Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)
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Trotula of Salerno
Laura Bassi. The first female professor in Europe
Portrait of Émilie du Châtelet by Maurice Quentin de La Tour.
_1988%2C_MiNr_824.jpg)
Dorothea Erxleben. The first female doctor in Germany
Portrait of Elizabeth Blackwell by Joseph Stanley Kozlowski, 1905. Syracuse University Medical School collection.
The timeline signifies the major events in the development of women's rights and issues of gender inequality other than the right to vote. For those rights, see Timeline of women's suffrage.
Before the 19th century
- 1707
- The efforts of Dorothea von Velen—mistress of Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine—led to the abolition of couverture in the Electoral Palatinate in 1707, making it an early beacon of women's rights. The Palatinate was the first German state to abolish couverture, but it was briefly re-instated by Karl III Philipp, Johann Wilhelm's successor. Dorothea protested from exile in Amsterdam. She published her memoirs, A Life for Reform, which were highly critical of Karl III Philipp's government. To avoid a scandal, Karl III Philipp yielded to Dorothea's demands, and couverture was once again abolished.[1]
- 1718
- Russia: Gender segregation is banned[2]
- Sweden: Female taxpaying members of the cities' guilds are allowed to vote and stand for election during the age of liberty; this right is banned (for local elections) in 1758 and (general elections) in 1771[3]
- Province of Pennsylvania (now U.S. state of Pennsylvania): Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- 1722
- Russia: Ban against forced marriages [2]
- 1741
- Sweden: The profession of innkeeper are no longer to require the guild-membership, which effectively open the profession for women.[5]
- 1749
- Sweden: Women are secured the rights to manage the street trade of knick-knacks, a permit which was normally to be given women unable to support themselves, and which became a very common profession for destitute women in Stockholm.[6]
- 1753
- Russia: Married women granted separate economy [7]
- 1754
- Germany: Dorothea Erxleben the first woman doctor.
- 1774
- 1776
- 1778
- Sweden: Barnamordsplakatet; unmarried women are allowed to leave their home town to give birth anonymously and have the birth registered anonymously, to refrain from answering any questions about the birth and, if they choose to keep their child, to have their unmarried status not mentioned in official documents to avoid social embarrassment.
- 1779
- Spain: The guild restrictions which prevented females from holding certain professions are abolished.[10]
- 1784
- Spain: Women are by royal decree allowed to accept any profession compatible with her "sex, dignity and strength".[10]
- 1786
- Russia: Primary and high schools for females [2]
- 1791
- France: Equal inheritance rights (abolished in 1804) [11]
- 1792
- France: Divorce is legalized for both sexes[11] (abolished for women in 1804)
- France: Local women-units of the defense army are founded in several cities; although the military was never officially open to women, about eight thousand women were estimated to have served openly in the French armée in local troops (but not in the battle fields) between 1792 and 1794, but women were officially barred from the armée in 1795[12]
- Kingdom of Great Britain: Mary Wollstonecraft, a British feminist, writer and philosopher, publishes A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy.
- 1793
- France: The question of women's right to vote is discussed in the Parliament of France; women's right to vote is acknowledged as a principle, but it is still put aside with the explanation that the time is not right to make this a reality and is therefore postponed.[12]
19th century
1800–1849
- 1810
- Sweden: The informal right of an unmarried woman to be declared of legal majority by royal dispensation are officially confirmed by parliament[13]
- 1811
- Austria: Married women are granted separate economy and the right to choose profession[14]
- Sweden: Married businesswomen are granted the right to make decisions about their own affairs without their husband's consent [15]
- 1817
- England: Public whipping of women abolished (public whipping of men followed in 1868).[16]
- 1821
- US, Maine: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- 1827
- Brazil: The first elementary schools for girls and the profession of school teacher are open[17]
- 1829
- India: Sati is banned.
- Sweden: Midwives are allowed to use surgical instruments, which are unique in Europe at the time and gives them surgical status[18]
- 1833
- US, Ohio: The first co-educational university, Oberlin College.
- Guatemala: Divorce legalized (rescinded in 1840 and reintroduced in 1894) [19]
- 1835
- US, Arkansas: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
- US, Massachusetts: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- US, Tennessee: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- Iran, Urmia: First modern school for girls opened.[20]
- 1839
- Great Britain: The Custody of Infants Act 1839 makes it possible for divorced mothers to be granted custody of their children.
- US, Mississippi: The Married Women's Property Act 1839 grants married women the right to own (but not control) property in her own name.[21]
- 1840
- Republic of Texas: Married women allowed to own property in their own name[22]
- US, Maine: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
- 1841
- Bulgaria: The first secular girls school makes education and the profession of teacher available for women[23]
- US, Maryland: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name.[4]
- 1842
- Sweden: Compulsory Elementary school for both sexes [24]
- US, New Hampshire: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- 1843
- US, Kentucky: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- 1844
- US, Maine: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Maine: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Massachusetts: Married Women granted separate economy [25]
- 1845
- Sweden: Equal inheritance for sons and daughters (in the absence of a will)[26]
- US, New York: Married women granted patent rights[4]
- US, Florida: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
- 1846
- Sweden: Trade- and crafts works professions are opened to all unmarried women[27]
- US, Alabama: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
- US, Kentucky: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
- US, Ohio: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
- US, Michigan: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- 1847
- Belgium: Elementary school for both genders
- Costa Rica: The first high school for girls, and the profession of teacher is open to women[28]
- 1848
- US, State of New York: Married Women's Property Act grant married women separate economy[29]
- US, Pennsylvania: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Rhode Island: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- 1849
- US, Alabama: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- US, Connecticut: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- USA: Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first female medical doctor (1858 also in Great Britain).
