Triple jump
| Athletics Triple jump | |
|---|---|
|
Former world record holder Willie Banks. | |
| Men's records | |
| World | Jonathan Edwards 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) (1995) |
| Olympic | Kenny Harrison 18.09 m (59 ft 4 in) (1996) |
| Women's records | |
| World | Inessa Kravets 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) (1995) |
| Olympic | Françoise Mbango 15.39 m (50 ft 53⁄4 in) (2008) |
The triple jump, sometimes referred to as the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and jump, is a track and field event, similar to the long jump. The competitor runs down the track and performs a hop, a bound and then a jump into the sand pit. The triple jump was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympics event since the Games' inception in 1896.
According to IAAF rules, "the hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot as that from which he has taken off; in the step he shall land on the other foot, from which, subsequently, the jump is performed." [1]
The current male and female world record holders are Jonathan Edwards of Great Britain, with a jump of 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in), and Inessa Kravets of Ukraine, with a jump of 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in). Both records were set during 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg.
History
Historical sources on the ancient Olympic Games occasionally mention jumps of 15 meters or more. This led sports historians to conclude that these must have been a series of jumps, thus providing the basis for the triple jump.[2] However, there is no evidence for the triple jump being included in the ancient Olympic Games, and it is possible that the recorded extraordinary distances are due to artistic license of the authors of victory poems, rather than attempts to report accurate results.[3]
The triple jump was a part of the inaugural modern Olympics in Athens, although at the time it consisted of two hops on the same foot and then a jump. In fact, the first modern Olympic champion, James Connolly, was a triple jumper. Early Olympics also included the standing triple jump, although this has since been removed from the Olympic program and is rarely performed in competition today. The women's triple jump was introduced into the Atlanta Olympics in 1996.[4]
In Irish mythology the geal-ruith (triple jump), was an event contested in the ancient Irish Tailteann Games as early as 1829 BC.[5]
Technique
Approach
The athlete sprints down a runway to a takeoff mark, from which the triple jump is measured. The takeoff mark is commonly a physical piece of wood or similar material embedded in the runway, or a rectangle painted on the runway surface. In modern championships a strip of plasticine, tape, or modeling clay is attached to the far edge of the board to record athletes overstepping or "scratching" the mark, defined by the trailing edge of the board. There are three phases of the triple jump: the "hop" phase, the "bound" or "step" phase, and the "jump" phase. These three phases are executed in one continuous sequence.
Hop
The hop starts with the athlete jumping from the take off board on one leg, which for descriptive purposes will be the right leg . The objective of the first phase is to hop out, focusing all momentum forward. The hop landing phase is very active, involving a powerful backward "pawing" action of the right leg, with the right take-off foot landing heel first on the runway.
Step
The hop landing also marks the beginning of the step phase, where the athlete utilises the backward momentum of the right leg to immediately execute a powerful jump forwards and upwards, the left leg assisting the take-off with a powerful hip flexion thrust. This leads to the familiar step-phase mid-air position, with the right take off leg trailing flexed at the knee, and the left leg now leading flexed at the hip and knee. The jumper then holds this position for as long as possible, before extending the knee of the leading left leg and then immediately beginning a powerful backward motion of the whole left leg, again landing on the runway with a powerful pawing action.
Jump
The step landing forms the beginning of the take-off of the final phase (the jump), where the athlete utilises the backward force from the left leg to take off again. The jump phase is very similar to the long jump although most athletes have lost too much speed by this time to manage a full hitch kick, and most use a hang or sail technique.
When landing in the sand-filled pit, the jumper should aim to avoid sitting back on landing, or placing either hand behind the feet. The sand pit usually begins 13m from the take off board for male international competition, or 11m from the board for international female and club-level male competition. Each phase of the triple jump should get progressively higher, and there should be a regular rhythm to the 3 landings.
