Tom Brown (police chief)

Tom Brown
Portrait photograph of Brown
Born	1889 West Virginia
Died	1959 (age 69)
Occupation	police officer
Known for	police corruption

Thomas Archibald Brown (1889–1959), known as "Big Tom", was police chief of St. Paul, Minnesota in the 1930s. During his time in office he presided over a period of unprecedented corruption in which he assisted several major criminals, notably the Barker-Karpis gang and John Dillinger.

He was eventually dismissed as chief, but retained a senior role in the Kidnap Squad, during which he continued to assist criminals. Later he was demoted to detective, in which role he was involved in the killing of Homer Van Meter.

Though finally dismissed from the force, he was never successfully prosecuted for his crimes.

Early career

Brown was born in West Virginia into a family of coal miners. At 6 foot 5 inches in height he was too tall to work in the mines. He found his way to St. Paul where he worked at various jobs before joining the police in 1914. He married Mary Raffety. The couple had four daughters and one son.^[1]

Even before Brown's activities, St. Paul's police had a reputation for tolerating the presence of criminals in the city. Under John O'Connor, the so-called "O'Connor system" was developed, in which criminals were protected from extradition as long as they committed no crimes while they were in the city. The system attracted big-spending gangsters, who supported other lucrative businesses, particularly illegal speakeasys.^[2]

Brown achieved local fame after killing escaped murderer Edwin Rust in a gunfight. He was appointed to the "Purity Squad", which was supposed to identify and close down gambling dens, speakeasys and brothels. He quickly learned to build contacts with the gangs who ran them and to take bribes. In 1926 he was arrested for stealing a large quantity of alcohol that had been confiscated in a raid.^[3] He was later released through lack of evidence and reinstated. When the Purity Squad became notorious for its repeated failure to find any illegal activity, an enquiry told Brown he would be dismissed. The dismissal was suddenly withdrawn, probably due to pressure from corrupt politicians with links to local crime bosses, particularly Leon Gleckman, "the Al Capone of St. Paul".^[4][5]

Chief of Police

In 1930 Gleckman engineered Brown's appointment as chief of police.^[6] In return, Brown protected Gleckman's business interests. When Gleckman was kidnapped by rival racketeer Jack Peifer, Brown worked hard for his release. The ransom was paid, but one of the kidnappers was later found shot dead by an unknown assailant. Brown took the ransom from the man's safe.^[5] He later claimed he stored it at police headquarters, but it was never located.

Brown's tenure as chief came to an end when he became involved with the Barker-Karpis gang, who had come to St. Paul at the invitation of Gleckman's rival Jack Peifer. The gang committed series of robberies. When a neighbor recognized the gang from pictures in True Detective magazine, Brown delayed responding to the tip, and he or one of his associates tipped them off. They quickly cleared out. Wrongly believing that Ma Barker's lover Arthur Dunlop had informed on them, they shot him and dumped his naked body. The Dunlop murder sealed Brown's fate as chief. The publicity led to questions about how the gang had got away. He was dismissed as chief by the new mayor, who was elected on an anti-corruption ticket. However, he remained a member of the force.

Later police career

After his dismissal, Brown attempted to get elected as sheriff of Ramsey County, Minnesota. According to FBI informants, members of Dillinger's gang, particularly Homer Van Meter, paid $1500 into Brown's election campaign, but he was unsuccessful.^[7]

Despite suspicions against him Brown was appointed to the newly formed Kidnap Squad. With prohibition over, local criminals turned to new sources of income. Racketeers Jack Piefer and Harry Sawyer suggested that the Barker-Karpis gang should move into kidnapping. They kidnapped wealthy businessman William Hamm. Brown informed them of plans by police to trap them. The ransom money was successfully collected, and a cut given to Brown. Another kidnapping followed. Edward Bremer, a local businessman, was snatched on his way to work after dropping his daughter at school on January 15, 1934. The FBI became actively involved. When it became evident that leaks were coming from the local Kidnap Squad, Brown was isolated from the investigation.

Homer Van Meter was repeatedly shot by Brown as he lay on the ground

On August 23, 1934 Brown was involved in the killing of former ally Homer Van Meter at the corner of Marion Street and University Avenue in St. Paul. Van Meter was lured to a supposed meeting, but was confronted by four police officers who were waiting for him, led by Chief of Police Frank Cullen. All, were heavily armed with rifles and Brown carried a Thompson submachine gun.^[8] The officers later claimed Van Meter ignored their command to stop and fled into a nearby alley, where he fired twice on the officers with a .45 caliber pistol.^[9] Chief Cullen, armed with a rifle, held his fire as a bystander walked past, but the remaining officers opened fire on Van Meter, who fell dead.^[9] He was 27 years old.^[9] Brown continued to fire at Van Meter as he lay prone; the impact of the bullets ripped off one finger and nearly severed a thumb and finger of the right hand.^[9][10] The body was found to be armed with a .45-caliber Colt automatic pistol. The number and severity of Van Meter's wounds were attributed to the use of the Thompson submachine gun.^[9][10] Van Meter's family later said that their kin had been used for "target practice".^[8]

By this time Brown was under investigation by the FBI. Many of the kidnappers had been arrested and detained by the beginning of 1935. A great deal of information about Brown's involvement given by minor gang members Edna Murray and Byron Bolton. As a result Brown was dismissed from the force. However, as most of the evidence was hearsay, Brown was not arrested or charged. He challenged his dismissal, but the evidence of his corruption was considered sufficient to justify it.

Later life

Brown moved away to open a liquor store. He continued in the profession for some years, but was later arrested for non-payment of tax and for operating without a license. He was sentenced to a year in jail, but the sentence was suspended. He died of a heart attack in 1959.

References

Sources

Mahoney, Tim, Secret Partners: Big Tom Brown and the Barker Gang, Minnesota Historical Press, 2013