- US, Missouri: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
- US, South Carolina: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
1850–1874
- 1850
- France: Elementary education for both sexes, but girls are only allowed to be tutored by teachers from the church[14]
- Haiti: The first permanent school for girls[30]
- Iceland: Equal inheritance.[31]
- US, California: Married Women's Property Act grant married women separate economy[32]
- US, Wisconsin: Married Women's Property Act grant married women separate economy[32]
- US, Oregon: Unmarried women are allowed to own land[14]
- 1851
- Guatemala: Full citizenship are granted economically independent women (rescinded in 1879)[33]
- Canada, New Brunswick : Married women granted separate economy[34]
- 1852
- US, New Jersey: Married Women granted separate economy [25]
- US, Indiana: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
- US, Wisconsin: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- 1853
- Colombia: Divorce is legalized (rescinded in 1856 and reintroduced in 1992) [19]
- Sweden: The profession of teacher at public primary and elementary schools are opened to both sexes[35]
- 1854
- Norway: Equal inheritance[14]
- US, Massachusetts: grant married women separate economy[32]
- Chile: The first public elementary school for girls[36]
- 1855
- Ottoman Empire: Factory work are open to both sexes when the first women are employed at the textile factory at Bursa, at the same time allowing them to mix unveiled with men.[37]
- US, Iowa: University of Iowa becomes the first coeducational public or state university in the United States[38]
- US, Michigan: Married women granted separate economy[23]
- 1856
- US, Connecticut: Married women granted patent rights[4]
- 1857
- Denmark: Legal majority for unmarried women[14]
- Denmark: Trades and crafts professions are opened to unmarried women[39]
- Great Britain: Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 makes divorce possible for both sexes.
- Netherlands: Elementary education compulsory for both girls and boys [40]
- Spain: Elementary education compulsory for both girls and boys [41]
- US, Maine: Married women granted the right to control their own earnings [25]
- US, Oregon: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
- US, Oregon: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- 1858
- Ottoman Empire: The first state school for girls is opened; several others schools for girls are opened during the following decades.[42]
- Russia: gymnasiums for girls[2]
- Sweden: Legal majority for unmarried women (if applied for; automatic legal majority in 1863)[26]
- 1859
- Canada West: Married women granted separate economy [34]
- Denmark: The post of teacher at public schools are opened to women[39]
- Russia: Women allowed to audit university lectures (retracted in 1863)[2]
- Sweden: The post of college teacher and lower official at public institutions are open to women [43]
- US, Kansas: Married Women's Property Act grant married women separate economy [32]
- 1860
- US, New York: Married women granted the right to control their own earnings[25]
- US, Maryland: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Maryland: Married women granted the right to control their earnings[4]
- US, Maryland: Married women granted trade license[4]
- New Zealand: Married women allowed to own property (extended in 1870)[14]
- US, Massachusetts: Married women granted trade licenses[4]
- 1861
- France: Julie-Victoire Daubié becomes the first female student.
- Iceland: Legal majority for unmarried women[31]
- Russia: The Scientific- and Medical Surgery Academy open laboratories for women (retracted in 1864)[2]
- Sweden: The first public institution of higher academic learning for women, Högre lärarinneseminariet, is opened.
- Sweden: The dentist profession is opened to women[44]
- USA: Lucy Hobbs Taylor becomes the first female dentist.
- US, Illinois: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Ohio: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Illinois: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Ohio: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- 1863
- Denmark: Colleges open to women[27]
- Norway: Legal majority for unmarried women (at the same age as men in 1869)[26]
- Sweden: The Post- and telegraph professions are opened to women[45]
- 1864
- Bohemia: Taxpaying women and women in "learned profession" eligible to the legislative body[46]
- Finland: Legal majority for unmarried women.[26]
- Haiti: Elementary schools for girls are founded[30]
- Sweden: Unmarried women are granted the same rights within trade and commerce as men[15]
- Sweden: Husbands are forbidden to abuse their wives.[47]
- Sweden: The gymnastics profession is open to women [45]
- 1865
- Ireland: Married Women's Property (Ireland) Act 1865
- Italy: Legal majority for unmarried women[48]
- Italy: Equal inheritance[48]
- Italy: A married woman is allowed to become the legal guardian of her children and their property if abandoned by her husband[48]
- Romania: The educational reform grant all Romanians access to education, which, at least formally, gave also females the right to attend school from elementary education to the university.[49]
- US, Louisiana: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- 1867
- Switzerland: Zürich University formally open to women, though they had already been allowed to attend lectures a few years prior[50]
- US, Alabama: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, New Hampshire: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- 1868
- Croatia: The first high school open to females[51]
- US, North Carolina: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Arkansas: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Kansas: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Kansas: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Kansas: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, South Carolina: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
- US, Georgia: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
- 1869
- Austria-Hungary: The profession of public school teacher is open to women[14]
- Costa Rica: Elementary education compulsory for both girls and boys[28]
- Great Britain: Girton College, Cambridge.
- Ottoman Empire: The law formally introduce compulsory elementary education for both boys and girls.[42]
- Russia: University Courses for women are opened, which opens the profession of teacher, law assistant and similar lower academic professions for women (in 1876, the courses are no longer allowed to give exams, and in 1883, all outside of the capital is closed).[14]
- Sweden: Women allowed to work in the railway office [45]
- USA: Arabella Mansfield becomes the first woman to enter the practice of law.
- US, Minnesota: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- 1870
- Finland: Women allowed to study at the universities by dispensation (dispensation demand dropped in 1901) [52]
- Great Britain: Married Women's Property Act 1870
- India: Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870
- Mexico: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- Ottoman Empire: The Teachers College for Girls are opened in Constantinople to educate women to professional teachers for girls school; the profession of teacher becomes accessible for women and education accessible to girls.[42]
- Sweden: Universities open to women (at the same terms as men 1873)[26] the first female student is Betty Pettersson.
- US, Georgia: Married women granted separate economy [54]
- US, South Carolina: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, South Carolina: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Tennessee: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Iowa: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- 1871
- Japan: Women are allowed to study in the USA (though not yet in Japan itself)[55]
- New Zealand: Universities open to women[56]
- US, Mississippi: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Mississippi: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Mississippi: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Arizona: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Arizona: Married women granted trade license[4]
- 1872
- Austria-Hungary: Women allowed to work in the post- and telegraph office[14]
- Canada: Dominion Lands Act grant mothers without husbands homestead land.
- Japan: Geisha and prostitutes are freed from guardianship and granted legal majority and the right to change profession[57]
- Japan: Compulsory elementary education for both girls and boys [58]
- Sweden: Women are granted the right to choose marriage partner and arranged marriages are thereby banned (the noblewomen, however, not granted the same right until 1882) [59]
- Switzerland: The universities of Bern and Geneva open to women (Lausanne follow in 1876 and Basel in 1890)[50]
- US, Pennsylvania: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, California: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Montana: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, California: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, California: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Wisconsin: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- 1873
- Great Britain: Custody of Infants Act 1873; Mothers granted guardianship for children at divorce.
