Track gauge in the United States

Track gauge
By transport mode
Tram · Rapid transit
Miniature · Scale model
By size (list)
Minimum
  Fifteen inch 381 mm (15 in)
Narrow
  Two foot and
600 mm		 597 mm
600 mm
603 mm
610 mm		 (1 ft 11 1⁄2 in)
(1 ft 11 5⁄8 in)
(1 ft 11 3⁄4 in)
(2 ft)
  750 mm,
Bosnian,
Two foot six inch,
800 mm		 750 mm
760 mm
762 mm
800 mm		 (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
(2 ft 5 15⁄16 in)
(2 ft 6 in)
(2 ft 7 1⁄2 in)
  Swedish three foot,
900 mm,
Three foot		 891 mm
900 mm
914 mm		 (2 ft11 3⁄32 in)
(2 ft 11 7⁄16)
(3 ft)
  Metre 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in)
  Three foot six inch,
Cape, CAP, Kyōki		 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
  Four foot six inch 1,372 mm (4 ft 6 in)
  Standard 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Broad
  Russian,
Five foot (Finnish)		 1,520 mm
1,524 mm		 (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in)
(5 ft)
  Irish 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)
  Iberian 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21⁄32 in)
  Indian 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)
  Brunel 2,140 mm (7 ft 1⁄4 in)
Change of gauge
Break-of-gauge · Dual gauge ·
Conversion (list) · Bogie exchange · Variable gauge
By location
North America · South America · Europe

Originally, various gauges were used in the United States and Canada. Some railways, primarily in the northeast, used standard gauge; others used gauges ranging from 4 ft (1,219 mm) to 6 ft (1,829 mm). As a general rule, southern railroads were built to one or another broad gauge, mostly 5 ft (1,524 mm), while northern railroads that were not standard-gauge tended to be narrow-gauge. Problems began as soon as lines began to meet and in much of the north-eastern United States, standard gauge was adopted.

Broad gauges

For more details on this topic, see United States.

6 ft (1,829 mm) gauge

The Erie Railroad was originally 6 ft (1,829 mm) gauge.

5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) gauge

The Indian gauge, also called "Provincial gauge" or "Texas gauge" of 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm), was required by Texas law until 1875,[1] and was used by the New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railroad (NOO&GW) until 1872, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad until 1876, and the Maine Central Railroad until 1871 (and is currently used by the Bay Area Rapid Transit System).

5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge

In most of the southern states, the 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge was preferred (a broad gauge which later was adopted by Russia for its new railroad and became known as Russian gauge). This configuration allowed for wider rolling stock that could more efficiently accommodate cotton bales, the most commonly transported good in the South at the time.

4 ft 10 in (1,473 mm)

Most of the original track in Ohio was built in 4 ft 10 in (1,473 mm) gauge, the "Ohio Gauge".

Non-standard broad gauge

In modern uses certain isolated occurrences of non-standard gauges can still be found, such as the 5 ft 2 1⁄2 in (1,588 mm) Pennsylvania trolley gauge tracks of the Philadelphia streetcars, the Philadelphia Market-Frankford subway cars, Pittsburgh Light Rail, and the New Orleans streetcars.[2] The Bay Area Rapid Transit system in the San Francisco Bay Area, was built to 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm). The Toronto subway and streetcar systems use tracks with a gauge of 4 ft 10 7⁄8 in (1,495 mm).

Towards standardization

In the early days of rail transport in the United States, railroads tended to be built out of coastal cities into the hinterland, and systems did not connect. Each builder was free to choose its own gauge, although the availability of British-built locomotives encouraged some railroads to be built to standard gauge.

When American railroads' track extended to the point that they began to interconnect, it became clear that a single nationwide gauge would be a good idea.

Where different gauges meet, there is a "break of gauge". To overcome this issue, special compromise cars were able to run 4 ft 10 in (1,473 mm) and standard gauge track.[3] Another application was the Ramsey Car Transfer Apparatus.

Gauge war

In Erie, Pennsylvania, the 6 ft (1,829 mm) Erie Railroad terminated while adjacent railroads used 4 ft 10 in (1,473 mm) gauge, also known as "Ohio gauge." This led to the Erie Gauge War in 1853-54 when the Erie mayor and citizens temporarily prevented a gauge standardization, as there would then be less trans-shipping work and through passengers would no longer have to stopover at Erie.

Pacific Railway Act of 1863

Break of gauge would prove to be a nightmare during the American Civil War (1861–1865), often hindering the Confederacy's ability to move goods efficiently over long distances.[4] The Pacific Railway Act of March 3, 1863, specified that the federally funded transcontinental railroad was to use standard gauge and helped to further popularize it among American railroads, although the standard gauge was already in use on many other lines prior to 1863.

Pressure for standardization

Following the Civil War, trade between the South and North grew and the break of gauge became a major economic nuisance. Competitive pressures had forced all the Canadian railways to convert to standard gauge by 1880, and Illinois Central converted its south line to New Orleans to standard gauge in 1881, putting pressure on the southern railways.

Unification to standard gauge on May 31, 1886

In 1886, the southern railroads agreed to coordinate changing gauge on all their tracks. After considerable debate and planning, most of the southern rail network was converted from 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge to 4 ft 9 in (1,448 mm) gauge, then the standard of the Pennsylvania Railroad, over two remarkable days beginning on Monday, May 31, 1886. Over a period of 36 hours, tens of thousands of workers pulled the spikes from the west rail of all the broad gauge lines in the South, moved them 3 in (76 mm) east and spiked them back in place. The new gauge was close enough that standard gauge equipment could run on it without problem. By June 1886, all major railroads in North America were using approximately the same gauge. The final conversion to true standard gauge took place gradually as track was maintained.[5] Now, the only broad-gauge rail systems in the United States are some city transit systems.

Narrow gauge

The San Francisco cable cars use a narrow gauge of 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm), as did the Los Angeles Railway and the San Diego Electric Railway until 1898, and that gauge is still widely used in the U.S. mining industry.[6]

The Washington Metro system in the D.C. metropolitan area was built to 4 ft 8 1⁄4 in (1,429 mm) narrow gauge.

3 ft (914 mm) gauge railways became the dominant narrow gauge throughout the United States.

2 ft (610 mm) gauge also had various installations.

References

  1. ↑ HOUSTON AND TEXAS CENTRAL RAILWAY
  2. ↑ Hilton, George W.; Due, John Fitzgerald (1 January 2000). The Electric Interurban Railways in America. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4014-2. Retrieved 10 June 2014. Worst of all, not all city systems were build to the standard American and European gauge of 4'-8 1⁄2". Pittsburgh and most other Pennsylvania cities used 5'-2 1⁄2", which became known as the Pennsylvania trolley gauge. Cincinnati used 5'-2 1⁄2", Philadelphia 5'-2 1⁄4", Columbus 5'-2", Altoona 5'-3", Louisville and Camden 5'-0", Canton and Pueblo 4'-0", Denver, Tacoma, and Los Angeles 3'-6", Toronto an odd 4'-10 7⁄8", and Baltimore a vast 5'-4 1⁄2".
  3. ↑ John F. Stover (1995). History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Purdue University Press.
  4. ↑ Hankey, John P. (2011). "The Railroad War". Trains (Kalmbach Publishing Company) 71 (3): 24–35.
  5. ↑ Southern railfan
  6. ↑ Stoek, H. H.; Fleming, J. R.; Hoskin, A. J. (July 1922). A Study of Coal Mine Haulage in Illinois. Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin 132 (University of Illinois). pp. 102–103. Retrieved June 22, 2011.