Togolese parliamentary election, 2007

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A parliamentary election was held in Togo on October 14, 2007[1][2] for the 81 seats in the National Assembly.[3] There were over 2,000 candidates, with 32 parties and 41 lists of independent candidates competing.[4] The ruling Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) was victorious, winning a majority of 50 seats. The remaining seats were won by opposition parties: the Union of the Forces of Change (UFC) gained 27 seats and the Action Committee for Renewal (CAR) gained four seats.[5] Seats were allotted based on party list proportional representation with a system of highest averages.[6] This was the first parliamentary election since the beginning of multiparty politics in the early 1990s in which all major parties participated.[7]

Planning, organization, and candidacies

The 2007 election was the first parliamentary election to be held following the February 2005 death of long-time President Gnassingbé Eyadéma, who was succeeded by his son, Faure Gnassingbé. The election followed an agreement between parties in August 2006 and the appointment of a government incorporating the opposition and headed by an opposition leader, Yawovi Agboyibo, in September 2006.[8][9]

The election was scheduled for June 24, 2007, but in May it was delayed to 5 August.[10] On July 5, it was delayed again by the Independent National Electoral Commission (CENI), although no new date was announced at that time.[11][12] This delay was caused by a delay in the holding of an electoral census, which was planned to be held from June 8 to July 9[12] but was rescheduled to run from July 16 to August 17.[12][13] The census was scheduled to be conducted in one part of the country, called Zone A, from July 16 to July 29, and in another part, called Zone B, from August 4 to August 17; in the remaining part of the country, comprising Lomé and Golfe Prefecture, the census was scheduled to be conducted throughout the period.[13] The end date for the census in Zone A was subsequently extended to August 1,[14] and the census in Zone B was delayed until August 6, with the end date being extended until August 19.[15]

Veteran opposition leader Gilchrist Olympio of the Union of the Forces of Change (UFC) arrived in Togo on August 18 and registered to vote. He said that CENI's work was "not too bad given the means at its disposal" and that the census was "encouraging"; he also urged people to register.[16] The 2007 election was the first parliamentary election in which the UFC had participated since the beginning of multiparty politics in the early 1990s.[17]

On August 23, Revival and Redemption Party (PRR) leader Nicolas Lawson called on the people to vote, describing the election as a "decisive step forward" and saying that the country "must return to democratic principles, to survive and to develop". He was critical of independent candidates, who he said did not have political programs and would only increase confusion in a country that already had about 80 parties.[18]

Following the census, CENI spent one month, beginning on August 30, eliminating fraud from the electoral list by searching for voters who registered more than once through a computer system comparing fingerprints. Voters who registered more than once were given until August 30 to come forward about this so that the electoral list could be corrected; they were warned that they would face prosecution if they did not do so.[19]

Following an agreement on conditions signed by the European Union and the Togolese government on August 3, election observers from the European Union were scheduled to arrive on 16 August and continue to observe all election events from that point on.[20] CENI said that over 800,000 voters had registered by August 2, halfway through the census.[21]

On August 30, it was announced that National Assembly was dissolved,[1] that the election would be held on October 14, and that campaigning would run from September 29 to October 12.[1][2] On the same day, the 162 candidates of the UFC (including their substitutes) were invested by Olympio at a UFC extraordinary congress in Nyékonakpoe, a district of Lomé.[22][23] The ruling Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) invested its 162 candidates (including substitutes) on September 7[24][25] at the Palace of Congresses in Lomé. These candidates included Minister of Defense Kpatcha Gnassingbé, Minister of Social Affairs and the Protection of Women Memounatou Ibrahima, Minister of Labor, Employment and the Civil Service Katari Foli-Bazi, National Assembly President Abass Bonfoh, and National Assembly Vice-President Eric Kpadé.[25]

