Tobacco harm reduction

Tobacco harm reduction (THR) is a public health strategy to lower the health risks associated with using nicotine. Smoking tobacco is widely acknowledged as a leading cause of illness and death.[1] However, nicotine itself is not very harmful, as inferred from the long history of use for nicotine replacement therapy products.[2] Thus, THR measures have been focused on reducing or eliminating the use of combustible tobacco by switching to other nicotine products, including:

  1. Cutting down (either long-term or before quitting smoking)
  2. Temporary abstinence
  3. Switching to non-tobacco nicotine containing products, such as pharmaceutical nicotine replacement therapies or currently unlicensed products such as electronic cigarettes
  4. Switching to Swedish or American smokeless tobacco products
  5. Switching to non-combustible organic or additive-free tobacco products

It is widely acknowledged that discontinuation of all tobacco products confers the greatest lowering of risk. However, approved smoking cessation methods have a 90% failure rate, when used as directed.[1] In addition, there is a considerable population of smokers who are unable or unwilling to achieve abstinence.[3] Harm reduction is likely of substantial benefit to these smokers and public health.[1][2] Providing reduced-harm alternatives to smokers is likely to result in lower total population risk than pursuing abstinence-only policies.[4]

History

The concept of tobacco harm reduction was established in 1976 when Professor Michael Russell wrote: "People smoke for nicotine but they die from the tar"[5] and suggested that the ratio of tar to nicotine could be the key to safer smoking.[2][3] Since then, the harm from smoking has been well-established as being caused almost exclusively by toxins released through the combustion of tobacco.[1] In contrast, non-combustible tobacco products as well as pure nicotine products are considerably less harmful, although they still have the potential for addiction.[2]

Debates on tobacco harm reduction tend to be geographically defined arguments, because of the varying legal, moral, and historical status of tobacco, and the different types of tobacco products and use in different cultures around the world. For instance, cigarette smoking is the dominant form in the United States, while use of cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco is limited to a much smaller population. Anti-smoking advocacy efforts and widespread popularization of the negative health effects of smoking over the last few decades have led to restrictions in the sale and use of tobacco products. Despite this, tobacco in all its forms has remained a legal product in most societies. A notable exception is the European Union, where the most dangerous products (cigarettes) are available but smokeless tobacco products, which are far less hazardous, are banned.[6] The exception is Sweden, where there is a long tradition of smokeless tobacco use among men.

Harm reduction, a modality of dealing with other drug use, is beginning to be applied to tobacco use. In October 2008 the American Association of Public Health Physicians (AAPHP) became the first medical organization in the U.S. to officially endorse tobacco harm reduction as a viable strategy to reduce the death toll related to cigarette smoking.[7][8][9] Joel Nitzkin, MD[10] wrote: "So if we can figure that the nicotine in the e-cigarettes is basically a generic version of the same nicotine that is in prescription products, we have every reason to believe that the hazard posed by e-cigarettes would be much lower than one percent, probably lower than one tenth of one percent of the hazard posed by regular cigarettes."[11]

In the United States, tobacco controllers and other anti-smoking advocates are opposed to harm reduction approaches.[4] They are generally motivated by an irrational hatred of tobacco and substantial financial ties to the pharmaceutical industry.[4] Anti-tobacco extremists have successfully lead a disinformation campaign resulting in the widespread use of misleading health claims aimed at preventing smokers from learning about the lifesaving potential of harm-reduction approaches.[4]

"Safer cigarettes"

Cigarette manufacturers have attempted to design safer cigarettes for almost 50 years, but results have been marginal at best.[12] Filters were introduced in the early 1950s, and manufacturers were selling low-yield cigarettes by the late 1960s.[12] Initially it was thought that these innovations were harm reducing.[13] For example, in 1976 investigators at the American Cancer Society published research concluding that light cigarettes were safer.[14] The study authors wrote that "total death rates, death rates from coronary heart disease, and death rates from lung cancer were somewhat lower for those who smoked 'low' tar-nicotine cigarettes than for those who smoked 'high' tar-nicotine cigarettes."

