Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

This article is about the regulation and trade agreement. For the chemical compound abbreviated as TTIP, see Titanium isopropoxide.
The EU (green) and the USA (orange) shown on a world map

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is a proposed free trade agreement between the European Union and the United States. Proponents say the agreement would result in multilateral economic growth,[1] while critics say it would increase corporate power and make it more difficult for governments to regulate markets for public benefit.[2] The American government considers the TTIP a companion agreement to the Trans-Pacific Partnership.[3] After a proposed draft was leaked in March 2014,[4] the European Commission launched a public consultation on a limited set of clauses and in January 2015 published parts of an overview.[5]

An agreement is not expected to be finalized before 2016.[6]

Background

Economic barriers between the EU and the United States are relatively low, not only due to long-standing membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) but recent agreements such as the EU–U.S. Open Skies Agreement and work by the Transatlantic Economic Council. The European Commission claims that passage of a trans-Atlantic trade pact could boost overall trade between the respective blocs by as much as 50%.[7] However, economic relations are tense and there are frequent trade disputes between the two economies, many of which end up before the World Trade Organization. Economic gains from a Trade Treaty were predicted in the joint report issued by the White House and the European Commission.[8]

Some form of Transatlantic Free Trade Area had been proposed in the 1990s and later in 2006 by German Chancellor Angela Merkel in reaction to the collapse of the Doha world trade talks. However, protectionism on both sides may be a barrier to any future agreement.[9][10] It was first initiated in 1990, when, shortly after the end of the Cold War, with the world no longer divided into two blocs, the European Community (12 countries) and the US signed a "Transatlantic Declaration". This called for the continued existence of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, as well as for yearly summits, biennial meetings between ministers of State, and more frequent encounters between political figures and senior officials.

Subsequent initiatives taken by the European deciders and the U.S. government included: in 1995, the creation of a pressure group of business people, the Transatlantic Business Dialogue (TABD) by public authorities on both sides of the Atlantic; in 1998, the creation of an advisory committee, the Transatlantic Economic Partnership; in 2007, the creation of the Transatlantic Economic Council, in which representatives from firms operating on both sides of the Atlantic meet to advise the European Commission and the U.S. government – and finally, in 2011, the creation of a group of high-level experts whose conclusions, submitted on February 11, 2013, recommended the launching of negotiations for a wide-ranging free-trade agreement. On February 12, 2013, President Barack Obama called in his annual State of the Union address for such an agreement.[11] The following day, EU Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso announced that talks would take place to negotiate the agreement.[12][13]

The United States and European Union together represent 60% of global GDP, 33% of world trade in goods and 42% of world trade in services. There are a number of trade conflicts between the two powers, but both depend on the other's economic market and disputes only affect 2% of total trade. A free trade area between the two would represent potentially the largest regional free-trade agreement in history, covering 46% of world GDP.[14][15]

Trade between the EU and the US (in € bn.)
Direction Goods Services Investment Total
EU to US 288 159 1655 2102
US to EU 196 146 1536 1878

U.S. investment in the EU is three times greater than U.S. investment in the whole of Asia and EU investment in the United States is eight times that of EU investment in India and China combined. Intra-company transfers are estimated to constitute a third of all transatlantic trade. The United States and EU are the largest trading partners of most other countries in the world and account for a third of world trade flows. Given the already low tariff barriers (under 3%), to make the deal a success the aim is to remove non-tariff barriers.[16]

Proposed contents

Documents released by the European Commission in July 2014 group the topics under discussion into three broad areas: Market access; Specific regulation; and broader rules and principles and modes of co-operation.[17][18]

The EU negotiating mandate as of June 2013 gave a fuller view of what the Council of the European Union (Foreign Affairs) has told its negotiators to try to achieve for each section.[19] No corresponding U.S. text is available, but the American side has released a public statement setting out its objectives and the potential benefits it foresees.[20]

Market access

TTIP includes chapters on market access for goods and services, which aimed at removing "custom duties on goods and restrictions on services, gaining better access to public markets, and making it easier to invest".[21] The goods part includes rules on market access for goods, agriculture and processed agricultural products, and rules of origin.[17][18]