The Socialist Pact for Renewal (PSR) invested its 130 candidates on September 8 in Atakpamé.[26] Prime Minister Yawovi Agboyibo's party, the Committee of Action for Renewal (CAR), invested its 162 candidates on September 12 in Lomé; its candidates included Agboyibo, the party's president, Gahoun Georges Hégbor, CAR's vice-president and also Minister of Communication, and Ouro-Bossi Tchacondoh, who was Deputy Minister in charge of Local Communities. On the same day, the Democratic Alliance for the Fatherland (the Alliance), led by Dahuku Péré, invested its 104 candidates in Notsé. Its candidates stood in 19 prefectures, as well as Lomé.[3] The Democratic Convention of the African People (CDPA), led by Minister of State for Mines and Energy Léopold Gnininvi, presented its 162 candidates on September 13 in Lomé; the candidates included Gnininvi, Minister of Higher Education and Research Messan Adimado Aduayom, and Deputy Minister of the Informal Sector Lydia Adanlété.[27] Gnininvi praised CENI's "remarkable work" and said that the electoral census had ensured "a credible process".[27][28]

EU observers began to deploy in Togo on September 18, beginning with 18 observers.[29] These 18 "long-term" observers were subsequently joined by 62 "short-term" observers who arrived on October 6, including the head of the observer mission, Fiona Hall.[30] On October 11, six Members of the European Parliament—Valdis Dombrovskis, Patrick Gaubert, Horst Posdorf, Marie-Arlette Carlotti, Neena Gill, and Johan Van Hecke—also arrived to play a part in the observation mission.[31] European Union aid to Togo had been suspended since 1993, and the resumption of EU aid was said to depend on whether the 2007 election was deemed "free and transparent".[8] There were expected to be about 3,500 observers in total, both from Togo and abroad; aside from the EU, other organizations that intended to have observers in place included La Francophonie and the African Union.[32]

On 20 September, nine new members of the Constitutional Court were sworn in; this followed the appointment of a new head of the Court, Aboudou Assouma, by Gnassingbé on 17 September.[33]

In CENI's review of the electoral census, about 7,000 doubled names were found. The local independent electoral commission (CELI) for Lomé was dissolved by CENI for failing to respect its instructions with regard to multiple registrations[34] on September 23. On September 29, a new Lomé CELI was installed by CENI President Tozim Potopéré.[35]

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) deployed a team of 140 observers, both military and civilian, on 2 October 2007.[36] In early October, a final total of 2,974,718 registered voters was announced by CENI. CENI also announced that there would be a total of 396 lists in the election, including those for both parties and independents.[37]

The High Authority for Audiovisuals and Communication conducted a draw on September 27 to determine the sequence of campaign airtime for political parties in the media. The Coordination of New Forces, a minor political party led by Joseph Kokou Koffigoh, won the right to speak first on TVT.[38]

A point of dispute regarding the conduct of the election was whether ballot papers should be authenticated by being signed by two polling stations officials as a measure to prevent fraud. The UFC was in favor of this, but the RPT and the CAR were not.[39] On October 10, it was agreed to have the ballot papers stamped rather than signed.[40]

Voting

On October 11, the army and security forces voted three days early so that they would be fully available to maintain peace and order on election day. Their votes were not to be counted until the general population voted on October 14.[41]

On election day, electoral observers noted that turnout appeared to be high.[9][42] President Gnassingbé voted in Lomé, praising the electoral process and expressing his faith in it.[9]

The UFC criticized what it said was the failure of some ballot papers to be properly stamped,[42][43] which it described as intentional.[43] According to CENI, ballot papers are valid even if they are not stamped. Claiming irregularities in the vote counting,[44] the UFC issued a statement on October 16 urging the people "to be mobilized to save their victory".[45]

Also on October 16, Louis Michel, the European Commissioner for Development & Humanitarian Aid, praised the election for what he described as its calmness and high voter turnout and the "confidence and maturity of the Togolese people in the exercise of democracy".[46] On the same day, the EU observer mission said the election was marked by "satisfactory conditions" and high turnout,[47] and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which had 152 observers present, deemed the election to be "free, fair and open".[48] The African Union also gave a positive assessment of the election on October 17, although it pointed to some areas for improvement, such as providing sufficient electoral material and the way proxy voting was used.[49]

