Tom Horne

Tom Horne
Arizona Attorney General
In office January 3, 2011 – January 5, 2015
Preceded by	Terry Goddard
Succeeded by	Mark Brnovich
Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction
In office January 1, 2003 – January 1, 2011
Preceded by	Jaime Molera
Succeeded by	John Huppenthal
Personal details
Born	(1945-03-28) March 28, 1945 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Marty[1]
Children	Susan, Mary, David, and Mark[1]
Residence	Arizona

Thomas Charles "Tom" Horne (born March 28, 1945)^[1] is an Arizona attorney, politician, and Republican Party activist who served as Attorney General of Arizona from 2011 to 2015. He previously served as the Arizona Department of Education Superintendent of Public Instruction from 2003 to 2011.^[2]

Early Life and Education

Horne is a graduate of Harvard College (1967) magna cum laude and Harvard Law School (1970) with honors.^[2][3]

During his 30 years of law practice, Horne served as Special Assistant Attorney General and a Judge Pro Tem in Maricopa County Superior Court and Arizona Court of Appeals.^[4] Horne served as a teacher of Legal Writing at Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law and is the author a legal text on construction law published by the State Bar of Arizona.^[5]

Arizona House of Representatives

Horne served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 1997 until 2001.^[6] He chaired the Academic Accountability Committee and served as vice-chair of the Education Committee.^[7]

State Superintendent of Public Instruction

Horne served as the elected Superintendent of Public Instruction from 2003-2011.^[8]

Among his earliest acts in office was to push for a strengthening of Arizona’s social studies standards so that instruction on topics such as the United States Constitution, Declaration of Independence, and the Greco-Roman basis of western civilization would be emphasized not only in elementary grades, but reiterated at later grade levels.^[9]

Horne also made a priority of enforcement of Arizona’s voter-approved law mandating that English be the language of classroom instruction (with the exception of foreign language classes).^[10]

He also pushed for nutritional standards that removed junk food from schools in the elementary grades and created incentives for secondary schools to do so on a voluntary basis.^[11][12]

Testing protocols were also significantly changed during Horne’s administration. He oversaw the development of a dual-purpose assessment that was unique in combining assessments on both state and nationally-defined standards. This cut standardized testing time in half, restoring that time to classroom instruction.

Controversy arose when Horne sought to address curriculum matters as they related to racially-based studies.Horne was alerted to a race-based program in the Tucson Unified School District and, based on a review of the curriculum, championed a law to address the problems these materials presented.^[13] A state law was passed that prohibited curricula that either: 1) Promote the overthrow of the United States government. 2) Promote resentment toward a race or class of people. 3) Are designed primarily for pupils of a particular ethnic group. 4) Advocate ethnic solidarity instead of the treatment of pupils as individuals.^[14]

In his final act as Superintendent Horne found the Tucson district’s Ethnic Studies program, specifically the Mexican American (Raza) Studies component, to be out of compliance with this law.^[15]

Horne was also successful in implementing the Arizona Instrument to Measure Success (AIMS) test, which was approved by the legislature in the 1990s, but did not go into effect until 2006.^[16] Despite some controversy over the requirement that students pass the test before graduating high school, the test eventually became an accepted part of the state education system, until it was replaced in 2014.^[17] Horne created an incentive program whereby students who exceeded standards on the AIMS test and met other criteria received tuition scholarships to Arizona’s public universities.^[18]

Attorney General

On November 2, 2010, Horne defeated Felecia Rotellini in the race for Arizona Attorney General in the 2010 elections.

Within a few weeks of becoming A.G., his office had filed an appearance in Arizona v. United States, defending the Governor and the state against the Obama administration’s federal court challenge to S.B. 1070. "My job as attorney general is to defend the state of Arizona,” Horne said.^[19] The previous A.G., Terry Goddard, had withdrawn from the case, acceding to the demands of Governor Jan Brewer.^[20]

In a 2012 United States Supreme Court case, Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc., Horne argued that Arizona's voter registration requirements were not preempted by the National Voter Registration Act of 1993. The case was decided against Horne and Arizona, by a 7-2 vote. The Court also held that Arizona may petition to have more requirements added to the federal standard.^[21] In a second 2012 Supreme Court case, Ryan v. Gonzales, Horne argued that a death row inmate does not have the right to suspend federal habeas corpus proceedings when found incompetent to assist counsel. In a 9-0 decision Horne won.^[22]

On February 19, 2012 Horne announced Arizona had reached agreement to join a $25 billion agreement with the nation's five largest mortgage servicers over abuse and fraud allegations. Arizona's share was $1.6 billion, with $1.3 billion for underwater (negative equity) homeowners. The settlement was the result of an initiative that included attorney generals. Horne also announced a separate settlement with the Bank of America, which included costs incurred by the A.G.'s office in the lawsuit.^[23]

In 2013 Horne wrote an opinion that defended the state preemption of regulation of firearms; he found that Tucson's city gun laws were unenforceable.^[24] In 2012 Horne proposed that a principal or a designee be trained and armed in each school.^[25] In 2013, he proposed that legislation that would allow teachers to carry guns in public schools.^[26]

Horne threatened to sue the city of Bisbee, Arizona, over a 2013 ordinance recognizing same-sex couples. He withdrew the threat several days later when Bisbee agreed to rewrite the ordinance, removing rights reserved for married couples under Arizona law.^[27] In October, 2014, a federal judge ruled that Arizona's law banning gay marriage was unconstitutional, and Horne did not appeal. He felt the chance of it being overturned was "zero," and, added, "I think it is over."^[28]