Smokeless tobacco

It has been established that use of Swedish and American smokeless tobacco confers only 0.1% to 10% of the risks of smoking,[3] though smokeless products in India and Asia contain higher levels of contaminants and thus confer greater risks.[15] Two respected medical groups believe that smokeless tobacco may play a role in reducing smoking-attributable deaths. In 2007, Britain's Royal College of Physicians concluded "...that smokers smoke predominantly for nicotine, that nicotine itself is not especially hazardous, and that if nicotine could be provided in a form that is acceptable and effective as a cigarette substitute, millions of lives could be saved."[15]

In the United States, a study based on National Health Interview Survey data found that 73% of smokers who switched to smokeless tobacco as part of their latest quit attempt were successful in quitting smoking.[16] In the same study, smokers who used pharmaceutical nicotine products in their most recent quit attempt had success rates between 0 and 35%.[16]

Based on the mounting evidence that the health risks of Swedish snus are far lower than those of combustible tobacco products, in August 2014, Swedish Match (a manufacturer) filed a Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP) application with the FDA Center for Tobacco Products (CTP). The MRTP application seeks to modify the warning labels on smokeless tobacco products such that they reflect the evidence of reduced-harm compared to smoking. Among the proposed labeling changes, the MRTP application requests replacing the current warning, "This product is not a safe alternative to cigarettes," with this text: "No tobacco product is safe, but this product presents substantially lower risks to health than cigarettes."[17]

Electronic cigarettes

Electronic cigarettes are battery-powered devices that deliver vaporized propylene glycol or vegetable glycerin (or a mixture of both) and nicotine when users inhale while using them.[18] Electronic cigarettes are a promising harm reduction technology because they deliver nicotine without the dangerous chemicals in tobacco smoke, while remaining attractive to smokers.[2] While the regulatory status of e-cigarettes in many countries remains uncertain,[2] public health advocates view electronic cigarette as having a valid place within tobacco harm reduction strategy.[19] Public health researchers in the UK estimated that 6,000 premature smoking-related deaths per year would be prevented for every million smokers who switched to e-cigarettes.[19] Since currently approved smoking cessation methods have a 90% failure rate, the use of e-cigarettes as a prominent THR modality is likely to substantially reduce tobacco-related illness in the United States, with the potential to save 4.8 million lives over the next 20 years.[1] The role for e-cigarettes in tobacco harm reduction as a substitute for tobacco products is unclear.[20]

Propellant-based nicotine delivery

An alternative nicotine delivery platform based on existing asthma inhaler technology is under development by a UK-based healthcare company, Kind Consumer Limited. The technology is currently under development and the company has submitted a Marketing Authorisation Application to the UK MHRA for licensing of the technology as an approved nicotine containing product. The technology is under licence to Nicoventures Limited a subsidiary of British American Tobacco who are responsible for the launch and commercialisation of the technology as an approved nicotine replacement therapy product.

Nicotine pyruvate technology

Philip Morris International bought the rights to a nicotine pyruvate technology developed by Jed Rose at Duke University.[21] The technology is based around the chemical reaction between nicotine acid and a base which produces a nicotine pyruvate vapour for inhalation.[22] It has undergone preliminary clinical evaluation which has shown delivery of nicotine to the lungs.[23]