- US, Arkansas: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Kentucky: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, North Carolina: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Kentucky: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Arkansas: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Delaware: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Iowa: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Nevada: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Iowa: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Nevada: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Nevada: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- 1874
- Netherlands: Aletta Jacobs becomes the first woman allowed to study medicine.
- Sweden: Married women granted control over their own income[26]
- France: First trade union open to women.
- Japan: The profession of public school teacher is opened to women [60]
- US, Massachusetts: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, New Jersey: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Rhode Island: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, New Jersey: Married women granted trade licenses[4]
- US, Colorado: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Illinois: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Minnesota: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Montana: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Montana: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Colorado: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Colorado: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
1875–1899
- 1875
- 1876
- Great Britain: Universities open to women [61]
- Italy: Universities open to women.[62]
- Netherlands:Universities open to women [62]
- US, New Hampshire: Married women granted trade licenses[4]
- US, Wyoming: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Wyoming: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Wyoming: Married women granted trade license[4]
- 1877
- Chile: Universities open to women [63]
- Italy: Women can serve as witnesses to legal acts[48]
- Scotland: Married Women's Property (Scotland) Act 1877.
- US, Connecticut: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Connecticut: Married women granted trade licenses[4]
- US, Dakota: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Dakota: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Dakota: Married women granted trade license[4]
- 1878
- Austria-Hungary: Women allowed to attend university lectures as guest auditors [64]
- Bulgaria: Elementary education for both sexes[65]
- Finland: Equal inheritance[26]
- Great Britain: Women can secure a separation on the grounds of cruelty, claim custody of their children and demand spousal and child support. Abused wives granted separation orders[66]
- Great Britain: Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
- US, Virginia: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- 1879
- Brazil: Universities open to women[17]
- France: Colleges and secondary education open to women[14]
- India: The first college open to women, Bethune College.
- US, Indiana: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Indiana: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- 1880
- Australia : Universities open to women [67]
- Belgium: The university of Brussels open to women[62]
- Canada: Universities open to women.
- Denmark: Married women granted the right to control their own income[68]
- France: Universities open to women[14]
- US, Oregon: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Oregon: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- 1881
- France: Women allowed to open a bank account in their own name[14]
- Scotland: Married Women's Property (Scotland) Act 1881
- US, Vermont: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Vermont: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Nebraska: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Nebraska: Married women granted trade license[4]
- US, Nebraska: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, Florida: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
- 1882
- Great Britain: Married Women's Property Act 1882
- France: Compulsory elementary school for both genders [69]
- Nicaragua: The first public secular education institution for women, Colegio de Senoritas, open[70]
- Poland: The Flying University provides academic education for women.
- 1883
- Belgium: Universities open to women [62]
- Romania: Universities open to women [71]
- Victoria, Australia: Married women granted separate economy [67]
- 1884
- Switzerland: Legal majority for unmarried women (including widows)[72]
- Norway: Universities open to women[26]
- Germany: Legal majority for unmarried women[14]
- Mexico: Legal majority for unmarried women and separate economy granted for married women [73]
- Ontario: Married women granted separate economy [74]
- Great Britain: Married Women's Property Act 1884
- 1885
- France: Divorce legalized for both women and men [14]
- 1886
- Costa Rica: A public academic educational institution open to women[28]
- France: Married allowed to open a bank account without the consent of her husband[75]
- France: Women eligible to education boards[76]
- Great Britain: Guardianship of Infants Act 1886
- Great Britain: Josephine Butler puts a stop to the prostitution reglement.
- Guatemala: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- Korea: The first educational institution for women, Ewha Womans University
- 1887
- Costa Rica: Legal majority for married women[53]
- Costa Rica: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- Mexico: Universities open to women [77]
- US, Idaho: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, Idaho: Married women granted trade license[4]
- 1888
- Costa Rica: Married women are allowed to be guardians and execute wills[28]
- Denmark: Fathers are forced to pay support to illegitimate children[68]
- Serbia: Universities open to women[52]
- Spain: Women are allowed to private university degrees by dispensation (Universities fully open to women in 1910) [78]
- Norway: Legal majority for married women[31]
- Montenegro: Legal majority for unmarried women [51]
- 1889
- Sweden: Women eligible to boards of public authority such as public school boards, public hospital boards, inspectors, poor care boards and similar positions[26]
- US, State of Washington: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, State of Washington: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, State of Washington: Married women granted trade license[4]
- 1890
- Great Britain: Matrimonial Causes Act 1890
- Greece: Universities open to women[52]
- 1891
- Germany: Women are allowed to attend university lectures, which makes it possible for individual professors to accept female students if they wish[64]
- Portugal: The first medical university degree is granted to a woman [79]
- Switzerland: Secondary schools open to women[50]
- Switzerland: Trade unions open to women[40]
- USA: Marie Owens hired as a police officer in Chicago.
- 1893
- France: Legal majority for unmarried and separated women [75]
- Great Britain: Married Women's Property Act 1893 grants married women control of property acquired during marriage.
- 1894
- 1895
- South Carolina in the United States: Separate economy allowed for married women.
- Upper Canada: Women allowed to work as barristers.
- Russia: A Women's medical university are opened, which opens the profession of physician for women[14]
- Austria-Hungary : Universities open to women[14]
- US, Utah: Married women granted separate economy[4]
- US, State of Washington: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
- US, State of Washington: Married women granted trade license[4]
- 1896
- USA : The profession of lawyer opened to both sexes – already in 1869, however, the first American state allowed women to practice law.
- 1897
- France: Both married and unmarried women allowed to act as witness in a civil court and are thereby acknowledged as an individual in a juridical sense
- 1898
- France: Women eligible to public charity boards[81]
- Haiti: The Medical University accept female students in obstetrics[30]
- 1899
20th century
1900–1939
- 1900
- Belgium: Legal majority for unmarried women[82]
- Egypt: A school for female teachers is founded in Cairo [83]
- France: Women allowed to practice law[81]
- Korea: The post office profession is open to women and thereby open the public work market for women [84]
- Tunisia: The first public elementary school for girls[83]
- Japan: The first Women's University [85]
- Baden, Germany: Universities open to women[86]
- Sweden: Maternity leave for female industrial workers[27]
- 1901
- Bulgaria: Universities open to women[65]
- Cuba: Universities open to women [77]
- Denmark: Maternity leave for all women[68]
- Sweden: Women are given four weeks maternity leave.[47]
- 1902
- China: Foot binding is abolished.
- El Salvador: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- El Salvador: Legal majority for married women[53]
- 1903
- 1904
- Mexico: Divorce is legalized.