Foul
A "foul", also known as a "scratch," or missed jump, occurs when a jumper oversteps the takeoff mark, misses the pit entirely, does not use the correct foot sequence throughout the phases, or does not perform the attempt in the allotted amount of time (usually about 90 seconds). When a jumper "scratches," the seated official will raise a red flag and the jumper who was "on deck," or up next, prepares to jump.
Records
Outdoor
| Area | Men's | Women's | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mark (m) | Athlete | Mark (m) | Athlete | |
| World | 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) |  Jonathan Edwards (GBR) | 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) |  Inessa Kravets (UKR) |
| Continental records | ||||
| Africa | 17.37 m (56 ft 113⁄4 in) |  Tarik Bouguetaïb (MAR) | 15.39 m (50 ft 53⁄4 in) |  Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
| Asia | 17.59 m (57 ft 81⁄2 in) |  Yanxi Li (CHN) | 15.25 m (50 ft 01⁄4 in) |  Olga Rypakova (KAZ) |
| Europe | 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) | Jonathan Edwards (GBR) | 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) | Inessa Kravets (UKR) |
| North, Central America and Caribbean | 18.09 m (59 ft 4 in) |  Kenny Harrison (USA) | 15.29 m (50 ft 13⁄4 in) |  Yamilé Aldama (CUB) |
| Oceania | 17.46 m (57 ft 31⁄4 in) |  Ken Lorraway (AUS) | 14.04 m (46 ft 03⁄4 in) | Nicole Mladenis (AUS) |
| South America | 17.90 m (58 ft 81⁄2 in) |  Jadel Gregório (BRA) | 15.31 m (50 ft 23⁄4 in) |  Caterine Ibargüen (COL) |
Note: As in all track-and-field events, results cannot count towards records if they are Wind assisted (>2.0 m/s).
All-time top ten athletes
Men (outdoor)
| Rank | Mark | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Location | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) | 1.3 | Jonathan Edwards (GBR) | Gothenburg | August 7, 1995 |
| 2 | 18.09 m (59 ft 4 in) | −0.4 | Kenny Harrison (USA) | Atlanta | July 27, 1996 |
| 3 | 18.04 m (59 ft 2 in) | 0.3 |  Teddy Tamgho (FRA) | Moscow | August 18, 2013 |
| 4 | 17.97 m (58 ft 111⁄4 in) | 1.5 | Willie Banks (USA) | Indianapolis | June 16, 1985 |
| 5 | 17.96 m (58 ft 11 in) | 0.1 | Christian Taylor (USA) | Daegu | September 4, 2011 |
| 6 | 17.92 m (58 ft 91⁄2 in) | 1.6 | .svg.png){kind=small} Khristo Markov (BUL) | Rome | August 31, 1987 |
| 1.9 |  James Beckford (JAM) | Odessa | May 20, 1995 | ||
| 8 | 17.90 m (58 ft 81⁄2 in) | 0.4 | Jadel Gregório (BRA) | Belém | May 20, 2007 |
| 1.0 |  Volodymyr Inozemtsev (URS) | Bratislava | June 20, 1990 | ||
| 10 | 17.89 m (58 ft 81⁄4 in) | 0.0 | João Carlos de Oliveira (BRA) | Mexico City | October 15, 1975 |
Men (indoor)
| Rank | Mark | Athlete | Location | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 17.92 m (58 ft 91⁄2 in) | Teddy Tamgho (FRA) | Paris | March 6, 2011 |
| 2 | 17.83 m (58 ft 53⁄4 in) | Aliecer Urrutia (CUB) | Sindelfingen | March 1, 1997 |
 Christian Olsson (SWE) | Budapest | March 7, 2004 | ||