Announcement of results

Late on October 17, CENI President Potopéré announced provisional results for most seats.[50] These results showed the RPT with a majority of 49 out of 81 seats, the UFC with 21 seats, and the CAR with four seats, while the outcome for seven seats was still to be determined. Turnout was placed at 95%,[50][51] with 2,820,845 out of 2,974,718 registered voters participating.[50] On October 19, additional results gave the UFC two seats from Golfe Prefecture, leaving only five seats from Lomé to be declared.[52][53]

On October 20, Olympio said that the UFC, which alleged that almost 40,000 of its supporters' votes were deliberately annulled during the vote counting and demanded a recount, would appeal to the Constitutional Court regarding the results.[54] On October 21, CENI announced that it was not going to publish provisional results for Lomé due to problems and was submitting a report to the Constitutional Court. The problems included more than 300 of the 751 ballot boxes not being properly sealed, an inability to specify the polling stations from which some of the results came, and some polling stations' results being recorded multiple times.[55][56]

On October 23, CENI, on an injunction from the Constitutional Court, released the provisional results for Lomé. These results showed the UFC winning four of the seats and the RPT winning one, leaving the RPT with a total of 50 seats and the UFC with a total of 27.[57][58] According to the provisional results for Lomé, there were 378,002 voters and 10,619 invalid votes; the UFC won 256,363 votes and the RPT won 54,102.[58] Across the country, provisional results showed the RPT winning 922,636 votes, the UFC winning 867,507 votes, and the CAR winning 192,218 votes.[57]

Patrick Lawson, the third vice-president of the UFC, said on October 24 that the party might be willing to participate in a new national unity government, but only under certain "clearly defined" conditions.[59]

On October 30, the Constitutional Court confirmed the results of the election: 50 seats for the RPT, 27 for the UFC, and four for the CAR.[5][60][61] It revised voter turnout downward to 85%,[5][61] placing the number of voters at 2,526,049, with 2,344,108 valid votes and 181,941 invalid votes,[61] and it rejected 20 appeals.[60] The UFC disputed the Court's results, with its Secretary-General, Jean-Pierre Fabre, describing them on October 31 as "neither credible nor acceptable" and saying that they did not represent the voters' will, and he demanded that the Court "seriously examine" the appeals.[62][63] Fabre also accused the Court of "abetting the power grab orchestrated by the RPT through the Independent National Electoral Commission".[63] On the same day, RPT Secretary-General Solitoki Esso expressed the ruling party's willingness to work with anyone of goodwill.[64] On November 1, President Gnassingbé called for the results to be respected by all and said that he hoped that politicians would work together "in a spirit of unity and reconciliation" for the sake of the nation.[65]

Aftermath

Gnassingbé and Olympio met in Ouagadougou on November 2, along with President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso, who acted as mediator. According to Compaoré, Gnassingbé said that he would invite the opposition to participate in the government. Olympio held out the possibility that the UFC would participate; Compaoré anticipated that the UFC would present conditions for its participation.[66][67]

The new National Assembly opened on November 13. Its first meeting was chaired by the oldest deputy, Koffi Agbényéga Voule-Frititi of the RPT (age 73), along with the youngest deputy, Mawulikplim Moïse Sodahlon (age 32) of the UFC.[68] Prime Minister Agboyibo presented his resignation to President Gnassingbé on the same day, saying that the election marked the end of the mission he had been assigned.[69]

Michel met with Gnassingbé in Lomé on November 17. Michel said that he thought "the conditions for the complete normalization of cooperation between the European Union and Togo are met" and that an official decision on the matter would be reached before the end of the year.[70] Olympio met with Gnassingbé at the presidential palace in Lomé on November 21 to discuss the appointment of the next prime minister and government.[71]