- Nicaragua: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- Nicaragua: Legal majority for married women[53]
- Württemberg, Germany: Universities open to women[86]
- 1905
- 1906
- Finland (to stand for election).
- Honduras: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- Honduras: Legal majority for married women[53]
- Honduras: Divorce is legalized [19]
- Korea: The profession of nurse is allowed for women[84]
- Nicaragua: Divorce is legalized [19]
- Sweden : Municipal suffrage, since 1862 granted to unmarried women, granted to married women [88]
- Saxony, Germany: Universities open to women[86]
- 1907
- France: Married women given control of their income [89]
- France: Women allowed guardianship of children[81]
- Great Britain: Matrimonial Causes Act 1907
- Japan: Tohoku University, the first (private) coeducational university.
- Norway (to stand for election).
- Finland (first female Members of Parliament).
- Uruguay: Divorce is legalized [90]
- 1908
- Belgium: Women may act as legal witnesses in court[14]
- Denmark: Juridical professions of lower rank open to women[39]
- Denmark: Unmarried women are made legal guardian of their children[68]
- Ottoman Empire: The Young Turks introduce several reform in favor of gender equality: the professions of doctor, lawyer, and civil servant as well as public places such as restaurants, theatres and lecture halls open to both genders.[42]
- Peru: Universities open to women[91]
- Prussia, Alsace-Lorraine and Hesse, Germany: Universities open to women[86]
- 1909
- Sweden: Women granted eligibility to municipal councils [88]
- Sweden: The phrase "Swedish man" are removed from the application forms to public offices and women are thereby approved as applicants to most public professions[87]
- Mecklenburg, Germany: Universities open to women[86]
- 1910
- Ecuador: Divorce is legalized [19]
- Korea: College courses for women (at Ewha Womans University).
- 1911
- Portugal: Civil offices open to women[79]
- Portugal: Legal majority for married women [79] (rescinded in 1933)[92]
- Portugal: Divorce legalized[92]
- 1913
- Japan: Public universities open to women[60]
- Portugal: The first university law degree is granted to a woman[79]
- 1914
- Russia: Married women allowed their own internal passport[2]
- 1917
- Cuba: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- Cuba: Legal majority for married women[53]
- Netherlands (to stand for election)
- Mexico: Legal majority for married women[53]
- Mexico: Divorce legalized[53]
- 1918
- Cuba: Divorce is legalized [19]
- Nicaragua: The first female obtains a university degree[70]
- Soviet Russia: The first Soviet Constitution explicitly declares the equal rights of men and women.
- Thailand: Universities open to women [93]
- 1919
- Italy: Married women granted separate economy[48]
- Italy: Public offices on lower levels are opened to women[48]
- Great Britain: The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919.
- 1920
- China: The first female students are accepted in the Peking University, soon followed by universities all over China.[94]
- Canada (to stand for election, with some restrictions/conditions).
- Haiti: The apothecary profession open to women[30]
- Korea: The profession of telephone operator, as well as several other professions, such as store clerks, are open to women[84]
- Portugal: Secondary school open to women[79]
- Sweden: Legal majority for married women and equal marriage rights[26]
- 1921
- Belgium (to stand for election).
- Belgium: The position of mayor, several lower public offices, such as financial adviser, open to women at local level[82]
- Thailand: Compulsory elementary education for both girls and boys [93]
- 1922
- Belgium: The profession of lawyer is open to women[14]
- Japan: Women are allowed to be present and political meetings and form political organizations [95]
- 1924
- Denmark: The first ever female minister in Western Europe is appointed, when Nina Bang is appointed Minister of Education by Thorvald Stauning.
- 1925
- Chile: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- Korea: Professional school for women (at Ewha Womans University).
- 1926
- Argentina: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- Turkey: Women are granted legal majority, are admitted to the universities, and the harems and the veil are abolished.
- 1927
- Mexico: Legal majority for married women [19]
- 1928
- Mexico: Equal marriage law[53]
- Southern Rhodesia: the marital power was abolished in 1928 by the Married Persons' Property Act, which also abolished community of property.[96]
- 1929
- Haiti: The lawyer profession open to women[30]
- 1930
- Peru: Divorce is legalized [19]
- 1931
- China: The new Civil Code grant equal inheritance rights, the right for women to choose marriage partner, equal right to divorce and right to control their own property after divorce[36]
- Spain: Legal majority for married women (rescinded in 1939)[97]
- Spain: Equal right to profession (rescinded in 1939)[97]
- Spain: Divorce is legalized(rescinded in 1939)[97]
- 1932
- Bolivia: Divorce is legalized [19]
- Colombia: Legal majority for married women[53]
- Colombia: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- Romania: Married women granted legal majority.[49]
- 1933
- Colombia: Universities open to women [98]
- 1934
- Haiti: The physician profession open to women[30]
- Turkey (to stand for election)
- 1935
- Iran: Women are admitted to Tehran University[99]
- 1936
- Colombia: The national University open to women [100]
- Iran: Reza Shah Pahlavi set the mandatory unveiling of women—a highly controversial policy which nonetheless was significant for the desegregation of women[99]
- Peru: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- 1937
- Great Britain: Matrimonial Causes Act 1937
- Puerto Rico (to stand for election).
- 1938
- 1939
- Sweden: Ban against firing a woman for marrying or having children.[47]
1940–1969
- 1942
- Russia: Women formally accepted into the military[2]
- Venezuela: Legal majority for married women[53]
- Venezuela: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- 1945
- 'British Guiana'-Guyana (to stand for election)
- 1946
- Burma: Myanmar (to stand for election)
- Uruguay: Legal majority for married women[53]
- Uruguay: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- 1947
- Sweden: Equal salary for both sexes.[47]
- 1948
- Sweden: Maternity pay.[47]
- 1949
- Ecuador: Legal majority for married women[53]
- 1950
- China: Statute grants women equal right to property, to seek divorce and to inheritance.