| 4 | 17.77 m (58 ft 31⁄2 in) |  Leonid Voloshin (RUS) | Grenoble | February 2, 1994 |
| 5 | 17.76 m (58 ft 3 in) | Mike Conley (USA) | New York City | February 22, 1987 |
| 6 | 17.75 m (58 ft 23⁄4 in) | Phillips Idowu (GBR) | Valencia | March 9, 2008 |
| 7 | 17.74 m (58 ft 21⁄4 in) |  Marian Oprea (ROU) | Bucharest | February 18, 2006 |
| 8 | 17.73 m (58 ft 2 in) |  Fabrizio Donato (ITA) | Paris | March 6, 2011 |
| Walter Davis (USA) | Moscow | March 12, 2006 | ||
| 10 | 17.72 m (58 ft 11⁄2 in) |  Brian Wellman (BER) | Barcelona | March 12, 1995 |
Women (outdoor)
| Rank | Mark | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Location | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) | 0.9 | Inessa Kravets (UKR) | Gothenburg | August 10, 1995 |
| 2 | 15.39 m (50 ft 53⁄4 in) | 0.5 | Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) | Beijing | August 17, 2008 |
| 3 | 15.34 m (50 ft 33⁄4 in) | −0.5 | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) | Heraklion | July 4, 2004 |
| 4 | 15.32 m (50 ft 3 in) | 0.9 |  Hrysopiyi Devetzi (GRE) | Athens | August 21, 2004 |
| 5 | 15.31 m (50 ft 23⁄4 in) | 0.0 | Catherine Ibargüen (COL) | Monaco | July 18, 2014 |
| 6 | 15.29 m (50 ft 13⁄4 in) | 0.3 | Yamilé Aldama (CUB) | Rome | July 11, 2003 |
| 7 | 15.28 m (50 ft 11⁄2 in) | 0.9 | Yargelis Savigne (CUB) | Osaka | August 31, 2007 |
| 8 | 15.25 m (50 ft 01⁄4 in) | 1.7 | Olga Rypakova (KAZ) | Split | September 4, 2010 |
| 9 | 15.20 m (49 ft 101⁄4 in) | 0.0 |  Šárka Kašpárková (CZE) | Athens | August 4, 1997 |
| −0.3 |  Tereza Marinova (BUL) | Sydney | September 24, 2000 | ||
Women (indoor)
| Rank | Mark | Athlete | Location | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15.36 m (50 ft 41⁄2 in) | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) | Budapest | 2004-03-06 |
| 2 | 15.16 m (49 ft 83⁄4 in) | Ashia Hansen (GBR) | Valencia | 1998-02-28 |
| 3 | 15.14 m (49 ft 8 in) | Olga Rypakova (KAZ) | Doha | 2010-03-13 |
| 4 | 15.08 m (49 ft 51⁄2 in) |  Marija Šestak (SLO) | Peanía | 2008-02-13 |
| 5 | 15.05 m (49 ft 41⁄2 in) | Yargeris Savigne (CUB) | Valencia | 2008-03-08 |
| 6 | 15.03 m (49 ft 31⁄2 in) | Iolanda Chen (RUS) | Barcelona | 1995-03-11 |
| 7 | 15.01 m (49 ft 23⁄4 in) | Inna Lasovskaya (RUS) | Paris | 1997-03-08 |
| 8 | 15.00 m (49 ft 21⁄2 in) | Hrysopiyí Devetzí (GRE) | Valencia | 2008-03-08 |
| 9 | 14.94 m (49 ft 0 in) | Iva Prandzheva (BUL) | Maebashi | 1999-03-07 |
| Cristina Nicolau (ROM) | Bucharest | 2000-02-05 | ||
| Oksana Udmurtova (RUS) | Tartu | 2008-02-20 |
Olympic medalists
Men
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Women
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 Atlanta |
Inessa Kravets (UKR) |
Inna Lasovskaya (RUS) |
Šárka Kašpárková (CZE) |
| 2000 Sydney |
Tereza Marinova (BUL) |
Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Olena Hovorova (UKR) |
| 2004 Athens |
Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