In the National Assembly, newly adopted rules of procedure allowed for a parliamentary group to be established with as few as four members, thereby enabling the creation of a CAR parliamentary group.[72] Shortly afterward, on November 24, the National Assembly elected its bureau, composed of seven members,[73] all from the RPT.[73][74][75] Bonfoh Abbass was re-elected as the President of the National Assembly, while Komi Klassou was elected as its First Vice-President and Yao Patrice Kanekatoua was elected as its Second Vice-President.[73] The UFC withdrew its candidates for the positions on the bureau after the RPT nominated a candidate for the position of First Vice-President, accusing the RPT of seeking absolute control of the National Assembly, and the CAR followed suit in withdrawing.[75] The UFC and CAR criticized the RPT, saying that under the newly adopted rules of procedure a single parliamentary group should not hold two successive positions in the bureau, such as the Presidency and the First Vice-Presidency, and that the allocation of these positions, along with those of the bureaus of committees in the National Assembly, was supposed to reflect the composition of the National Assembly. The two parties said that it had been agreed that the RPT would hold the Presidency of the National Assembly while the UFC would hold the First Vice-Presidency and the CAR would hold the Second Vice-Presidency.[74]

On November 29, it was announced that the EU was resuming full cooperation with Togo.[76] On the same day, it was reported that the delay in nominating a new Prime Minister was due to continued attempts to get the UFC to join the government.[77]

It was announced on December 3 that Komlan Mally of the ruling RPT, who was Minister of Town and City Planning in Agboyibo's government and had been elected to the National Assembly, had been nominated as Prime Minister.[78][79] Following Mally's appointment, UFC Secretary-General Jean-Pierre Fabre said on December 4 that his party was "neither disappointed nor surprised" by the appointment of a Prime Minister from the RPT and that the appointment was in line with past actions by the ruling party which excluded the UFC, including the RPT's monopolization of posts in the bureau of the National Assembly. He also said that in his "personal opinion", the UFC had "no interest in participating in this government".[80] Olympio described Mally as "some sort of civil servant, unknown to the public, unknown to the political class", and predicted that Mally's government would be short-lived due to the talks between Gnassingbé and the opposition.[81]

Olympio also said that the election results did not properly represent the voters' will, pointing out that the UFC received nearly as many votes as the RPT, but that due to the way the electoral system was designed the UFC won far fewer seats.[81] Relative to population density, a disproportionately high number of seats were allotted to the north, where the RPT's support was strongest.[82]

The EU observer mission presented its final report on the election to Gnassingbé on December 3. While confirming the mission's positive assessment of the election, the report included a number of recommendations, one of which was that representation in the National Assembly should more closely correspond to population.[83]

After the National Assembly opened, six deputies from the RPT (including Kanekatoua Yao, who had been elected Second Vice-President of the National Assembly) chose to resign their seats, along with three from the CAR, and were replaced by substitutes.[84]

Mally's government, including 21 ministers and primarily composed of members of the RPT, was named on December 13. The UFC and CAR were not included in the government, although Léopold Gnininvi, the leader of the Democratic Convention of the African People, an opposition party that was not elected to the National Assembly, was included as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs.[85]