Services and leaked text

For "Trade in Services, Investment and E-commerce", a draft text dated 7 July 2013 was leaked by the German newspaper, Die Zeit in March 2014. The leaked text contains seven chapters. In chapter I, article 1 states the overall objective of "a better climate for the development of trade and investment", particularly the "liberalisation of investment and cooperation on e-commerce".[22]

Chapter II, articles 3 to 18 contains general principles for investment. Article 14 contains proposed rules which forbid governments to "directly or indirectly nationalise, expropriate" unless it is for a public purpose, under due process of law, on a non-discriminatory basis, with compensation.[23] Article 14(2) defines the necessary compensation as being "fair market value of the investment at the time immediately before the expropriation or the impending expropriation became public knowledge plus interest at a commercial rate established on a market basis".

Chapter III, articles 19 to 23 contains rules on cross border supply of services.

Chapter IV, Articles 24 to 28 would allow free movement of business managers, and other employees of a corporation, for temporary work purposes among all countries party to the agreement.[24] Article 1(2) makes it clear, however, that no more general free movement of workers and citizens is allowed.

Chapter V contains eight sections with particular rules for different economic sectors. Section I, articles 29 to 31, set out principles which states must follow in licensing private corporations, and state that requirements that are not proportionate to a reviewable public policy objective are contrary to the treaty. Section II contains general provisions. Section III covers computer services. Section IV, articles 35 to 39, cover liberalisation of postal services.[25] Section V, articles 40 to 50, apply to electronic communications networks and services (including telecommunications) and mandate competitive markets, absence of cross-subsidies, subject to defined exceptions including in article 46 a right (but not a requirement) for countries to provide universal service.

Section VI of chapter V covers Financial Services, in articles 51 to 59. It limits the laws that governments can pass to regulate or publicly run insurance and banking. Any regulations that do not fall within the Treaty's terms and objectives would be unlawful.[26] Legitimate reasons for regulation include, in article 52, "the protection of investors, depositors, policy-holders or persons to whom a fiduciary duty is owed by a financial service supplier; (b) ensuring the integrity and stability of a Party's financial system". However article 52(2) states "measures shall not be more burdensome than necessary to achieve their aim",[27] and the Treaty does not include any further reasons to allow regulation. Section VII covers international maritime transport and section VIII covers air transport.

The Annex on "Investors-state dispute settlement" proposed to allow corporations to bring actions against governments for breach of its rights.[28] The European Commission launched a public consultation after the draft text was leaked, which led to a number of changes. However, an updated proposed text had yet to be made publicly available.

Industry-specific regulation

"Improved regulatory coherence and cooperation by dismantling unnecessary regulatory barriers such as bureaucratic duplication of effort". [21]

Specific heads for discussion include:[17][18]

Broader rules and principles and modes of co-operation

"Improved cooperation when it comes to setting international standards".[21]

Specific heads for discussion include:[17][18]

Implementation

Negotiations

Negotiations are held in week-long cycles alternating between Brussels and Washington. The negotiators hope to conclude their work by the end of 2015. The ninth round of negotiations will take place on 20-24 April 2015 in New York.

The 28 governments will then have to approve or reject the negotiated agreement in the EU Council of Ministers, at which point the European Parliament will also be asked for its endorsement. The EU Parliament is empowered to approve or reject the agreement. Different countries have different rules on approving and ratifying the document. For example, Article 53 of the French Constitution states, "trade treaties can only be ratified by a law". In the United States, both houses of the U.S. Congress would have to ratify it.

The TTIP Agreement texts are being developed by 24 joint EU-US working groups, each considering a separate aspect of the agreement. Development typically progresses through a number of phases. Broad position papers are first exchanged, introducing each side's aims and ambitions for each aspect. These are followed by textual proposals from each side, accompanied (in areas such as tariffs, and market access) by each side's "initial offer." These negotiations and draft documents can evolve (change) through the various stages of their development. When both sides are ready, a consolidated text is prepared, with remaining differences for discussion expressed in square brackets. These texts are then provisionally closed topic by topic as a working consensus is reached. However the agreement is negotiated as a whole, so no topic's text is finalised until full consensus is reached.[43]

In November 2014 Bulgarian government announced that it will not ratify the agreement unless the United States lifted visa requirements for Bulgarian citizens.[44]