Hrysopiyí Devetzí (GRE) |
Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
| 2008 Beijing |
Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Hrysopiyí Devetzí (GRE) |
| 2012 London |
Olga Rypakova (KAZ) |
Caterine Ibargüen (COL) |
Olha Saladukha (UKR) |
World Championships medalists
Men
Women
| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 Stuttgart | Anna Biryukova (RUS) |
Yolanda Chen (RUS) |
Iva Prandzheva (BUL) |
| 1995 Gothenburg | Inessa Kravets (UKR) |
Iva Prandzheva (BUL) |
Anna Biryukova (RUS) |
| 1997 Athens | Šárka Kašpárková (CZE) |
Rodica Mateescu (ROU) |
Olena Hovorova (UKR) |
| 1999 Seville | Paraskevi Tsiamita (GRE) |
Yamilé Aldama (CUB) |
Olga Vasdeki (GRE) |
| 2001 Edmonton | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
Tereza Marinova (BUL) |
| 2003 Saint-Denis | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
Magdelin Martinez (ITA) |
| 2005 Helsinki | Trecia Smith (JAM) |
Yargelis Savigne (CUB) |
Anna Pyatykh (RUS) |
| 2007 Osaka | Yargelis Savigne (CUB) |
Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Hrysopiyí Devetzí (GRE) |
| 2009 Berlin | Yargelis Savigne (CUB) |
Mabel Gay (CUB) |
Anna Pyatykh (RUS) |
| 2011 Daegu | Olha Saladukha (UKR) |
Olga Rypakova (KAZ) |
Caterine Ibargüen (COL) |
| 2013 Moscow | Caterine Ibargüen (COL) |
Ekaterina Koneva (RUS) |
Olha Saladukha (UKR) |
Season's bests
Men
| Year | Distance | Athlete | Place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1967 | 16.92 m (55 ft 6 in) | Aleksandr Zolotaryev (URS) |
Chorzow |
| 1968 | 17.39 m (57 ft 01⁄2 in)A | Viktor Saneyev (URS) |
Ciudad de Mexico |
| 1969 | 16.94 m (55 ft 63⁄4 in) | Viktor Saneyev (URS) |
Athina |
| 1970 | 17.34 m (56 ft 101⁄2 in) | Viktor Saneyev (URS) |
Suhumi |
| 1971 | 17.40 m (57 ft 1 in) | Pedro Pérez (CUB) |
Cali |
| 1972 | 17.44 m (57 ft 21⁄2 in) | Viktor Saneyev (URS) |
Suhumi |
| 1973 | 17.20 m (56 ft 5 in) | Mikhail Bariban (URS) |
Moscow |
| 1974 | 17.23 m (56 ft 61⁄4 in) | Viktor Saneyev (URS) |
Rome |
| 1975 | 17.89 m (58 ft 81⁄4 in) | João Carlos de Oliveira (BRA) |
Mexico City |
| 1976 | 17.38 m (57 ft 01⁄4 in) | João Carlos de Oliveira (BRA) |
Rio de Janeiro |
| 1977 | 17.19 m (56 ft 43⁄4 in) | Ron Livers (USA) |
Sochi |
| 1978 | 17.44 m (57 ft 21⁄2 in) | João Carlos de Oliveira (BRA) |
Bratislava |
| 1979 | 17.27 m (56 ft 73⁄4 in) | João Carlos de Oliveira (BRA) |
San Juan |
| 1980 | 17.35 m (56 ft 11 in) | Jaak Uudmäe (URS) |
Moscow |
| 1981 | 17.56 m (57 ft 71⁄4 in) | Willie Banks (USA) |
Sacramento, California |
| 1982 | 17.57 m (57 ft 71⁄2 in) | Keith Connor (GBR) |
Provo |
| 1983 | 17.55 m (57 ft 63⁄4 in) | Vasiliy Grishchenkov (URS) |
Moscow |
| 1984 | 17.46 m (57 ft 31⁄4 in) | Oleg Protsenko (URS) |
Moscow |
| 1985 | 17.97 m (58 ft 111⁄4 in) | Willie Banks (USA) |
Indianapolis |
| 1986 | 17.80 m (58 ft 43⁄4 in) | Khristo Markov (BUL) |
Budapest |
| 1987 | 17.92 m (58 ft 91⁄2 in) | Khristo Markov (BUL) |
Rome |