- 1953
- Mexico (to stand for election)
- South Africa: The Matrimonial Affairs Act in 1953, restricts but did not abolish the marital power.[101]
- 1958
- Sweden: Women allowed to become priests.[26]
- 1960
- Canada (to stand for election, with no restrictions/conditions)
- 1961
- El Salvador (to stand for election)
- 1962
- Brazil: Legal majority for married women[102]
- 1963
- Guatemala: Legal majority for married women[53]
- Indonesia: abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings [103]
- Papua New Guinea (to stand for election)
- 1965
- France: Married women obtained the right to work without their husbands' consent.[104]
- 1967
- Great Britain: Abortion Act 1967
- France: The Neuwirth Act of 1967 authorizes contraception.[105]
- 1968
- Argentina: Legal majority for married women[53]
- 1969
- Portugal: Legal majority for married women[92]
1970–1999
- 1970
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (to stand for election)
- Ecuador: Married women granted separate economy[53]
- France: The paternal authority of a man over his family was ended in 1970 (before that parental responsibilities belonged solely to the father who made all legal decisions concerning the children).[106]
- 1971
- Switzerland: Women allowed to stand for election at federal level[107]
- USA: Barring women from practicing law was prohibited in the U.S. in 1971.[108]
- 1972
- 1973
- Andorra, San Marino (to stand for election)
- USA: Roe v. Wade, right to abortion secured
- 1975
- Great Britain: Sex Discrimination Act 1975
- Sweden: The right to abortion is secured[26]
- Spain: abolition of the permiso marital (which required married women to have their husbands' consent for nearly all economic activities, including employment, ownership of property and traveling away from home)[109]
- France: The Veil Law legalizes abortion.[110]
- Austria: abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceeding[111]
- Italy: Law no 151/1975 provides for gender equality within marriage, abolishing the legal dominance of the husband.[112][113]
- 1978
- Dominican Republic: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[111]
- 'Rhodesia'-Zimbabwe (to stand for election)
- 1979
- Chile: Legal majority for married women[53]
- 1980
- Sweden: Gender discrimination forbidden by law.[47]
- 1981
- Spain: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[111]
- Italy: repeal of the law which provided for mitigated punishment in case of honor killings; prior to 1981, the law read: Art. 587: He who causes the death of a spouse, daughter, or sister upon discovering her in illegitimate carnal relations and in the heat of passion caused by the offence to his honour or that of his family will be sentenced to three to seven years. The same sentence shall apply to whom, in the above circumstances, causes the death of the person involved in illegitimate carnal relations with his spouse, daughter, or sister.[114][115]
- 1982
- Zimbabwe: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[111]
- 1983
- Greece: new family law, which provides for gender equality in marriage, abolishes dowry, and liberalizes the divorce law.[11][116] [117]
- 1984
- Peru: Legal majority for married women[53]
- South Africa: The Matrimonial Property Act of 1984 abolished it prospectively (i.e. for marriages contracted after the act came into force) but not for marriages between black people.
- Switzerland: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[111]
- Australia: Sex Discrimination Act 1984
- 1985
- France: A new reform in 1985 abolishes the stipulation that the father has the sole power to administer the children's property.[106]
- United Kingdom: the Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985
- 1986
- Djibouti (to stand for election)
- 1987
- Argentina: divorce is legalized; the new law also provides for gender equality between the wife and husband.[118]
- Paraguay: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[111]
- 1988
- Switzerland: legal reforms providing gender equality in marriage, abolishing the legal authority of the husband, come into force (these reforms had been approved in 1985 by voters in a referendum) [119][120][121]
- South Africa: Marital power is abolished prospectively for marriages of black people under the civil law, but not for marriages contracted under customary law.
- Brazil: husband no longer "head of the household" (which gave him certain legal powers over his wife)[111]
- Rwanda: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[111]
- 1991
- Great Britain: England and Wales: Marital rape was made illegal by the case of R v R.[122]
- 1993
- South Africa: Marital power is repealed for all civil marriages, whenever they were contracted.[101] The marital power persisted, however, in the Transkei (which was nominally independent from 1976 to 1994) but it was held to be unconstitutional for civil marriages by the High Court in 1999.[101]
- 1994
- United States: Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA)
- 1996
- Namibia: The marital power is abolished in 1996 by the Married Persons Equality Act.
- Angola: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[111]
- Guatemala: the Guatemalan Constitutional Court struck down the adultery law, which was gendered, based both on the Constitution’s gender equality clause and on human rights treaties including CEDAW[123]
- 1997
- Germany: marital rape is criminalized [124]
- United States: enacts the Federal Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act[125]
- 1998
- South Africa: Recognition of Customary Marriages Act, 1998 - women in customary marriages no longer legal minors[111]
21st century
- 2002
- Great Britain: Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002
- Benin: abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceeding[111]
- Nepal: married daughters under 35 can inherit property[111]
- 2003
- United Kingdom: the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 (applies to England and Wales and Northern Ireland)
- 2004
- Botswana: the marital power is abolished by the Abolition of Marital Power Act.
- Mozambique: abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceeding[111]
- 2005
- United Kingdom (Scotland): the Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation (Scotland) Act 2005
- Mexico: Supreme Court rules that forced sex in marriage is rape (marital rape)[126]
- 2006
- Brazil: Brazil's Federal Law 11340, also called Maria da Penha Law (Lei Maria da Penha) - law against domestic violence against women
- India: Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 comes into force (in October 2006)
- Greece: Law 3500/2006 on Combating Domestic Violence, criminalizes domestic against women, including marital rape.[127]
- Lesotho: the marital power is abolished by the The Married Persons Equality Act 2006[128]
- 2007
- Costa Rica: Law on Criminal Sanctions for Violence Against Women (Ley de Penalización de la Violencia Contra las Mujeres) [129]
- New Zealand: Human Rights (Women in Armed Forces) Amendment Act 2007
- Egypt: FGM banned [130]
- 2008
- Guatemala: enacts Law against Femicide and Other Forms of Violence Against Women (Ley contra el Femicidio y otras Formas de Violencia Contra la Mujer)[131]
- 2009
- Argentina: enacts The Comprehensive Law on the Prevention, Punishment and Elimination of Violence against Women in their Interpersonal Relations [Law 26.485] ( Ley de protección integral para prevenir, sancionar y erradicar la violencia contra las mujeres en los ámbitos en que desarrollen sus relacion es interpersonales [Ley 26.485])[132] which protects women from violence against women and domestic violence
- Uganda: FGM banned [133]
- 2011
- El Salvador: enacts Law for a Life Free of Violence against Women (Ley Especial Integral para una Vida Libre de Violencia para las Mujeres)[134]
- 2012
- Ireland: the Criminal Justice (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 2012, [135] banns FGM
- Nicaragua: enacts Law no 779- Integral Law against Violence against Women (Ley Integral contra la Violencia hacia la Mujer). [136]
- 2013
- Panama: enacts Law 82 - Typifying Femicide and Violence Against Women (Ley 82 - Tipifica el Femicidio y la Violencia contra las Mujeres)[137]
- Swaziland: marital power is restricted, but not abolished: (Sihlongonyane v Sihlongonyane (470/2013) [2013] SZHC 144 (18 July 2013) [138]).