Proposed benefits

TTIP aims for a formal agreement that shall "liberalise one-third of global trade", which they argue will create millions of new paid jobs.[45] "With tariffs between the United States and the EU already low, the United Kingdom's Centre for Economic Policy Research estimates that 80 percent of the potential economic gains from the TTIP agreement depend on reducing the conflicts of duplication between EU and U.S. rules on those and other regulatory issues, ranging from food safety to automobile parts."[45] A successful strategy (according to Thomas Bollyky at the Council on Foreign Relations and Anu Bradford of Columbia Law School) will focus on business sectors for which transatlantic trade laws and local regulations can often overlap, e.g., pharmaceutical, agricultural, and financial trading.[45] This will ensure that the United States and Europe remain "standard makers, rather than standard takers", in the global economy, subsequently ensuring that producers worldwide continue to gravitate toward joint U.S.-EU standards.[45]

A March 2013 economic assessment by the European Centre for Economic Policy Research estimates that such a comprehensive agreement would result in annual GDP growth of 68-119 billion euros by 2027 and annual GDP growth of 50-95 billion euros in the United States in the same time frame. The 2013 report also estimates that a limited agreement focused only on tariffs would yield annual EU GDP growth of 24 billion euros by 2027 and annual growth of 9 billion euros in the United States. If shared equally among the affected people, the most optimistic GDP growth estimates would translate into "additional annual disposable income for a family of four" of "545 euros in the EU" and "655 euros in the US", respectively.[46]

In a Wall Street Journal article, the CEO of Siemens GmBH (with its workforce located 70% in Europe and 30% in the United States) claimed that the TTIP would strengthen United States and EU global competitiveness by reducing trade barriers, by improving intellectual property protections, and by establishing new international "rules of the road".[47]

The European Commission says that the TTIP would boost the EU's economy by €120 billion, the U.S. economy by €90 billion and the rest of the world by €100 billion.[48] Talks began in July 2013 and reached the third round of negotiations by the end of that year.[48]

In a Guardian article of 15 July 2013, Dean Baker of the United States' Center for Economic and Policy Research observed that with conventional trade barriers between the US and the EU already low, the deal would focus on non-conventional barriers such as overriding national regulations regarding fracking, GMOs and finance and tightening laws on copyright. He goes on to assert that with less ambitious projections the economic benefits per household are mediocre "If we apply the projected income gain of 0.21% to the projected median personal income in 2027, it comes to a bit more than $50 a year. That's a little less than 15 cents a day. Don't spend it all in one place".[49]

An October 2014 study by Jeronim Capaldo of the Tufts University indicates that there will be losses in terms of net exports, net losses in terms of GDP, loss of labor income, job losses, reduction of the labor share, loss of government revenue and higher financial instability among European countries.[50]

Controversy

The proposed agreement has attracted criticism from a wide variety of NGOs and activists, particularly in Europe. [51]

Activism

In March 2013, a coalition of digital rights organisations and other groups issued a declaration[52] in which they called on the negotiating partners to have TAFTA "debated in the U.S. Congress, the European Parliament, national parliaments, and other transparent forums" instead of conducting "closed negotiations that give privileged access to corporate insiders", and to leave intellectual property out of the agreement.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation and its German counterpart, FFII, in particular, compared TAFTA to the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA),[53][54] signed by the United States, the European Union and 22 of its 27 member states.[55] An online consultation conducted by the European Commission received 150,000 responses. According to the commission, 97% of the responses were pre-defined, negative answers provided by activists.[56][57]

National sovereignty and Investor State Dispute Settlements (ISDS)

Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) is an instrument that allows an investor to bring a case directly against the country hosting its investment, without the intervention of the government of the investor’s country of origin.[58] From the late 1980s, certain Trade Treaties have included provisions for Investor-state dispute settlement, which allowed Foreign Investors who had been disadvantaged by actions of a Signatory State to sue for damages in a Tribunal of Arbitration. More recently such claims have increased in number and value, [59] and some states have become increasingly resistant to such clauses.[60]

In December 2013, a coalition of over 200 environmentalists, labor unions and consumer advocacy organizations on both sides of the Atlantic sent a letter to the USTR and European Commission demanding the investor-state dispute settlement be dropped from the trade talks, claiming that ISDS was "a one-way street by which corporations can challenge government policies, but neither governments nor individuals are granted any comparable rights to hold corporations accountable".[61][62] Some point out the "potential for abuse" that may be inherent in the trade agreement due to its clauses relating to investor protection.[63][64]