Horne filed a 2013 lawsuit that compelled the Maricopa County Community College District to end its policy of in-state tuition for "Dreamers" (undocumented immigrants with federal work permits, who came to the U.S. as children). When accused of being anti-immigrant, Horne responded that he was one himself, being born in Canada. Horne met with students and explained that he was "obligated to enforce the law."^[29] Activists held protests and many were arrested.^[30]

On November 24, 2014, in anticipation of Ferguson. Missouri, grand jury verdict in the shooting of Michael Brown, Horne and civil-rights leaders met and urged peaceful demonstrations. "Violence or disorder would subtract from any message people want to send," Horne told reporters.^[31]

Horne attacked the 2014 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) policy of sending illegal immigrants from Texas to Arizona. "They've done some pretty bizarre things," Horne said. "They caught people crossing the border in Texas and they shipped them to Arizona and left them in a bus station."^[32] Although Arizona law prohibited Horne from suing the federal government,^[33] he promised to "aggressively pursue all options," such as working with other state agencies that could produce a lawsuit. His outrage was shared by other state officials, including Governor Brewer.^[34]

On August 26, 2014, Horne was defeated in his reelection campaign in the Republican primary by Mark Brnovich. Brnovich defeated Horne by a margin of 54% to 46%.^[35]

Controversies

Securities Law Violations

Horne was the president of T.C. Horne & Co., an investment firm he founded in the late 1960s. After the firm went bankrupt in 1970, Horne received a lifetime trading ban from the Securities and Exchange Commission.^[36] The 1973 SEC report alleged that as president of T.C. Horne & Co, Horne "among other things, violated the record-keeping, anti-fraud, and broker-dealer net capital provisions of the federal securities laws and filed false financial reports with the commission." Horne stipulated to an SEC finding that he and his firm "willfully aided and abetted" in violations of securities laws.^[36]

Office Affair and Whistleblower Investigation

In July 2011, the Phoenix New Times broke a story about a woman who had been hired by Horne to a senior position at the Arizona Attorney General's office, despite her not having a license to practice law, and alleging that Horne and the woman were carrying on an affair.^[37] When the New Times reporter filed a Freedom of Information Act request for public records regarding the woman's hiring, Horne launched a confidential internal investigation to find the whistleblower who had leaked information regarding the woman to the media.^[38]

As part of that investigation, Horne assigned members of his staff to spend months looking into the matter, and spoke about having his employees' phone conversations eavesdropped upon—something which, records show, he knew was illegal. During the investigation, the staff member in charge found evidence of illegal campaign activity by Horne and other members of the Attorney General's office, and forwarded that information to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).^[39]

In October 2012, other local media outlets in Phoenix published articles citing public records, sources in the Attorney General's office, and FBI records supporting the allegations of an affair made by the Phoenix New Times over a year earlier.^[39][40][41]

Campaign Finance Law Violations

In October 2012, after an FBI investigation, Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery concluded that Horne deliberately broke campaign finance laws during his 2010 election campaign by coordinating with an independent expenditure committee run by Kathleen Winn.^[42] In April 2014, an Administrative Law Judge concluded that the prosecution in the case "failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence" that Horne illegally coordinated with the independent expenditure committee during the 2010 general election campaign for attorney general^[43] In May 2014, Yavapai County Attorney Sheila Polk, to whom that matter has been referred, rejected the administrative judge's recommendation, and issued a final administrative decision ordering Horne and Winn to reimburse campaign donors $400,000. This ruling is currently under appeal.^[44][45]

Allegations of Campaign Law Violations

On May 5, 2014, an attorney representing a former AG staff member and ex-Horne campaign volunteer, filed a litigation hold letter with the Arizona Attorney General's office, alleging that much of Horne's executive office staff is involved in "substantial campaigning" for his 2014 re-election, "while on state time and utilizing State resources," which, if proven true, could "represent a substantial violation of State and Federal laws which prohibit such conduct"^[46]

The allegations first arose in the AG staffer's letter of resignation, which claimed that the office is "not following campaign laws or finance laws," imperiling her "legal well-being." Horne has denied the allegations, calling them a "complete fabrication."^[47][48]

On July 7, 2014, the Arizona Secretary of State's Office released a memo, finding probable cause that Horne violated several campaign-finance laws related to allegations that Horne had employees doing his campaign work on state time, at the AG's office.^[49][50]

Traffic Violations

In October 2007, while State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Horne was cited for criminal speeding in Scottsdale, Arizona. During a subsequent year-and-a-half period, Horne was cited for speeding six additional times, including once in a school zone.^[51][52][53] The criminal speeding charge was settled as a traffic offense.^[54]

In March 2012, while tailing Horne as part of an investigation into campaign finance law violations, FBI agents observed Horne leaving the scene of an accident. An FBI agent took a picture of a black mark on the parked car, which was shown on the front page of the newspaper. The FBI report stated Montano [owner of car] advised that he was unaware vehicle had been hit by another vehicle until SA Grehoski called him to arrange for the interview. Montano advised that the black mark on the front passenger side of the bumper came from when his son was parking the vehicle in the garage. Realizing that it was questionable whether Horne did any damage, the City Attorney agreed to a settlement in which Horne paid a $300 fine.^[55]

See also

• English for Children (Arizona Proposition 203, 2000)

References

Further reading

• Simpson, Michael W. Tom Horne, Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction Verse Tucson Unified School District's Ethnic Studies: A Critical Discourse Study. (April 2, 2009).