- Ivory Coast: legal reforms provide for gender equality in marriage. [139]
- United States: enacts the Transport for Female Genital Mutilation Act, which prohibits knowingly transporting a girl out of the United States for the purpose of undergoing FGM. [140]
- Denmark: reforms its legislation on sexual offenses,[141][142][143] after having been harshly criticized by Amnesty International for lack of adequate laws in this area[144][145]
- 2014
- Tunisia: adopts Tunisian Constitution of 2014, which recognizes equality between men and women [146]
- Europe: the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention), the first legally binding instrument in Europe in the field of domestic violence and violence against women, which creates obligations on states that choose to ratify it,[147] comes into force in August 2014.[148]
- 2015
- Brazil: enacts law against femicide [149]
- Nicaragua: new Family Code [150] which provides for gender equality comes into force; replacing the old family law[151][152] which gave the husband authority
See also
- Women's rights
- History of feminism
- Legal rights of women in history
- List of suffragists and suffragettes
- List of feminists
- List of pre-21st-century female scientists
- List of the first female holders of political office in Europe
- List of women's rights activists
- Married Women's Property Acts in the United States
- Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
- Timeline of women's suffrage
- Women in the workforce
- Women's rights in 2014
References
- ↑ Langdon-Davies, John (1962). Carlos: The Bewitched. Jonathan Cape. pp. 167-170
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Barbara Alpern Engel (2004). Women in Russia, 1700–2000. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Åsa Karlsson-Sjögren : Männen, kvinnorna och rösträtten: medborgarskap och representation 1723–1866 (Men, women and the vote: citizenship and representation 1723–1866)(Swedish)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.46 4.47 4.48 4.49 4.50 4.51 4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 4.57 4.58 4.59 4.60 4.61 4.62 4.63 4.64 4.65 4.66 4.67 4.68 4.69 4.70 4.71 4.72 4.73 4.74 4.75 4.76 4.77 4.78 4.79 4.80 4.81 4.82 4.83 4.84 4.85 4.86 4.87 4.88 4.89 4.90 4.91 4.92 4.93 4.94 4.95 4.96 4.97 4.98 4.99 4.100 4.101 4.102 4.103 4.104 4.105 4.106 4.107 4.108 4.109 4.110 4.111 4.112 4.113 B. Zorina Khan (November 20, 2013). The Democratization of Invention: Patents and Copyrights in American Economic Development, 1790–1920. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521747202.
- ↑ Mot halva makten – elva historiska essäer om kvinnors strategier och mäns motstånd Redaktör: Ingrid Hagman. Rapport till Utredningen om fördelningen av ekonomisk makt och ekonomiska resurser mellan kvinnor och män Stockholm 1997
- ↑ Carl Grimberg: Svenska folkets underbara öden / IX. Den sociala och kulturella utvecklingen från Oskar I:s tid till våra dagar samt De politiska förhållandena under Karl XV:s, Oscar II:s och Gustaf V:s regering 1859-1923 (1913-1939)
- ↑ Michelle Lamarche Marrese: A woman's kingdom: noblewomen and the control of property in Russia, 1700–1861
- ↑ Carl Grimberg: Svenska folkets underbara öden / IX. Den sociala och kulturella utvecklingen från Oskar I:s tid till våra dagar samt De politiska förhållandena under Karl XV:s, Oscar II:s och Gustaf V:s regering 1859-1923 (1913-1939)
- ↑ Clare Haru Crowston (2001). Fabricating Women: the Seamstresses of Old Regime France, 1675–1791. Duke University Press.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Adams, Jerome R. (1995). Notable Latin American Women: Twenty-nine Leaders, Rebels, Poets, Battlers and Spies, 1500-1900. MacFarland.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Desan, Suzanne (2004). The Family on Trial in Revolutionary France. University of California Press.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1
- Herman Lindqvist : Revolution (Revolution!) (Swedish)
- ↑ Christine Bladh (Swedish): Månglerskor: att sälja från korg och bod i Stockholm 1819–1846 (1991)
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 Richard J Evans (1979). Kvinnorörelsens historia i Europa, USA, Australien och Nya Zeeland 1840–1920 (The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in Europe, America and Australasia, 1840–1920) Helsingborg: LiberFörlag Stockholm. ISBN 91-38-04920-1 (Swedish)
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Mansdominans i förändring, om ledningsgrupper och styrelser: betänkande by Sverige Utredningen om kvinnor på ledande poster i näringslivet (SOU 2003:16). Stockholm: Edita Norstedts Tryckeri AB. 2003. ISBN 91-38-21953-0.
- ↑ London lives
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 A companion to gender history by: Teresa A. Meade, Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks
- ↑ (Swedish) Stig Hadenius, Torbjörn Nilsson & Gunnar Åselius: Sveriges historia. Vad varje svensk bör veta (History of Sweden: "What every Swede should know")
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 Women's Roles in Latin America and the Caribbean by Kathryn A. Sloan
- ↑ Keddie, Nikki R.; Matthee, Rudi, eds. (2002). Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics. University of Washington Press.
- ↑ Angela Boswell, "Married Women's Property Rights and the Challenge to the Patriarchal Order: Colorado County, Texas," in Janet L. Coryell, Negotiating Boundaries of Southern Womanhood: Dealing With the Powers That Be (University of Missouri Press, 2000), 92, available online, accessed April 23, 2013
- ↑ Coryell, Janet L. (2000). Negotiating Boundaries of Southern Womanhood. University of Missouri Press.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Smith, Bonnie G., ed. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History, Volume 1. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ "Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek: Kampen om kunskapen av Christina Florin, professor i kvinnohistoria". Ub.gu.se. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Roberts, Evan (14–16 September 2006), Women's Rights and Women's Labor: Married Women's Property Laws and Labor Force Participation, 1860-1900, Economic History Association annual meeting, Pittsburgh (PA)
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 26.9 26.10 26.11 26.12 Lilla Focus Uppslagsbok (Little Focus Encyclopedia) Focus Uppslagsböcker AB (1979) (Swedish)
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek: Viktiga årtal". Ub.gu.se. 2011-12-21. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Ilse Abshagen Leitinger (1997). The Costa Rican Women's Movement: A Reader. University of Pittsburgh Press.
