A subsequent National Guard Bureau proposal paired U.S. states with three nations emerging from the former Soviet Bloc (Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia) and the SPP was born, becoming a key U.S. security cooperation tool, facilitating cooperation across all aspects of international civil-military affairs and encouraging people-to-people ties at the state level.^[8]

Sparking the program was a request from the Latvian government for help in developing a military based on the National Guard’s citizen-soldier model. Army Gen. Colin Powell, chairman of the Joint Chiefs at the time and Army Gen. John Shalikashvili, then EUCOM commander, embraced the concept as a way to build partnerships with non-NATO countries in the region as they established democratic governments and market economies.^[9]

The United States European Command (USEUCOM) took the lead in this effort by establishing the Joint Contact Team Program (JCTP) in 1992. The JCTP was originally composed of active component personnel and included members of the special forces because of their language skills. However, when the JCTP began to engage the Baltic nations of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania, senior defense officials insisted that National Guard and Reserve personnel play a leading role in any military liaison teams operating in those countries, apparently in response to those governments’ desire to establish reserve-centric defense establishments and to assuage Russian concerns about U.S. expansion into its former satellites.^[10] “The U.S. was trying to engage with the former communist nations that were in the Warsaw Pact, and using active duty troops might have been a little too offensive to the Russians or the folks that were in there, so the idea was to use the small footprint of National Guard troops,” said Air Force Col. Joey Booher, Chief of International Affairs for the National Guard Bureau.^[11]

In November 1992, Lieutenant General John Conaway, the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, and Brigadier General Thomas Lennon, head of the JCTP, visited the Baltics. A few months after their trip, in early 1993, the National Guard initiated the first state partnerships: Maryland-Estonia, Michigan-Latvia, and Pennsylvania-Lithuania. Additional partnerships were proposed later in 1993 for Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Romania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. The SPP assisted the JCTP by providing additional personnel, funding, and access to military personnel from U.S. ethnic-heritage communities who often had relevant language and cultural skills.^[11]

Today, 21 U.S. states are partnered with 22 European countries. Two bilateral relationships also exist between NGB and Israel as well as between Minnesota and Norway.^[12]

Current partnerships

The EUCOM State Partnership Program consists of 22 State/Country partnerships. The following is a list of each partnership with the year they were formed in parenthesis.^[13]

Alabama / Romania (1993)
California / Ukraine (1993)
Colorado / Slovenia (1993)
Georgia / Georgia (1994)
Illinois / Poland (1993)
Indiana / Slovakia (1994)
Iowa / Kosovo (2011)
Kansas / Armenia (2003)
Maine / Montenegro (2006)
Maryland / Estonia (1993)
Maryland / Bosnia (2003)
Michigan / Latvia (1993)
Minnesota / Croatia (1996)
New Jersey / Albania (2001)
North Carolina / Moldova (1996)
Ohio / Hungary (1993)
Ohio / Serbia (2006)
Oklahoma / Azerbaijan (2003)
Pennsylvania / Lithuania (1993)
Tennessee / Bulgaria (1993)
Texas, Nebraska / Czech Republic (1993)
Vermont / Macedonia (1993)

Claimed benefits of the SPP

In a U.S. Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees published in May 2012, State Partnership Program stakeholders, including State Partnership Program Coordinators, Bilateral Affairs Officers, and Combatant Command officials, cited benefits of the program as follows:^[14]

State Partnership Program Coordinators	Bilateral Affairs Officers	Officials from combatant commands
Provides experience and training for Guardsmen Develops relationship with partner country Encourages partners to co-deploy to Iraq or Afghanistan Improves retention or provides other incentives for Guardsmen Guardsmen benefit from partner country’s experiences	Events are tied to COCOM or country team mission Good communication and coordination between stakeholders Provides information sharing and support to partner country Builds relationship with partner country Encourages partners to co-deploy to Iraq or Afghanistan	Events support combatant command mission and objectives NG units possess unique skills in support of COCOM objectives Encourages partner nation deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan

In addition to the above, EUCOM claims the following additional benefits:^[15]

Due to fiscal and security challenges, the U.S. and Allied nations must develop strong partnerships built on trust and longevity. The value of the SPP is its ability to focus the attention of a small part of the Department of Defense – a State National Guard – with a single country in support of U.S. policies.
In FY 2011, EUCOM conducted 287 SPP events, nearly a quarter of the 1209 total EUCOM events, at a cost of $3.8M. SPP is the largest non-EUCOM force provider for events in the AOR.
As permanently based U.S. forces draw down in Europe, partnerships increase in their importance to the security of the U.S., the European continent and its neighbors.
The National Guard is uniquely suited to maintain continuity and foster close, continuing relationships because Guard members generally remain in one state through their career. This continuity of the relationships builds enduring faith and confidence.
Partnerships have proven critical for building and maintaining international coalitions for overseas contingency operations. SPP relationships have played a significant role in partner nations joining and remaining with the coalitions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Since 2008, 14 SPP nations have participated in ISAF co-deployments with their National Guard partner states.
As EUCOM seeks to grow "whole of community" partnerships, the SPP fosters this effort. As a community-based organization, the National Guard and its citizen-soldiers have experience in combining the efforts of government entities, academics, NGOs, and private companies to foster regional growth and stability.
By leveraging SPP relationships, EUCOM contributed to the accession of 12 Central and East European countries into NATO.

