Toroweap Formation

For the geologic fault of west Grand Canyon with the same name, see Toroweap Fault.
Toroweap Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Permian, 272–270Ma
↓

Toroweap formation in Grand Canyon National Park
Type Geological formation
Underlies Kaibab Limestone-(Permian), Grand Canyon, North Rim, Kaibab Plateau), elsewhere in Arizona, Utah
Overlies Coconino Sandstone
Thickness 200 feet (61 m) approximate maximum
Lithology
Primary gypsum & shale,[1] also sandstone
Location
Region (southwest)-Colorado Plateau
Northern Arizona, southeast Utah
Extent Grand Canyon, North & South Rims, northeast Arizona, southeast Utah

The Middle Permian Toroweap Formation is a thin, darker geologic unit, between the brighter colored units of the Kaibab Limestone above, and Coconino Sandstone below. It is a prominent unit in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, found through sections of the South Rim, Grand Canyon, and the North Rim, of the Kaibab Plateau; also the Kaibab's southeast extension to Cape Royal, the Walhalla Plateau. The Colorado River of the Grand Canyon makes its excursion from due-south to due-west around the Walhalla Plateau, as it enters the east end of the Grand Canyon's interior, Granite Gorge. The formation is also found in southeast Utah.

The Toroweap Formation is a darker unit of gypsum and shale;[2] also sandstone. In photos the cliff-forming Kaibab and Coconino units, show the more erodable Toroweap Formation slope-forming accumulations upon the underlying Coconino Sandstone; likewise below the Coconino, the softer Hermit Formation is shown forming slopes, above the slope forming 'redbeds' of the Supai Group. Close-up views of the Toroweap will show the resistant sandstone sub-units as erosion resistant sections.

Cliffs of the Toroweap Formation can be found in Walnut Canyon National Monument, about 70-mi[3] southeast of the Grand Canyon, and east of Flagstaff, Arizona.

Marine transgression, and continental wind-blown sand, laid down the three units of Kaibab, Toroweap, and Coconino. The oceanic sea came from the west, and receded and re-transgressed. The Coconino Sandstone being made of sand dunes, continental, means that near-shore Toroweap deposits, and off-shore Kaibab Limestone, can all have the same actual ages in different regions where they were deposited, (continental, near-shore, open sea). In Arizona, the Toroweap formation is found in two transgessions eastwerds,[4] with easternmost 'strand-lines' locating the shoreline, Toroweap west, and Coconino sand dunes or beach deposits, east.

Toroweap Overlook

Main article: Toroweap Overlook
View from the Toroweap Overlook in the Grand Canyon at sunrise.

Halfway through the Grand Canyon (north side of Colorado River), at Toroweap Valley, with Toroweap Lake (a playa lake), an outcrop, or point overlooks the West Grand Canyon section. It is the site of the Hurricane Fault-(of Hurricane Cliffs, of Arizona/Utah), the west fault, of the Uinkaret Mountains-(Mount Trumbull Wilderness). An eastern fault section separates here, and goes north into Utah, passing the west side of the Kanab Plateau.

The Toroweap Overlook lies above the erosion resistant Tapeats Sandstone, near its west terminus in Grand Canyon. Southeast, across the river The Esplanade-(a regional section) is created, upon the erosion resistant Esplanade Sandstone, a resistant member of the Supai Group, (a unit above the Tapeats, but occurs on both the downside block, and upside block in the south side of the canyon, Colorado River); (The Esplanade is just upstream, with the Toroweap Fault forming its west flank). The Toroweap Overlook was visited in the 1800s by original photographers of the Grand Canyon.

Geologic sequence

The Permian geologic sequence common in the Grand Canyon:[5]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaibab Limestone.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toroweap Formation.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coconino Sandstone.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hermit Shale.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toroweap Overlook.
  1. ↑ Lucchitta, 2001. Hiking Arizona's Geology, Hike 3: Tanner Trail, pp. 78-82, p. 78.
  2. ↑ Lucchitta, 2001. Hiking Arizona's Geology, Hike 3: Tanner Trail, pp. 78-82, p. 78.
  3. ↑ Arizona Road & Recreation Atlas, Benchmark Maps, pp. 28-29, 62-63.
  4. ↑ Chronic, 1983. Roadside Geology of Arizona, Kaibab-Toroweap-Coconino, 2 wedge-(trangressions) graphic (unnumbered, untitled): In mid-Permian time, a desert of windblown sand swept northern Arizona, creating the Coconino Sandstone (1). Then shallow Kaibab and Toroweap seas advanced from the west, each depositing a wedge of marine limestone bordered with nearshore sandstone, siltstone, and gypsum (2). Desert conditions still prevailed on the shores, so dune sandstone there is of the same age as the marine limestones and nearshore deposits., p. 207.
  5. ↑ Chronic, 1983. Roadside Geology of Arizona, graphic: Stratigraphic section of Paleozoic formations of the Colorado Plateau, p. 179.

See also