Controversy

Proponents of tobacco harm reduction assert that lessening the health risk for the individual user is worthwhile and manifests over the population in fewer tobacco-related illnesses and deaths.[3][15] Opponents argue that some aspects of harm reduction interfere with cessation and abstinence and might increase initiation.[24][25] Additionally, smokers remain confused about tobacco harm reduction. In a 2004 survey, about 80-100% of participants incorrectly perceived low-yield cigarettes as harm-reducing, while 75-80% mistakenly believed that switching to smokeless tobacco conferred no risk reduction.[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nitzkin, J (June 2014). "The Case in Favor of E-Cigarettes for Tobacco Harm Reduction". Int J Environ Res Public Health 11 (6): 6459–71. doi:10.3390/ijerph110606459. PMC 4078589. PMID 25003176. A carefully structured Tobacco Harm Reduction (THR) initiative, with e-cigarettes as a prominent THR modality, added to current tobacco control programming, is the most feasible policy option likely to substantially reduce tobacco-attributable illness and death in the United States over the next 20 years.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Fagerström, KO, Bridgman, K (March 2014). "Tobacco harm reduction: The need for new products that can compete with cigarettes". Addictive Behaviors 39 (3): 507–511. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.002. PMID 24290207. The need for more appealing, licensed nicotine products capable of competing with cigarettes sensorially, pharmacologically and behaviourally is considered by many to be the way forward.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Rodu, Brad; Godshall, William T. (2006). "Tobacco harm reduction: An alternative cessation strategy for inveterate smokers". Harm Reduction Journal 3: 37. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-3-37. PMC 1779270. PMID 17184539.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Phillips, CV (November 2009). "Debunking the claim that abstinence is usually healthier for smokers than switching to a low-risk alternative, and other observations about anti-tobacco-harm-reduction arguments". Harm Reduct. J. 6: 29. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-6-29. PMC 2776004. PMID 19887003. Hiding THR from smokers, waiting for them to decide to quit entirely or waiting for a new anti-smoking magic bullet, causes the deaths of more smokers every month than a lifetime using low-risk nicotine products ever could.
  5. ↑ Russell, MA (June 1976). "Low-tar medium-nicotine cigarettes: a new approach to safer smoking". Br Med J. 1 (6023): 1430–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.6023.1430. PMC 1640397. PMID 953530.
  6. ↑ Bates, C; Fagerstrom, K; Jarvis, MJ; Kunze, M; McNeill, A; Ramstrom, L (2003). "European Union policy on smokeless tobacco: a statement in favour of evidence based regulation for public health". Tob Control 12: 360–367. doi:10.1136/tc.12.4.360.
  7. ↑ Update on the Scientific Status of Tobacco Harm Reduction, 2008-2010. Prepared for the American Association of Public Health Physicians. Brad Rodu, DDS and Joel L Nitzkin, MD. June 28, 2010.
  8. ↑ Principles to Guide AAPHP Tobacco Policy. American Association of Public Health Physicians.
  9. ↑ Rodu, B. (2011). "The scientific foundation for tobacco harm reduction, 2006-2011". Harm Reduction Journal 8: 19–99. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-8-19. PMC 3161854. PMID 21801389.
  10. ↑ Joel L Nitzkin. LinkedIn.
  11. ↑ "Electronic Cigarette Interview with Dr Joel Nitzkin.". The Smokers ANgel. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Rigotti, NA; Tindle, HA (2004). "The fallacy of light cigarettes". BMJ 328: 278–279.
  13. ↑ Russell, MAH (1974). "Realistic goals for smoking and health: a case for safer smoking". Lancet 1: 254–258.
  14. ↑ Hammond, EC; Garfinkel, L; Seidman, H; Lew, EA (1976). "Tar and nicotine content of cigarette smoke in relation to death rates". Environ Res 12: 263–274. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(76)90036-0.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Harm reduction in nicotine addiction: Helping people who can't quit". Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. October 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Rodu, B; Phillips, CV (May 2008). "Switching to smokeless tobacco as a smoking cessation method: evidence from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey". Harm Reduct J 5: 18. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-5-18. Switching to ST compares very favorably with pharmaceutical nicotine as a quit-smoking aid among American men, despite the fact that few smokers know that the switch provides almost all of the health benefits of complete tobacco abstinence.
  17. ↑ "Swedish Match North America MRTP Applications". 27 August 2014. pp. 100,000+. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  18. ↑ Wlesenthal, Kelly (2013). "Electronic Cigarette History". Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 West, R, Brown J (September 2014). "Electronic cigarettes: fact and faction". British Journal of General Practice 64 (626): 442–3. doi:10.3399/bjgp14X681253. PMID 25179048. It is important that interpretation of the evidence and communication with policy makers and the public is not distorted by a priori judgements.
  20. ↑ Drummond, MB; Upson, D (February 2014). "Electronic cigarettes. Potential harms and benefits.". Annals of the American Thoracic Society 11 (2): 236–42. doi:10.1513/annalsats.201311-391fr. PMID 24575993.
  21. ↑ "News Release May 26, 2011". Pmi.com.
  22. ↑ "New smoking cessation therapy proves promising". e! Science News. 2010-02-27.
  23. ↑ Rose, J. E.; Turner, J. E.; Murugesan, T.; Behm, F. D. R. M.; Laugesen, M. (2010). "Pulmonary delivery of nicotine pyruvate: Sensory and pharmacokinetic characteristics". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 18 (5): 385–394. doi:10.1037/a0020834. PMID 20939642.
  24. ↑ Sumner W, 2005. Permissive nicotine regulation as a complement to traditional tobacco control" BMC Public Health 5:18.
  25. ↑ Tomar, SL; Fox, BJ; Severson, HH (2009). "Is smokeless tobacco use an appropriate public health strategy for reducing societal harm from cigarette smoking?". Int J Environ Res Public Health 6: 10–24. doi:10.3390/ijerph6010010.
  26. ↑ Haddock, CK; Lando, H; Klesges, RC; Peterson, AL; Scarinci, IC (2004). "Modified tobacco use and lifestyle change in risk-reducing beliefs about smoking". Am J Prev Med 27: 35–41. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.03.010.