- ↑ New York State (1848), Married Women's Property Act (PDF)
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 "Femmes d'Haiti : Repères chronologiques". Haiticulture.ch. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "SJFE : Women and Law in Europe: politics - women and politics in Scandinavia". Helsinki.fi. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Beard, Charles Austin; Beard, Mary Ritter. History of the United States. Forgotten Books. ISBN 9781606202166.
- ↑ Morgan, Robin, ed. (1996). Sisterhood is Global: the International Women's Movement Anthology. The Feminist Press at The City University of New York.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Ward, Peter (1990). Courtship, Love, and Marriage in Nineteenth-Century English Canada. McGill–Queen's University Press.
- ↑ Inger Hultgren (Swedish): Kvinnors organisation och samhällets beslutsprocess (1982)
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, Volym 1 by Bonnie G. Smith
- ↑ Duygu Köksal,Anastasia Falierou: A Social History of Late Ottoman Women: New Perspectives
- ↑ May, A.J., University of Rochester History
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/342/[]
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Kaethe Schirmacher: The Modern Woman's Rights Movement
- ↑ The educated woman: minds, bodies, and women's higher education in Britain, Germany and Spain, by Katharina Rowold
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Women in the Ottoman Empire by Eric R Dursteler, Oxford Reference Online
- ↑ Sidansvarig: KvinnSam. "Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek: Årtalslistor". Ub.gu.se. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ↑ Österberg, Carin et al., Svenska kvinnor: föregångare, nyskapare (Swedish women: predecessors, successors) Lund: Signum 1990. (ISBN 91-87896-03-6) (Swedish)
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Axianne Thorstenson (1918), Kvinnornas Stallning Inom Yrkena (PDF), Trykeri-A.-B. Ferm
- ↑ P. Orman Ray (August 1918). "Woman Suffrage in Foreign Countries". The American Political Science Review 12 (3): 469–474. doi:10.2307/1946097.
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- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Jill M. Massino: Engendering Socialism: A History of Women and Everyday Life in Socialist Romania
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Ladies in the laboratory 2, Volym 2, by Mary R. S. Creese, Thomas M. Creese
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Marina Vujnovic: Forging the bubikopf nation: journalism, gender, and modernity in interwar Yugoslavia
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Women and achievement in nineteenth-century Europe by Linda L. Clark
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.6 53.7 53.8 53.9 53.10 53.11 53.12 53.13 53.14 53.15 53.16 53.17 53.18 53.19 53.20 53.21 53.22 53.23 53.24 53.25 53.26 53.27 53.28 53.29 53.30 53.31 Carmen Diana Deere, Magdalena León de Leal: Empowering women: land and property rights in Latin America
- ↑ Lebsock, Suzanne D. (May 1977). "Radical Reconstruction and the Property Rights of Southern Women". The Journal of Southern History (Southern Historical Association) 43 (2): 195–216. doi:10.2307/2207345.
- ↑ The history of modern Japanese education: constructing the national school ... AvBenjamin C. Duke
- ↑ Redbrick and bluestockings: women at Victoria, 1899–1993, by Beryl Hughes, Sheila Ahern
- ↑ Geisha by Liza Crihfield Dalby
- ↑ Routledge international encyclopedia of women, by Cheris Kramarae
- ↑ Nordisk Familjejournal
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 A companion to the anthropology of Japan by Jennifer Ellen Robertson
- ↑ A Brief History of Great Britain by William E. Burns
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Higher Education of Women in Europe by Helene Lange
- ↑ The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, Volume 1 by Bonnie G. Smith
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Bildung and gender in nineteenth-century bourgeois Germany: electronic resource : a cultural studies analysis of texts by women writers, by Cauleen Suzanne Gary, University of Maryland, College Park. Germanic Language and Literature
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, by Bonnie G. Smith
- ↑ "Key dates - UK Parliament". Parliament.uk. 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, Bonnie G. Smith
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/341/[]
- ↑ Cengage Advantage Books: Western Civilization, Complete (Jackson J. Spielvogel)
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 "Josefa Toledo De Aguerri: Her Life And Her Legacy". Historia.fcs.ucr.ac.cr. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ↑ Waste of talents: turning private struggles into a public issue Women and Science in the Enwise countries (2003)
- ↑ The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, Volume 1, by Bonnie G. Smith
- ↑ Between sex and power: family in the world, 1900–2000 Göran Therborn
- ↑ Married women and property law in Victorian Ontario by Anne Lorene Chambers, Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 France and women, 1789–1914: gender, society and politics by James F. McMillan
- ↑ Margaret L. Arnot and Cornelie Usborne, eds., Gender and Crime in Modern Europe (UCL Press, 1999), 220
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 Latin American women and the search for social justice by Francesca Miller
- ↑ Women and achievement in nineteenth-century Europe by Linda L. Clark
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 Robin Morgan: Sisterhood is global: the international women's movement anthology
- ↑ Zapolska's women: three plays : Malka Szwarcenkopf, The man and Miss Maliczewska, by Gabriela Zapolska, Teresa Murjas
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Gender and crime in modern Europe by Margaret L. Arnot, Cornelie Usborne
- ↑ 82.0 82.1 Joyca Leplae (October 2000), Milestones in the history of women in Belgium (PDF), Brussel: RoSa
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 Women in the Middle East and North Africa: restoring women to history by Guity Nashat, Judith E. Tucker (1999)
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 Jennifer J. Jung-Kim: Gender and modernity in colonial Korea, University of California, Los Angeles
- ↑ Japanese women: new feminist perspectives on the past, present, and future AvKumiko Fujimura-Fanselow, Atsuko Kameda
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 86.5 Gender and the modern research university by Patricia M. Mazón
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 "Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek: Akademikeryrken". Ub.gu.se. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 417–418 (Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 15. Kromat – Ledvätska)
- ↑ French women's writing, 1848–1994 by Diana Holmes
- ↑ Asunción Lavrín: Women, Feminism and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890–1940
- ↑ Women's higher education in comparative perspective, by Gail Paradise Kelly,Sheila Slaughter
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 "Portugal - Women". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 Patit Paban Mishra: The history of Thailand
- ↑ Routledge International Encyclopedia ... – Google Böcker
- ↑ Allen, Pongsun Choi (January 1958). "Changes in the Status of Japanese Women". The Ohio Journal of Science 58 (1): 39–42.
