Timeline of the name "Palestine"

This article presents a list of notable historical references to the name Palestine, and cognates such as "Filastin" and "Palaestina", throughout the history of the region.

The term "Peleset" (transliterated from hieroglyphs as P-r-s-t) is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c.1150 BCE during the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. The first known mention is at the temple at Medinet Habu which refers to the Peleset among those who fought with Egypt in Ramesses III's reign,[1][2] and the last known is 300 years later on Padiiset's Statue. The Assyrians called the same region "Palashtu" or "Pilistu", beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c.800 BCE through to an Esarhaddon treaty more than a century later.[3][4] Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term.[5]

The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt was in 5th century BC Ancient Greece,[6][7] when Herodotus wrote of a "district of Syria, called Palaistinê" in The Histories, which included the Judean mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley.[6][8][9][10][11][12] In the treatise Meteorology c.340 BCE, Aristotle wrote, "there is a lake in Palestine". [13][14] [15][16] This is understood by scholars to be a reference to the Dead Sea.[17] Later Greek writers such as Polemon and Pausanias also used the word, which was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid, Tibullus, Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Dio Chrysostom, Statius, Plutarch as well as Roman Judean writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus.[18] Other writers, such as Strabo, referred to the region as Coele-Syria[lower-alpha 1] ("all Syria") around 10-20 CE.[19][20] Circa 135 CE, Palestine was used in naming the new Roman province known as, Syria Palæstina,[lower-alpha 2] when the Roman authorities created the imperial province after the Bar Kokhba Revolt.

Palaistinê (whence Palaestina, from which Palestine is derived)[21] is generally accepted to have a correspondence within the Sacred texts of Judaism such that Palaistinê is a translation of the name Peleshet (פלשת Pəlésheth, usually transliterated as Philistia). Peleshet and its derivates are used more than 250 times in Masoretic-derived versions of the Hebrew Bible,[22] of which 10 uses are in the Torah, with undefined boundaries, and almost 200 of the remaining references are in the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel.[3][18][23] The term is rarely used in the Septuagint, who used a transliteration Land of Phylistieim (Γη των Φυλιστιειμ) different from the contemporary Greek place name Palaistínē (Παλαιστίνη).[6] The Septuagint instead used the term "allophuloi" (Αλλόφυλοι, "other nations") throughout the Books of Judges and Samuel,[24][25] such that the term "Philistines" has been interpreted to mean "non-Israelites of the Promised Land" when used in the context of Samson, Saul and David,[26] and Rabbinic sources explain that these peoples were different from the Philistines of the Book of Genesis.[24]

During the Byzantine period c.390, the imperial province of Syria Palaestina was reorganized into: Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda,[27] and Palaestina Salutaris.[27] Following the Muslim conquest, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic.[3][28] The use of the name "Palestine" became common in Early Modern English,[29] was used in English and Arabic during the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. In the 20th century the name was used by the geopolitical entities commonly known as "Mandatory Palestine" and the "State of Palestine". Both incorporated geographic regions from the land commonly known as Palestine, into a new state whose territory was named Palestine.

Historical references

Ancient period

Egyptian period

Padiiset's Statue "the impartial envoy/commissioner/messenger of/for Canaan of/for Peleset"

Assyrian period

Classical antiquity

Persian (Achaemenid) Empire period

Hellenic Kingdoms (Ptolemaic/Seleucid/Hasmonean) period

Roman Jerusalem period

Roman Aelia Capitolina period

Palestine in c.100CE according to Ptolemy (map by Claude Reignier Conder of the Palestine Exploration Fund)
Undated Classical inscription from Constantinople, published by George Dousa in 1599, mentioning "Syriae Palaisteinae"

Late Antiquity period

Late Roman Empire (Byzantine) period

Notitia Dignitatum of c.410 CE showing Dux Palestinae
Madaba map extract showing "οροι Αιγυπτου και Παλαιστινης" (the "border of Egypt and Palestine)