| 1988 | 17.77 m (58 ft 31⁄2 in) | Khristo Markov (BUL) |
Sofia |
| 1989 | 17.65 m (57 ft 103⁄4 in)i | Mike Conley (USA) |
Budapest |
| 1990 | 17.93 m (58 ft 93⁄4 in) | Kenny Harrison (USA) |
Stockholm |
| 1991 | 17.78 m (58 ft 4 in) | Kenny Harrison (USA) |
Tokyo |
| 1992 | 17.72 m (58 ft 11⁄2 in) | Mike Conley (USA) |
Zürich |
| 1993 | 17.86 m (58 ft 7 in) | Mike Conley (USA) |
Stuttgart |
| 1994 | 17.77 m (58 ft 31⁄2 in)i | Leonid Voloshin (RUS) |
Grenoble |
| 1995 | 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) | Jonathan Edwards (GBR) |
Gothenburg |
| 1996 | 18.09 m (59 ft 4 in) | Kenny Harrison (USA) |
Atlanta |
| 1997 | 17.85 m (58 ft 63⁄4 in) | Yoelbi Quesada (CUB) |
Athens |
| 1998 | 18.01 m (59 ft 1 in) | Jonathan Edwards (GBR) |
Oslo |
| 1999 | 17.59 m (57 ft 81⁄2 in) |  Charles Friedek (GER) |
Seville |
| 2000 | 17.71 m (58 ft 1 in) | Jonathan Edwards (GBR) |
Sydney |
| 2001 | 17.92 m (58 ft 91⁄2 in) | Jonathan Edwards (GBR) |
Edmonton |
| 2002 | 17.86 m (58 ft 7 in) | Jonathan Edwards (GBR) |
Manchester |
| 2003 | 17.77 m (58 ft 31⁄2 in) | Christian Olsson (SWE) |
Haina |
| 2004 | 17.83 m (58 ft 53⁄4 in)i | Christian Olsson (SWE) |
Budapest |
| 2005 | 17.81 m (58 ft 5 in) | Marian Oprea (ROM) |
Lausanne |
| 2006 | 17.74 m (58 ft 21⁄4 in)i | Marian Oprea (ROM) |
Bucuresti |
| 2007 | 17.90 m (58 ft 81⁄2 in) | Jadel Gregório (BRA) |
Belém |
| 2008 | 17.75 m (58 ft 23⁄4 in)i | Phillips Idowu (GBR) |
Valencia |
| 2009 | 17.73 m (58 ft 2 in) | Phillips Idowu (GBR) |
Berlin |
| 2010 | 17.98 m (58 ft 113⁄4 in) | Teddy Tamgho (FRA) |
New York City |
| 2011 | 17.96 m (58 ft 11 in) | Christian Taylor (USA) |
Daegu |
| 2012 | 17.81 m (58 ft 5 in) | Christian Taylor (USA) |
London |
| 2013 | 18.04 m (59 ft 2 in) | Teddy Tamgho (FRA) |
Moscow |
| 2014 | 17.76 m (58 ft 3 in) | Pedro Pablo Pichardo (CUB) |
La Habana |
Women
| Year | Distance | Athlete | Place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 | 13.68 m (44 ft 101⁄2 in) | Esmeralda García (BRA) |
Indianapolis |
| 1987 | 14.04 m (46 ft 03⁄4 in) | Li Huirong (CHN) |
Hamamatsu |
| 1988 | 14.16 m (46 ft 51⁄4 in) | Li Huirong (CHN) |
Shijiazhuang |
| 1989 | 14.52 m (47 ft 71⁄2 in) | Galina Chistyakova (URS) |
Stockholm |
| 1990 | 14.54 m (47 ft 81⁄4 in) | Li Huirong (CHN) |
Sapporo |
| 1991 | 14.95 m (49 ft 01⁄2 in) | Inessa Kravets (URS) |
Moscow |
| 1992 | 14.62 m (47 ft 111⁄2 in) | Galina Chistyakova (RUS) |
Villeneuve d'Ascq |
| 1993 | 15.09 m (49 ft 6 in) | Anna Biryukova (RUS) |
Stuttgart |
| 1994 | 14.98 m (49 ft 13⁄4 in) | Sofiya Bozhanova (BUL) |
Stara Zagora |
| 1995 | 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) | Inessa Kravets (UKR) |
Gothenburg |
| 1996 | 15.33 m (50 ft 31⁄2 in) | Inessa Kravets (UKR) |
Sacramento |
| 1997 | 15.20 m (49 ft 101⁄4 in) | Šárka Kašpárková (CZE) |
Athens |
| 1998 | 15.16 m (49 ft 83⁄4 in)i | Ashia Hansen (GBR) |
Maebashi |
| 1999 | 15.07 m (49 ft 51⁄4 in) | Paraskevi Tsiamita (GRE) |
Seville |