 Summary of the 14 October 2007 National Assembly of Togo election results
Parties Votes % Seats
Rally for the Togolese People (Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais) 922,636 39.36 50
Union of Forces for Change (Union des Forces du Changement) 867,507 37.01 27
Action Committee for Renewal (Comité d'Action pour la Renouveau) 192,618 8.22 4
Independents 59,614 2.54 —
Patriotic Pan-African Convergence (Convergence Patriotique Panafricaine) 43,898 1.87 —
Democratic Convention of African Peoples (Convention Démocratique des Peuples Africains) 38,347 1.64 —
Party of Democrats for Renewal (Parti des Démocrates pour le Renouveau) 24,260 1.03 —
Socialist Pact for Renewal (Pacte Socialiste pour le Renouveau) 23,254 0.99 —
Alliance of Democrats for Integral Development (Alliance des Démocrates pour le Développement Intégral) 21,441 0.91 —
Democratic Alliance for the Fatherland (Alliance Démocratique pour la Patrie) 15,444 0.66 —
Democratic Pan-African Party (Parti Démocratique Panafricain) 14,141 0.60 —
Citizens' Movement for Democracy and Development (Mouvement Citoyen pour la Démocratie et le Développement) 12,741 0.54 —
Union for Democracy and Social Progress (Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social) 8,362 0.36 —
The Nest (Le Nid) 8,269 0.35 —
Popular Union for the Republic (Union Populaire pour la République) 7,814 0.33 —
Togolese Alliance of Democrats (Alliance Togolaise des Démocrates) 7,542 0.32 —
Party for Renewal and Redemption (Parti pour le Renouveau et la Rédemption) 5,211 0.22 —
Union of Socialist Democrats of Togo (Union des Démocrates Socialistes du Togo) 4,229 0.18 —
Juvento 3,873 0.17 —
New Popular Dynamic (Nouvelle Dynamique Populaire) 3,536 0.15 —
Movement of Centrist Republicans (Mouvement des Républicains Centristes) 3,157 0.13 —
Coordination of New Forces (Coordination des Forces Nouvelles) 2,170 0.09 —
Believers' Movement for Equality and Peace (Mouvement des Croyants pour l'Égalité et la Paix) 1,718 0.07 —
Regrouping of the Live Forces of Youth for Change (Regroupement des Forces Vives de la Jeunesse pour le Changement) 1,550 0.07 —
Party of Action for Change in Togo (Parti d’Action pour le Changement au Togo) 1,056 0.05 —
JD 710 0.03 —
Party of the Union for Renovation and Development (Parti d'Union pour la Rénovation et le Développement) 221 0.01 —
PNTS 140 0.00 —
FADD 114 0.00 —
Others 48,535 2.07 —
Total (turnout 85%) 2,344,108   81
Source: CENI