In December 2013, Martti Koskenniemi, Professor of International Law at the University of Helsinki, warned that the planned foreign investor protection scheme within the treaty, similar to World Bank Group's International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), would endanger the sovereignty of the signatory states by allowing for a small circle of legal experts sitting in a foreign court of arbitration an unprecedented power to interpret and void the signatory states' legislation.[65]

National objections

From both the European and American sides of the agreement, there are issues which are seen as essential if an accord is to be reached. According to Leif Johan Eliasson of Saarland University, "For the EU these include greater access to the American public procurement market, retained bans on imports of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) crops and hormone treated beef, and recognition of geographic trademarks on food products. For the United States they include greater access for American dairy and other agricultural products (including scientific studies as the only accepted criteria for SPS policies)". He observes that measures like the EU ban on hormone treated beef (based as they are on the Precautionary Principle) are not considered by the WTO to be based on scientific studies. He further cites as US objectives, "tariff-free motor vehicle exports, and retained bans on foreign contractors in several areas, such as domestic shipping".[66] Already, some U.S. producers are concerned by EU proposals to restrict their use of "particular designations" (also known as PDO or GI/geographical indications) that the EU considers location-specific, such as Feta and Parmesan cheeses and possibly Budweiser beer.[67][68] This has provoked debate between European politicians such as Renate Künast and Christian Schmidt over the value of the designations.[69]

At French insistence, trade in audio-visual services was excluded from the EU negotiating mandate.[70] The European side has been pressing for the agreement to include a chapter on the regulation of financial services; but this is being resisted by the American side, which has recently passed the Dodd-Frank Act in this field.[71] U.S. Ambassador Anthony Gardner has denied any linkage between the two issues.[72]

European negotiators are also pressing the United States to loosen its restrictions on the export of crude oil and natural gas, to help the EU reduce its dependence on energy from Russia. The United States has so far reserved its position.[73]

Response to criticism

Karel De Gucht responded to criticism in a Guardian article in December 2013, saying "The commission has regularly consulted a broad range of civil society organisations in writing and in person, and our most recent meeting had 350 participants from trade unions, NGOs and business".[74][75] However, the Corporate Europe Observatory (cited in the original Guardian article) had pointed out, based on a Freedom of Information request, that "more than 93% of the Commission's meetings with stakeholders during the preparations of the negotiations were with big business". They characterized the industry meetings as "about the EU's preparations of the trade talks", and the civil society consultation as "an information session after the talks were launched".[76]

Effect on third-party countries

Proposed TAFTA :
US and EU in dark blue and the other possible members in light blue (NAFTA and EFTA)

Some proposals for a transatlantic free trade area include on the American side, the other members of North American Free Trade Area (Canada and Mexico) and on the European side, the members of the European Free Trade Association (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein). Mexico already has a free trade agreement with EFTA and the EU while Canada has one with EFTA and has negotiated one with the EU. These agreements may need to be harmonised with the EU-U.S. agreement and could potentially form a wider free trade area.

In early 2013, Canadian media observers had speculated that the launch of U.S.-EU Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership talks put pressure on Canada to conclude its own three-year-long FTA negotiations with the EU by the close of 2013.[77] Countries with customs agreements with the EU, especially Turkey, could face the prospect of opening their markets to American goods, without access for their own goods without a separate agreement with the United States.[78]

Reports

Various groups have produced reports about the proposed agreement, including:

