Types of radio emissions

The International Telecommunication Union uses an internationally agreed system for classifying radio frequency signals. Each type of radio emission is classified according to its bandwidth, method of modulation, nature of the modulating signal, and type of information transmitted on the carrier signal. It is based on characteristics of the signal, not on the transmitter used.

An emission designation is of the form BBBB 123 45, where BBBB is the bandwidth of the signal, 1 is a letter indicating the type of modulation used of the main carrier (not including any subcarriers which is why FM stereo is F8E and not D8E), 2 is a digit representing the type of modulating signal again of the main carrier, 3 is a letter corresponding to the type of information transmitted, 4 is a letter indicating the practical details of the transmitted information, and 5 is a letter that represents the method of multiplexing. The 4 and 5 fields are optional.

This designation system was agreed at the 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC 79), and gave rise to the Radio Regulations that came into force on 1 January 1982. A similar designation system had been in use under prior Radio Regulations.

Designation details

Bandwidth

The bandwidth is expressed as three digits and a letter that occupies the position normally used for a decimal point. The letter indicates what unit of frequency is used to express the bandwidth. H indicates hertz, K indicates kilohertz, M indicates megahertz, and G indicates gigahertz. For instance, "500H" means 500 Hz, and "2M50" means 2.5 MHz. The first letter may not be a zero, K, M, or G.

Type of modulation

Character	Description
N	Unmodulated carrier
A	Double-sideband amplitude modulation (e.g. AM broadcast radio)
H	Single-sideband with full carrier (e.g. as used by CHU)
R	Single-sideband with reduced or variable carrier
J	Single-sideband with suppressed carrier (e.g. Shortwave utility and amateur stations)
B	Independent sideband (two sidebands containing different signals)
C	Vestigial sideband (e.g. NTSC)
F	Frequency modulation (e.g. FM broadcast radio)
G	Phase modulation
D	Combination of AM and FM or PM
P	Sequence of pulses without modulation
K	Pulse amplitude modulation
L	Pulse width modulation (e.g. as used by WWVB)
M	Pulse position modulation
Q	Sequence of pulses, phase or frequency modulation within each pulse
V	Combination of pulse modulation methods
W	Combination of any of the above
X	None of the above

Type of modulating signal

Character	Description
0	No modulating signal
1	One channel containing digital information, no subcarrier
2	One channel containing digital information, using a subcarrier
3	One channel containing analogue information
7	More than one channel containing digital information
8	More than one channel containing analogue information
9	Combination of analogue and digital channels
X	None of the above

Types 4 and 5 were removed from use with the 1982 Radio Regulations. In previous editions, they had indicated facsimile and video, respectively.

Type of transmitted information

Character	Description
N	No transmitted information
A	Aural telegraphy, intended to be decoded by ear, such as Morse code
B	Electronic telegraphy, intended to be decoded by machine (radioteletype and digital modes)
C	Facsimile (still images)
D	Data transmission, telemetry or telecommand (remote control)
E	Telephony (voice or music intended to be listened to by a human)
F	Video (television signals)
W	Combination of any of the above
X	None of the above

Details of information

Character	Description
A	Two-condition code, elements vary in quantity and duration
B	Two-condition code, elements fixed in quantity and duration
C	Two-condition code, elements fixed in quantity and duration, error-correction included
D	Four-condition code, one condition per "signal element"
E	Multi-condition code, one condition per "signal element"
F	Multi-condition code, one character represented by one or more conditions
G	Monophonic broadcast-quality sound
H	Stereophonic or quadraphonic broadcast-quality sound
J	Commercial-quality sound (non-broadcast)
K	Commercial-quality sound—frequency inversion and-or "band-splitting" employed
L	Commercial-quality sound, independent FM signals, such as pilot tones, used to control the demodulated signal
M	Greyscale images or video
N	Full-color images or video
W	Combination of two or more of the above
X	None of the above

Multiplexing

Character	Description
N	None used
C	Code-division (excluding spread spectrum)
F	Frequency-division
T	Time-division
W	Combination of Frequency-division and Time-division
X	None of the above

Common examples

Broadcasting

A3E or A3EG: Normal AM broadcast - as found on public LF and MF bands
F8E, F8EH: FM broadcasting for radio transmissions on VHF, and as the audio component of analogue television transmissions.
C3F, C3FN: Analogue PAL, SÉCAM, or NTSC television video signals (formerly type A5C, until 1982)
C7W: ATSC digital television, commonly on VHF or UHF
G7W: DVB-T, ISDB-T, or DTMB digital television, commonly on VHF or UHF

Two-way radio

A3E: AM speech communication - as used for aeronautical communications
F3E: FM speech communication - as used for marine and many other VHF communications

20K0F3E - Wide FM. 20.0 kHz width, +/- 5 kHz deviation, Still widely used b Ham Radio, NOAA weather radio, Marine, and Aviation users

11K2F3E - Narrow FM. 11.25kHz width, +/- 2.5 kHz deviation - All Part 90 LMRS users were required to upgrade to narrowband equipment by 2013-01-01.

6K00F3E - Even Narrower FM, future roadmap for LMRS, already required on 700Mhz public safety band

J3E: SSB speech communication - as used on HF bands by marine, aeronautical and amateur users
R3E: AME speech communication - as used on HF bands primarily by the military (aka compatible sideband)

Low-speed data

N0N: Continuous, unmodulated carrier - as previously commonly used for radio direction finding (RDF) in marine and aeronautical navigation.
A1A: Signalling by keying the carrier directly (aka CW or OOK) - as currently used in amateur radio. This is often but not necessarily Morse code.
A2A: Signalling by keying a tone modulated onto a carrier so that it can easily be heard using an ordinary AM receiver - as used for station idents of some NDB transmissions. This is usually but not exclusively Morse code. (An example of modulated continuous wave)
F1B: FSK telegraphy, such as RTTY.^[1]
F1C: HF Radiofax
F2D: Data transmission by frequency modulation of a radio frequency carrier with an audio frequency FSK subcarrier. Often called AFSK/FM.
J2B: PSK31 (BPSK31)

There is some overlap, so a signal might legitimately be described by two or more designators. In such cases, there is often a traditionally preferred designator.

Notes and references

↑ The designators F1B and F1D should be used for FSK radiotelegraphy and data transmissions, no matter how the radio frequency signal is generated (common examples are Audio FSK used to modulate an SSB transmitter or direct FSK modulation of an FM transmitter via varactor diode). However, occasionally the alternatives J2B and J2D are used to designate FSK signals generated by audio modulation of an SSB transmitter.