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "L'Assemblée nationale dissoute, les législatives annoncées pour le 14 octobre", Xinhua (Jeuneafrique.com), August 31, 2007 (French).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Togo re-schedules legislative polls for 14 October", African Press Agency, August 31, 2007.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Agboyibo fin prêt pour les législatives", Republicoftogo.com, September 13, 2007 (French).
  4. ↑ "Une campagne blanc, rouge, jaune", Republicoftogo.com, October 1, 2007 (French).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Le RPT remporte les premières élections pluralistes", Republicoftogo.com, October 30, 2007 (French).
  6. ↑ "Comment sont décomptés les suffrages", Republicoftogo.com, October 14, 2007 (French).
  7. ↑ "Jour de vote", Republicoftogo.com, October 14, 2007 (French).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Togo's polls will test ruling party and chances of foreign aid", EUbusiness.com, October 10, 2007.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Le Togo a voté en masse", Republicoftogo.com, October 15, 2007 (French).
  10. ↑ "Togo postpones parliamentary polls to 5 August", African Press Agency, May 15, 2007.
  11. ↑ "Togolese electoral commission postpones legislative elections", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), July 7, 2007.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Togolese election watchdog postpones legislative polls again", African Press Agency, July 7, 2007.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Recensement électoral : De sérieux soucis pour la CENI", Republicoftogo.com, July 13, 2007 (French).
  14. ↑ "Trois jours de plus pour le recensement", Republicoftogo.com, July 29, 2007 (French).
  15. ↑ "Zone B : début du recensement le 6 août", Republicoftogo.com, August 4, 2007 (French).
  16. ↑ "Législatives au Togo : Gilchrist Olympio s'inscrit sur une liste électorale", AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), August 19, 2007 (French).
  17. ↑ "Les candidats s'y collent !", Republicoftogo.com, September 30, 2007 (French).
  18. ↑ "Législatives : le PRR appelle les électeurs à une participation massive", Xinhua (Jeuneafrique.com), August 23, 2007 (French).
  19. ↑ "Detection of fraud in Togolese electoral census to take one month ", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), August 23, 2007.
  20. ↑ "Togo, EU sign agreement on observation of legislative elections", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), August 4, 2007.
  21. ↑ "Over 800,000 Togolese register for elections", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), August 4, 2007.
  22. ↑ "Législatives: 162 militants en lice pour l'UFC", Xinhua (Jeuneafrique.com), August 30, 2007 (French).
  23. ↑ "L’UFC prête pour les législatives", Republicoftogo.com, August 31, 2007 (French).
  24. ↑ "Le RPT désigne 162 candidats dont 21 femmes pour les législatives", Xinhua (Jeuneafrique.com), September 7, 2007 (French).
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Le RPT aligne 162 candidats", Republicoftogo.com, September 8, 2007 (French).
  26. ↑ "130 candidats pour le PSR", Republicoftogo.com, September 11, 2007 (French).
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Pour Léopold Gnininvi, le processus électoral est « crédible »", Republicoftogo.com, September 14, 2007 (French).
  28. ↑ "Le dirigeant d'un parti d'opposition salue le climat d'apaisement", Xinhua (Jeuneafrique.com), September 14, 2007 (French).
  29. ↑ "Les premiers observateurs européens se déploient", Republicoftogo.com, September 19, 2007 (French).
  30. ↑ "Fiona Hall bien entourée", Republicoftogo.com, October 8, 2007 (French).
  31. ↑ "Arrivée à Lomé des députés européens", Republicoftogo.com, October 11, 2007 (French).
  32. ↑ "Grandes manoeuvres", Republicoftogo.com, September 25, 2007 (French).
  33. ↑ "Togo's new constitutional court sworn in for coming parliamentary elections", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), September 21, 2007.
  34. ↑ "La Céni impose des sanctions", Republicoftogo.com, September 24, 2007 (French).
  35. ↑ "Les recommandations de Tozim Potopéré", Republicoftogo.com, October 1, 2007.
  36. ↑ "ECOWAS moves to ensure security in Togolese polls", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), October 4, 2007.
  37. ↑ "Parlons chiffres", Republicoftogo.com, October 2, 2007 (French).
  38. ↑ "La CFN ouvre l'antenne", Republicoftogo.com, September 28, 2007 (French).
  39. ↑ "Le code électoral, et rien que lui", Republicoftogo.com, October 9, 2007 (French).
  40. ↑ "Des électeurs timbrés", Republicoftogo.com, October 10, 2007 (French).
  41. ↑ "Les corps habillés ont voté", Republicoftogo.com, October 14, 2007 (French).
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Législatives au Togo: fin du vote et début du dépouillement", AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), October 15, 2007 (French).