- ↑ Lee, Robert Warden (1946). An introduction to Roman-Dutch law (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 64–68. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 Evelyn Wyoming Fees: Making women matter: Spain's long road toward gender equality. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Political Science: TransAtlantic Masters
- ↑ Female well-being: toward a global theory of social change, by Janet Mancini Billson,Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 Esfandiari, Haleh (2004). The Role of Women Members of Parliament, 1963–88 in Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republic By Lois Beck and Guity Nashat. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07189-8.
- ↑ Modernization in Colombia: the Laureano Gómez years, 1889–1965 by James D. Henderso
- ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Boberg's law of persons and the family (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Juta Law. 1999. pp. 161–164. ISBN 9780702151163.
- ↑ Ferreira-Pinto, Cristina (2004). Gender, Discourse, and Desire in Twentieth-Century Brazilian Women's Literature. Purdue University. p. x.
- ↑ http://wbl.worldbank.org/~/media/FPDKM/WBL/Documents/Reports/2014/Women-Business-and-the-Law-2014-Key-Findings.pdf
- ↑ Virtual Special Issue: Modern & Contemporary France: Women in France, Routledge
- ↑ http://www.france.fr/en/institutions-and-values/changes-role-women-french-society.html
- ↑ 106.0 106.1 Ferrand, Frédérique, NATIONAL REPORT: FRANCE (PDF), Commission on European Family Law
- ↑ "[1971] Volksabstimmung über das Frauenstimmrecht auf Bundesebene". Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ↑ Nettie and Florence Cronise, Ohio's first female lawyers, honored in Tiffin - Story
- ↑ Solsten, Eric; Meditz, Sandra W., eds. (1988), "Social Values and Attitudes", Spain: A Country Study, Washington: Government Printing Office for the Library of Congress
- ↑ http://www.france.fr/en/institutions-and-values/changes-role-women-french-society.html
- ↑ 111.0 111.1 111.2 111.3 111.4 111.5 111.6 111.7 111.8 111.9 111.10 111.11 111.12 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank (2013), Women, Business and the Law 2014: Removing Restrictions to Enhance Gender Equality, Key Findings (PDF), London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, ISBN 9-781-4729-0643-4
- ↑ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2014/493052/IPOL-FEMM_NT%282014%29493052_EN.pdf
- ↑ http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session20/A-HRC-20-16-Add2_en.pdf
- ↑ http://www.surt.org/gvei/docs/national_report_italy.pdf
- ↑ http://www.diritto24.ilsole24ore.com/guidaAlDiritto/codici/codicePenale/articolo/716/art-587-omicidio-e-lesione-personale-a-causa-di-onore.html
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/26/world/around-the-world-greece-approves-family-law-changes.html#
- ↑ Demos, Vasilikie. (2007) “The Intersection of Gender, Class and Nationality and the Agency of Kytherian Greek Women.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association. August 11.
- ↑ Sex and the State: Abortion, Divorce, and the Family Under Latin. American Dictatorships and Democracies, by Mala Htun, pp 102
- ↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17988450
- ↑ http://history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch/chronology-womens-right-vote-switzerland.html
- ↑ Women's movements of the world: an international directory and reference guide, edited by Sally Shreir, p. 254
- ↑ "[1991] UKHL 12". BAILII. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ↑ http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12672&
- ↑ http://www.jurawelt.com/sunrise/media/mediafiles/13792/tenea_juraweltbd52_kieler.pdf
- ↑ Zabus 2004, p. 110.
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/17/international/americas/17mexico.html?_r=0
- ↑ http://www.isotita.gr/en/index.php/docs/c81/
- ↑ Buhle Angelo Dube (February 2008), The Law and Legal Research in Lesotho, Hauser Global Law School Program, New York University School of Law
- ↑ http://www.unfpa.or.cr/documentos-y-publicaciones-14/genero/77-ley-de-penalizacion-de-la-violencia-contra-las-mujeres-1/file
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6251426.stm
- ↑ http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/population/domesticviolence/guatemala.violence.08.pdf
- ↑ http://www.oas.org/dil/esp/Ley_de_Proteccion_Integral_de_Mujeres_Argentina.pdf
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8406940.stm
- ↑ http://www.pgr.gob.sv/genero/descargas/ley%20especial%20integral%20para%20una%20vida%20libre%20de%20violencia%20para%20las%20mujeres_web.pdf
- ↑ http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2012/en/act/pub/0011/
- ↑ http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/SILEG/Iniciativas.nsf/0/8f45bac34395458c062578320075bde4/$FILE/Ley%20No.%20779%20Ley%20Integral%20contra%20la%20Violencia.pdf
- ↑ http://www.mef.gob.pa/es/direcciones/oficinaInstitucionalRecursosHumanos/Documents/Ley%20del%20Femicidio.pdf
- ↑ http://www.swazilii.org/sz/judgment/high-court/2013/144-0
- ↑ http://wbl.worldbank.org/~/media/FPDKM/WBL/Documents/Reports/2014/Women-Business-and-the-Law-2014-Key-Findings.pdf
- ↑ http://theahafoundation.org/news/news-news/the-aha-foundation-applauds-passage-of-the-transport-for-female-genital-mutilation-act-which-makes-it-illegal-to-knowingly-transport-a-girl-out-of-the-united-states-in-order-to-commit-fgm/
- ↑ http://www.amnesty.dk/nyhed/amnesty/ny-voldtaegtslovgivning-er-en-sejr-danske-kvinders-retssikkerhed
- ↑ http://www.b.dk/nationalt/slut-med-konerabat-for-voldtaegt
- ↑ https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=164192
- ↑ http://www.amnesty.dk/sites/default/files/mediafiles/44/case-closed.pdf
- ↑ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/ngos/AI_Denmark_November2010.pdf
- ↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-25908340
- ↑ https://www.oas.org/es/mesecvi/docs/CSW-SideEvent2014-Flyer-EN.pdf
- ↑ http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=210&CM=&DF=&CL=ENG
- ↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-31810284
- ↑ http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/pdfs/Nicaragua%20Family%20Code%202014.pdf
- ↑ http://www.biblioteca.jus.gov.ar/codigonicaragua.pdf
- ↑ http://wbl.worldbank.org/~/media/FPDKM/WBL/Documents/Reports/2014/Women-Business-and-the-Law-2014-Key-Findings.pdf
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