| 2000 | 15.32 m (50 ft 3 in) | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Yokohama |
| 2001 | 15.25 m (50 ft 01⁄4 in) | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Edmonton |
| 2002 | 14.95 m (49 ft 01⁄2 in) | Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
Radès |
| 2003 | 15.29 m (50 ft 13⁄4 in) | Yamilé Aldama (CUB) |
Rome |
| 2004 | 15.36 m (50 ft 41⁄2 in)i | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Budapest |
| 2005 | 15.11 m (49 ft 63⁄4 in) | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) Trecia Smith (JAM) |
Paris Helsinki |
| 2006 | 15.23 m (49 ft 111⁄2 in) | Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) |
Athens |
| 2007 | 15.28 m (50 ft 11⁄2 in) | Yargelis Savigne (CUB) |
Osaka |
| 2008 | 15.39 m (50 ft 53⁄4 in) | Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) |
Beijing |
| 2009 | 15.14 m (49 ft 8 in) | Nadezhda Alekhina (RUS) |
Cheboksary |
| 2010 | 15.25 m (50 ft 01⁄4 in) | Olga Rypakova (KAZ) |
Split |
| 2011 | 14.99 m (49 ft 2 in) 14.99 m (49 ft 2 in) A |
Yargelis Savigne (CUB) Caterine Ibargüen (COL) |
Paris Bogotá |
| 2012 | 14.99 m (49 ft 2 in) | Olha Saladuha (UKR) |
Helsinki |
| 2013 | 14.88 m (48 ft 93⁄4 in)i | Olha Saladuha (UKR) |
Göteborg |
| 2014 | 15.31 m (50 ft 23⁄4 in) | Caterine Ibargüen (COL) |
Monaco |
- "i" denotes indoor performance.
References
- ↑ "IAAF Competition Rules 2012-2013" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-08-18.
- ↑ Rosenbaum, Mike (2012). An Illustrated History of the Triple Jump. Retrieved from http://trackandfield.about.com/od/triplejump/ss/illustriplejump.htm.
- ↑ Koski, Rissanen & Tahvanainen (2004). Antiikin urheilu. Olympian kentiltä Rooman areenoille. [The Sports of Antiquity. From the Fields of Olympia to Roman Arenas.] Jyväskylä: Atena Kustannus Oy. ISBN 951-796-341-6
- ↑ "Athletics at the 1996 Atlanta Summer Games: Women's Triple Jump". Sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
- ↑ Adams, Patricia (2006-03-01). History of the Highland Games and Women in Scottish Athletics. ...contained in the Irish "Book of Leinster", which was written in the twelfth century AD...this book describes the Tailteann Games held at Telltown, County Meath from 1829 BC until at least 554 BC...included in these events...were the geal-ruith (triple jump). Clan MacTavish Genealogy and History, 1 March 2006. Retrieved from http://www.dunardry.net/ladies_lounge.html.
- ↑ Men's Outdoor Triple Jump Records. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ↑ Women's Outdoor Triple Jump Records. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ↑ Triple Jump - men - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ↑ Triple Jump - women - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ↑ Triple Jump - men - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ↑ Triple Jump - women - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
External links
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