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "L’UFC pousse le bouchon un peu loin", Republicoftogo.com, October 15, 2007 (French).
  44. ↑ Selah Hennessy, "Togo Opposition Disputes Vote Count", VOA News, October 17, 2007.
  45. ↑ "Jeu dangereux", Republicoftogo.com, October 17, 2007 (French).
  46. ↑ "L’UE se félicite du déroulement du scrutin", Republicoftogo.com, October 16, 2007 (French).
  47. ↑ "« Volonté de construire une démocratie pluraliste »", Republicoftogo.com, October 17, 2007 (French).
  48. ↑ "Togo's elections 'free and fair' - monitors", AFP (IOL), October 16, 2007.
  49. ↑ "L’UA satisfaite du scrutin", Republicoftogo.com, October 17, 2007 (French).
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 "Le RPT sort victorieux du scrutin", Republicoftogo.com, October 18, 2007 (French).
  51. ↑ "Togo ruling party wins election", BBC News, October 18, 2007.
  52. ↑ "L’UFC crie à la fraude mais gagne deux sièges", Republicoftogo.com, October 19, 2007 (French).
  53. ↑ "Togolese opposition UFC wins two more seats in Lome", African Press Agency, October 19, 2007.
  54. ↑ "Olympio fait la Cour", Republicoftogo.com, October 21, 2007 (French).
  55. ↑ "Le cas de Lomé pose problème", Republicoftogo.com, October 22, 2007 (French).
  56. ↑ "Electoral body refers release of Lome provisional results to Constitutional court", African Press Agency, October 22, 2007.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "Le RPT obtient 50 sièges", Republicoftogo.com, October 24, 2007 (French).
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Jean-Claude Abalo, "Législatives au Togo : le parti d’opposition UFC vainqueur à Lomé-Commune", Afrik.com, October 25, 2007 (French).
  59. ↑ "Les « conditions » de l’UFC pour entrer au gouvernement", Republicoftogo.com, October 25, 2007 (French).
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Jean-Claude Abalo, "Togo : la Cour constitutionnelle confirme les résultats des législatives", Afrik.com, October 30, 2007 (French).
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Text of the Constitutional Court decision (French).
  62. ↑ "Le dernier contestataire", Republicoftogo.com, October 31, 2007.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Togo: Opposition challenges election results released by Constitutional court", African Press Agency, October 31, 2007.
  64. ↑ "Solitoki Esso : « Le RPT est un parti de dialogue »", Republicoftogo.com, October 30, 2007 (French).
  65. ↑ "Togo: le président Gnassingbé invite au respect des résultats des législatives", AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), November 1, 2007 (French).
  66. ↑ "Togo's leader, opposition may form unity government", AFP, November 2, 2007.
  67. ↑ "Gouvernement : Faure va contacter l’opposition", Republicoftogo.com, November 3, 2007 (French).
  68. ↑ "Rentrée solennelle de la nouvelle Assemblée nationale togolaise", African Press Agency, November 13, 2007 (French).
  69. ↑ "Agboyibo a présenté sa démission", Republicoftogo.com, November 13, 2007 (French).
  70. ↑ "Michel : « Normalisation avant la fin de l’année »", Republicoftogo.com, November 18, 2007 (French).
  71. ↑ "« Mes respects Monsieur le Président » !", Republicoftogo.com, November 21, 2007 (French).
  72. ↑ "Les députés voteront désormais à main levée", Republicoftogo.com, November 23, 2007 (French).
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 "Abbas Bonfoh élu président de l'Assemblée", Republicoftogo.com, November 27, 2007 (French).
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Critiques de l’opposition parlementaire", Republicoftogo.com, November 25, 2007 (French).
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 "Le RPT rafle les 7 postes du Bureau de l'Assemblée nationale", Panapress (afriquenligne.fr), November 25, 2007 (French).
  76. ↑ "C’est officiel !", Republicoftogo.com, November 29, 2007 (French).
  77. ↑ "Togo: la composition du cabinet retarde la nomination du Premier ministre", AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), November 29, 2007 (French).
  78. ↑ "Komlan Mally à la barre", Republicoftogo.com, December 3, 2007 (French).
  79. ↑ "Togo: Komla Mally nommé Premier ministre", Panapress (afriquenligne.fr), December 3, 2007 (French).
  80. ↑ "L’UFC boude le gouvernement togolais", Panapress (afrik.com), December 4, 2007 (French).
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Jade Heilmann, "Selection of New Togo PM Angers Opposition", VOA News, December 4, 2007.
  82. ↑ "Freedom in the World - Togo (2009)", Freedom House country report.
  83. ↑ "L’UE remet sa copie finale à Faure", Republicoftogo.com, December 4, 2007 (French).
  84. ↑ "11 députés quittent l’Assemblée", Republicoftogo.com, December 7, 2007 (French).
  85. ↑ "Léopold Gnininvi aux Affaires étrangères", Republicoftogo.com, December 13, 2007 (French).