Triple bar

≡
Identical to
≢
Not identical to

The triple bar, ≡, is a symbol with multiple, context-dependent meanings. It has the appearance of a "=" sign with a third line. The triple bar character in Unicode is codepoint U+2261 ≡ identical to (HTML ≡ · ≡).[1] The closely related codepoint U+2262 ≢ not identical to (HTML ≢) is the same symbol with a slash through it, indicating the negation of its mathematical meaning.[1] In LaTeX mathematical formulas, the code \equiv produces the triple bar symbol as output.[2]

Uses

Mathematics and philosophy

In logic, it is used with two different but related meanings. It can refer to the if and only if connective, also called material equivalence.[3] This is a binary operation whose value is true when its two arguments have the same value as each other.[4] Alternatively, in some texts ⇔ is used with this meaning, while ≡ is used for the higher-level metalogical notion of logical equivalence, according to which two formulas are logically equivalent when all models give them the same value.[5] Gottlob Frege used a triple bar for a more philosophical notion of identity, in which two statements (not necessarily in mathematics or formal logic) are identical if they can be freely substituted for each other without change of meaning.[6]

In mathematics, the triple bar is sometimes used as a symbol of an equivalence relation (although not the only one; other common choices include ~ and ≈).[7] Particularly, in geometry, it may be used either to show that two figures are congruent or that they are identical.[8] In number theory, it has been used beginning with Carl Friedrich Gauss (who first used it with this meaning in 1801) to mean modular congruence: a \equiv b \pmod N if N divides a − b.[9][10] It is also used for "identical equality" of functions; one writes f \equiv g for two functions f, g if we have f(x) = g(x) for all x.[11]

In category theory, triple bars may be used to connect objects in a commutative diagram, indicating that they are actually the same object rather than being connected by an arrow of the category.[12]

This symbol is also sometimes used in place of an equal sign for equations that define the symbol on the left-hand side of the equation, to contrast them with equations in which the terms on both sides of the equation were already defined.[13] An alternative notation for this usage is to typeset the letters "def" above an ordinary equality sign.[14]

Science

In botanical nomenclature, the triple bar denotes homotypic synonyms (those based on the same type specimen), to distinguish them from heterotypic synonyms (those based on different type specimens), which are marked with an equals sign.[15]

In chemistry, the triple bar can be used to represent a triple bond between atoms. For example, HC≡CH is a common shorthand for acetylene.[16]

Computing

In website and software application design, a similar symbol is sometimes used as an interface element, where it is called hamburger icon. The element typically indicates that a navigation menu can be accessed when the element is activated; the bars of the symbol may be seen as stylized menu items, and some variations of this symbols add more bars, or bullet points to each bar, to enhance this visual similarity.[17] Usage of this symbol dates back to the early computer interfaces developed at Xerox PARC in the 1980s.[18] It is also similar to the icon frequently used to indicate justified text alignment.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 295, ISBN 9780199570027.
  2. ↑ Lamport, Leslie (1994), LaTeX: A Document Preparation System (2nd ed.), Addison-Wesley, p. 43.
  3. ↑ Salmon, Merrilee H. (1999), Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Hackett Publishing, p. 50, ISBN 9780872204508.
  4. ↑ Hurley, Patrick (2014), A Concise Introduction to Logic (12th ed.), Cengage Learning, p. 338, ISBN 9781285965567.
  5. ↑ Dube, Rakesh; Pandey, Adesh; Gupta, Ritu (2006), Discrete Structures and Automata Theory, Alpha Science Int'l Ltd., p. 277, ISBN 9781842652565.
  6. ↑ Weiner, Joan (2013), Frege Explained, Open Court, pp. 37–38, ISBN 9780812697520.
  7. ↑ Gallian, Joseph (2009), Contemporary Abstract Algebra (7th ed.), Cengage Learning, p. 16, ISBN 9780547165097.
  8. ↑ Cajori, Florian (2013), A History of Mathematical Notations, Dover Books on Mathematics, Courier Dover Publications, p. 418, ISBN 9780486161167.
  9. ↑ Goldstein, Catherine; Schappacher, Norbert; Schwermer, Joachim (2007), The Shaping of Arithmetic after C.F. Gauss's Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, Springer, p. 21, ISBN 9783540347200.
  10. ↑ Cajori (2013), p. 34.
  11. ↑ Hayes, Ellen (1897), Algebra: For High Schools and Colleges, J. S. Cushing, p. 6.
  12. ↑ Ganz, Steven E. (2007), Encapsulation of State with Monad Transformers, Ph.D. thesis, Indiana University, ProQuest, p. 25, ISBN 9780493913650.
  13. ↑ Meigs, John; Olmsted, Hubbell (1956), Intermediate analysis: an introduction to the theory of functions of one real variable, Appleton-Century-Crofts, p. vi.
  14. ↑ Lamport (1994), p. 50.
  15. ↑ "Guidelines for authors" (PDF). Taxon 62 (1): 211–214. 2013.
  16. ↑ Olmsted, John; Williams, Gregory M. (1997), Chemistry: The Molecular Science, Jones & Bartlett Learning, p. 86, ISBN 9780815184508.
  17. ↑ Peterson, Clarissa (2014), Learning Responsive Web Design: A Beginner's Guide, O'Reilly Media, pp. 338–339, ISBN 9781449363697.
  18. ↑ Cox, Norm. "The origin of the hamburger icon". Evernote.