See also

References

  1. ↑ This EU-US trade deal is no 'assault on democracy', Ken Clarke, The Guardian, 11 November 2013
  2. ↑ This transatlantic trade deal is a full-frontal assault on democracy, George Monbiot, The Guardian, 4 November 2013
  3. ↑ Transatlantic Interests In Asia, Russel, Daniel R., United States Department of State, 13 January 2014
  4. ↑ TTIP Draft, "Trade in Services, Investment and E-commerce" (02/07/2013)
  5. ↑ Question and Answers on the results of the public consultation: Consultation on investment protection in EU-US trade talks
  6. ↑ Reutres report Reuters report of a press conference in Berlin by chief negociator I. Bercero, Apr. 28, 2015
  7. ↑ "Hope and no change, After Barack Obama’s re-election, it is time to push for transatlantic free trade". Economist.com. 2012-11-10. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  8. ↑ "Final Report High Level Working Group on Jobs and Growth" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  9. ↑ "Trans-Atlantic Free Trade?: Merkel for EU Agreement with US - SPIEGEL ONLINE". Spiegel.de. 2006-10-02. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  10. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100116094133/http://www.ecipe.org/blog/a-transatlantic-free-trade-area
  11. ↑ Kanter, James; Ewing, Jack (2013-02-13). "A Running Start for a U.S.-Europe Trade Pact". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  12. ↑ Andrew Walker (2013-02-13). "BBC News - EU and US free-trade talks launched". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  13. ↑ Blenkinsop, Philip (2013-02-13). "EU, U.S. to start free trade talks". Reuters. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  14. ↑ "Nominal 2012 GDP for the world and the European Union (EU).". World Economic Outlook Database, October 2013. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
  15. ↑ "European Commission". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  16. ↑ "United States - Trade - European Commission". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 State of Play of TTIP negotiations ahead of the 6th round of negotiations, European Commission DG Trade, 11 July 2014
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 List of lead negotiators for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, European Commission DG Trade

    List of lead negotiators for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, Office of the United States Trade Representative

