Totum pro parte
Totum pro parte is Latin for "the whole for a part"; it refers to a kind of synecdoche. When used in a context of language it means that something is named after something of which it is only a part (or only a limited characteristic, in itself not necessarily representative for the whole). A pars pro toto (in which a part is used to describe the whole) is the opposite of a totum pro parte.[1]
In geography
Some placenames of large areas are commonly used to refer synonymously to a smaller part of the larger area than is strictly deemed correct. Examples of this include:
- "America" for the United States of America (see use of the word American)
- "Latin America" for South America
- "Micronesia" for the Federated States of Micronesia
- "Korea" for either of the two sovereign states on the peninsula, South Korea or North Korea
- During the Cold War, "Germany" was often used for West Germany.
- "Macedonia" for the Republic of Macedonia (Controversial - see Macedonia naming dispute)
- "Ulster" for Northern Ireland
- "China" for the People's Republic of China since the 1970s, and prior to that, the Republic of China.
- "The Congo" for the Republic of the Congo.
- "Yemen" for North Yemen
- Europe for the European Union
Other examples
The verb "to drink" is often used in this manner. Depending on context it can stand for the generic, standard definition "to consume a liquid" (e.g. "I'm thirsty, is there anything to drink?") or for the narrow, limited definition "to imbibe alcoholic beverages" (e.g. "He goes out to drink too often"). Also, fluid can be used for liquid, as in brake fluid or bodily fluid. (The presence of air, a fluid, is not wanted when there is low fluid.)
The "Internet" for the "World Wide Web" (the Internet is a network of computer networks, whereas the WWW is a network of hypertext documents that one accesses via the Internet)
When someone asks, "Is it a PC or a Mac?", they are actually asking whether it's PC running the Windows operating system, or one of a line of PCs made by Apple called a Mac. A PC is in fact any computer used for personal purposes, and can effectively be running one of many different operating systems.
An athletic team is often called by the name of the whole (e.g. a city, country or organization) it represents:
- "Go Navy: beat Army" (a cheer for the team representing the United States Naval Academy in a contest against the team representing the United States Military Academy)
- "Houston will be in New York this weekend"
- "Russia thrashed the Czech Republic" (the Russia national football team defeated the Czech Republic national football team).