Steps to new partnerships

Nation requests participation through U.S. Ambassador
U.S. Ambassador endorses request to the Combatant Commander
EUCOM ensures partnership request fits U.S. goals and strategy, as well as availability of funds
Combatant Commander requests state nomination from Chief of the National Guard Bureau (NGB)
Chief, NGB, nominates the State to Combatant Commander
Combatant Commander endorses nomination with memos to U.S. Ambassador and Chief, NGB
Partnership interaction begins

Statutory authority

The SPP has no dedicated statutory authority; rather, SPP activities are currently carried out under one or more Title 10 (Armed Forces), Title 32 (National Guard) and National Defense Authorization Act authorities that are related to the types of missions conducted. The main authorities that may be used by SPP are:^[16]

10 U.S.C. 168 (Military-to-military contacts and comparable activities) This provision provides authority for the Secretary of Defense to fund military-to-military contacts “that are designed to encourage a democratic orientation of defense establishments and military forces of other countries.”
10 U.S.C. 1051 (Bilateral or Regional Cooperation Programs). This provision authorizes the Secretary of Defense to pay the travel, subsistence, and similar personal expenses of defense personnel of developing countries in connection with their attendance at a bilateral or regional conference, seminar, or similar meeting, with certain restrictions.
10 U.S.C. 1050 (Latin American Cooperation). Section 1050 is similar to Section 1051, but specifically applies to the travel, subsistence, and special compensation of officers and students of Latin American countries and other expenses that the Secretary considers necessary for Latin American cooperation.
10 USC 1050a (African Cooperation). Section 1050a is nearly identical to Section 1050, except that it applies to officers and students of African nations.
10 U.S.C. 2010 (Combined Exercises). This provision authorizes the Secretary of Defense, after consultation with the Secretary of State, to pay incremental expenses incurred by a developing country as a direct result of participation in bilateral or multilateral military exercises.
10 U.S.C. 401 (Humanitarian and Civic Assistance). This provision authorizes DOD to carry out humanitarian and civic assistance activities in host nations in conjunction with military operations, if the activities promote the security interests of both nations and benefit the operational readiness skills of participating armed forces personnel.
10 U.S.C. 2561 (Humanitarian Assistance). This provision authorizes the expenditure of humanitarian assistance funds for the transportation of humanitarian relief and other humanitarian purposes.
10 U.S.C. 2249c (Regional Defense Combating Terrorism Fellowship Program (CTFP), which authorizes the use of funds to pay the costs associated with the attendance of foreign military officers, ministry of defense officials, or security officials at U.S. military educational institutions, regional centers, conferences, seminars, and at civilian venues, or other training programs conducted under the CTFP.
National Defense Authorization Act, Section 1206 – funding authority for events related to Building Partnership Capacity.
Cooperative Threat Reduction Program – funding related to preventing weapons proliferation and other activities.

For SPP events conducted overseas, National Guard members are placed in a duty status by orders issued under the authority of 10 U.S.C. 12301. For SPP events conducted within the United States, National Guard members are placed in a duty status by orders issued under 32 U.S.C. 502. This permits the participating members to receive appropriate military pay and benefits.

Funding mechanisms

Current funding for SPP activities includes the pay and allowances for the National Guard participants, which are normally funded by the Army and Air National Guard Personnel accounts of DOD appropriations. However, those who serve overseas full-time in support of the program have their pay and allowances covered by the active component Army or Air Force Personnel account. Other significant costs for SPP are travel-related expenses, such as transportation, lodging, and meals. These expenses may be incurred by National Guard personnel or foreign military personnel participating in an SPP event. Such travel-related expenses are typically paid for out of one of the Operations and Maintenance (O&M) accounts, although some of the travel expenses for National Guard personnel may be paid out of personnel accounts. This O&M funding has historically flowed to SPP through a number of programs and activities:^[16]

Traditional Combatant Commander’s Activities (TCA)
National Guard Bureau’s International Affairs Division
Combatant Commander’s Initiative Fund (CCIF)
Warsaw Initiative Fund/Partnership for Peace (WIF/PfP)
Combating Terrorism Fellowship Program (CFTP)
Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (CTR)
Asia-Pacific Regional Initiative Fund (APRI)
Latin American Cooperation (LATAM COOP)
Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and Civic Assistance (OHDCA)
Building Partner Capacity (BPC)
Overseas Humanitarian Assistance (OHA)

References

↑ "2012 SPP Events" (PDF). U.S. European Command. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
↑ "ISAF Troop numbers and contributions" (PDF). ISAF. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
↑ "SPP Factsheet". The National Guard. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
↑ "National Guard State Partnership Program". U.S. European Command. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
↑ "National Guard State Partnership Program". EUCOM SPP. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
↑ "National Guard State Partnership Program". U.S. European Command. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
↑ "SPP Critical Areas". U.S. European Command. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
↑ "The National Guard SPP". The National Guard. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
↑ "EUCOM's State Partnership Program Becomes Global Model". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
↑ Lawrence Kapp, Nina M. Serafino (August 2011). Congressional Research Service (PDF). The National Guard State Partnership: 2–3 https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41957.pdf. Retrieved 24 October 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ 11.0 11.1 "Use of Active Duty Troops in the SPP". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
↑ "NG State Partnership Program Emphasizes Building Relationships". Army National Guard. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
↑ "The National Guard State Partnership Program". The National Guard. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
↑ U.S. GAO (May 2012). "STATE PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM" (PDF). Report to Congressional Committees: 10.
↑ "Claimed benefits of SPP at EUCOM". U.S. European Command. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
↑ 16.0 16.1 Lawrence Kapp, Nina M. Serafino (August 2011). Congressional Research Service (PDF): 9–11 https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41957.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)

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