  19. ↑ Directives for the negotiation on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the European Union and the United States of America, 14 June 2013; copy
  20. ↑ U.S. Objectives, U.S. Benefits In the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: A Detailed View, Office of the United States Trade Representative, March 2014
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) explained, European Commission DG Trade, 8 May 2014
  22. ↑ TTIP Draft (02/07/2013) article 1
  23. ↑ TTIP Draft (02/07/2013) article 14(1)
  24. ↑ TTIP Draft, articles 24-28
  25. ↑ TTIP Draft, articles 35-39
  26. ↑ TTIP Draft (02/07/2013) articles 51-59
  27. ↑ TTIP Draft (02/07/2013) art 52(2)
  28. ↑ TTIP Draft, "Negotiations on Investor-State Dispute Settlement"
  29. ↑ Initial EU position on Cross-cutting & institutional provisions on regulatory issues, 16 July 2013
  30. ↑ Subsequent more detailed EU position paper, leaked December 2013
  31. ↑ Initial EU position on Technical barriers to trade, 16 July 2013
  32. ↑ EU position on textiles and clothing, 14 May 2014
  33. ↑ EU position on chemicals, 14 May 2014
  34. ↑ EU position on pharmaceutical products, 14 May 2014
  35. ↑ EU position on cosmetics, 14 May 2014
  36. ↑ EU position on motor vehicles, 14 May 2014
  37. ↑ Initial EU position on Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures, 16 July 2013
  38. ↑ Initial EU position on raw materials and energy, 16 July 2013
  39. ↑ Leaked EU illustrative text, 20 Sept 2013. Leaked 19 May 2014
  40. ↑ Initial EU position on trade and sustainable development, 16 July 2013
  41. ↑ Initial EU position on public procurement, 16 July 2013
  42. ↑ Leaked negotiation summary, KEI, 28 March 2014
  43. ↑ Commission publishes state of play of TTIP negotiations ahead of 6th round of talks, European Commission DG Trade, 11 July 2014
  44. ↑
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Bollyky, Thomas J. and Anu Bradford (10 July 2013). "Getting to Yes on Transatlantic Trade". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  46. ↑ "Reducing Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and Investment: An Economic Assessment" (PDF). Trade.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  47. ↑ Kaeser, Joe (February 2, 2014). "Why a US-European trade deal is a win-win". The Wall Street Journal.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) - Trade - European Commission". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  49. ↑ The Guardian (15 July 2013). The US-EU trade deal: Don't buy the hype Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  50. ↑ Capaldo, Jeronim. "The Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: European Disintegration, Unemployment and Instability".
  51. ↑ [ http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/04/22/europeans-fight-u-s-trade-deal-with-fear-of-mchospitals-fracking-under-eiffel-tower.html], The Daily Beast, April 22, 2015
  52. ↑ "IP out of TAFTA". citizen.org. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  53. ↑ Maira Sutton (18 March 2013). "Transatlantic Civil Society Declaration: Leave Copyright and Patent Provisions Out of TAFTA". EFF. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  54. ↑ "Do not turn TAFTA into ACTA v2.0". ACTA Blog, FFII. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  55. ↑ Quinn Norton (21 February 2012). "How the European Internet rose up against ACTA". Wired News. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  56. ↑ "EU finds 'huge skepticism' over US trade deal". Yahoo News. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  57. ↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung: 97 Prozent sind dagegen. January 13, 2015
  58. ↑ European Commission (3 October 2013). "Factsheet on Investor-State Dispute Settlement" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  59. ↑ "Recent Developments in Investor-State Disputes" (PDF). Unctad.org. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  60. ↑ Economist (11 October 2014) The arbitration game: Governments are souring on treaties to protect foreign investors Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  61. ↑ Stangler, Cole (2013-12-30). "The Next Corporate-Friendly Trade Pact". In These Times. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  62. ↑ "Letter" (PDF). Action.sierraclub.org. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  63. ↑ Jones, Owen (14 September 2014). "The TTIP deal hands British sovereignty to multinationals". The Guardian (Guardian Media). Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  64. ↑ Schiessl, Michaela (23 January 2014). "Corporation Carte Blanche: Will US-EU Trade Become Too Free?". Spiegel International (Spiegel Online). Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  65. ↑ Konttinen, Jussi (15 December 2013). "Professori: Suomen valta säätää lakeja voi vaarantua". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish) (Sanoma Oyj). Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  66. ↑ Leif Johan Eliasson, What is at stake in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)? Assessing challenges and possible compromises, Saarland University, 10 July 2014
  67. ↑ Food names: Stressed are the cheesemakers: Europeans want their food names back. Americans are peeved The Economist, 19 July 2014
  68. ↑ Beer from České Budějovice/Budweis(Czech Republic) has Protected Geographical Indication. Budweiser Budvar is already party to a trademark dispute with Anheuser-Busch InBev over which has the right to use the term.
  69. ↑ http://www.euractiv.com/sections/trade-society/germans-fret-about-kentucky-fried-bratwurst-under-ttip-311067
  70. ↑ TTIP and Culture, European Commission DG Trade, 16 July 2014
  71. ↑ EU-US clash over financial services in TTIP, EurActiv, 15 May 2014
  72. ↑ US Ambassador: Beyond growth, TTIP must happen for geostrategic reasons, EurActiv, 16 July 2014
  73. ↑ Zach Carter and Kate Sheppard, Read The Secret Trade Memo Calling For More Fracking and Offshore Drilling, Huffington Post, 19 May 2014
    Lidia Pillis, A leaked document shows just how much the EU wants a piece of America’s fracking boom, Washington Post, 8 July 2014
    David J. Unger, Europe at TTIP talks: Open the US energy spigot, Christian Science Monitor, 15 July 2014
  74. ↑ The Guardian (2 December 2013) The lies behind this transatlantic trade deal Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  75. ↑ The Guardian (18 December 2013) You're wrong, George Monbiot – there is nothing secret about this EU trade deal Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  76. ↑ Corporate Europe Observatory (4 September 2013) European Commission preparing for EU-US trade talks Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  77. ↑ Barrie Mckenna And Bertrand Marotte (2013-02-13). "Potential U.S.-EU free-trade union ‘puts the squeeze’ on Canada". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  78. ↑ "Transatlantic alliance to cost Turkey ‘$20 billion’ - ECONOMICS". Hurriyetdailynews.com. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  79. ↑ "The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Ambitious but Achievable - A Stakeholder Survey and Three Scenarios" (PDF). Atlantic Council, Bertelsmann Foundation. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  80. ↑ "TTIP and the Fifty States: Jobs and Growth from Coast to Coast" (PDF). Atlantic Council, Bertelmanns Foundation. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  81. ↑ Berlin Forum on Global Politics, Internet & Society Collaboratory, FutureChallenges.org. "The Transatlantic Colossus: Global Contributions to Broaden the Debate on the EU-US Free Trade Agreement". Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  82. ↑ "A Charter for Deregulation, An Attack on Jobs, An End to Democracy" (PDF). Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, Brussels Office. Retrieved 19 November 2014.

External links

Official sites

Discussion and analysis

Websites