Middle Ages

Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates period

Reconstruction of the c.700 CE Ravenna Cosmography showing "Palaestina"

Fatimid Caliphate period

World map c.1050 CE by Beatus of Liébana

Crusaders period

Tabula Rogeriana, showing "Filistin" in Arabic in the middle of the right hand page

Ayyubid and Mamluk periods

Palestina on the Fra Mauro map, 1459
Map of Palestine published in Florence 1482 and included in the Francesco Berlinghieri expanded edition of Ptolemy’s Geographia (Geography)

Early modern period

Early Ottoman period

1570 map in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, captioned "Palaestinae Sive Totius Terrae Promissionis Nova Descriptio" ("Palestine, the whole of the Promised Land, a new description")
Published 1720
Published 1736
Published 1794
18th century maps of Ottoman Syria identifying the region of Palestine

Modern period

Late Ottoman period

Published 1862
Published 1895
19th century maps of Ottoman Syria identifying the region of Palestine
Map showing the "Quds Al-Sharif Mutasarrifate", from an atlas dated 1907. The map shows the 1860 borders between Ottoman Syria and the Khedivate of Egypt, although the border was moved to the current Israel-Egypt border in 1906. The area north of the Negev Desert is labelled "Filastin" (Palestine).
Lord Shaftesbury's "Memorandum to Protestant Monarchs of Europe for the restoration of the Jews to Palestine", published in the Colonial Times, in 1841
Palestine, by Salomon Munk, 1913.
Females of distinction in Palestine, and even in Mesopotamia, are not only beautiful and well-shaped, but, in consequence of being always kept from the rays of the sun, are very fair.[211]
--DESCRIPTIONS. —1677. S. and Palestine. 284 z. —1783. The History of the Revolt of Ali Bey against the Ottoman Porte, including an Account of the Form of Government of Egypt; together with a Description of Grand Cairo, and of several celebrated places in Egypt, Palestine, and S. 623 v.
--GEOGRAPHY. —1532. S.æ, Palestinæ, Arabiæ, Ægypti, Schondiæ, Tabulæ Geographicæ. 992 x.
--TRAVELS. —1594. Peregrinatio in Egyptum, Arabiam, Palestinam, et S.m. 312 i. —1653. De Locis Antiochiam inter et Hierosolymam, necnon S.æ., et Phœniciæ, et Palestinæ, Gr. Lat. inter Leouis Allatii ???. 755 j. —1693. Journey through S., Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Egypt; in German. 792 e. —1704. Travels through Egypt, Arabia, Palestine, and S. 815 l. —1791. Travels through Cyprus, S., and Palestine. 644 g.[219]
Vol. I. Biblical History.[226]
Vol. II. Biblical History, Continued. Natural History And Geography.[227]

Formation of the British Mandate

Further information: History of Zionism and History of Israel
Passport, coin and stamp from Mandatory Palestine. When written in English all show "Palestine", with the latter two also showing Arabic: فلسطين‎ Filasţīn and Hebrew: פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (א"י) Palestína (EY)[258]

Biblical references

The Philistines and Philistia are mentioned more than 250 times in the Hebrew Bible.[269][270][30] The Hebrew word Peleshet (פלשת Pəlésheth) - usually translated as Philistia in English, is used in the Bible to denote the southern coastal region that was inhabited by the Philistines ("Plištim" (פְּלִשְׁתִּים Pəlištîm)[23] The Philistines first appear in a listing of the Hamitic branch of Noah's descendants.[271] The word Philistia is generally accepted to be a cognate of the word Palestine. However, the terms for biblical Philistia and geographical Palestine have been different since at least the second century BCE. As early as the LXX, thought to have been completed in 132 BCE, the biblical term for Philistines in Greek (Philistieim) was different from the contemporary Greek name for the region (Palaistine)[45]

The five books of the Pentateuch / Torah include a total of 10 references, including:[269][270]

The Historical books (see Deuteronomistic history) include over 250 references, almost 200 of which are in the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel, including:[269][270]

Wisdom books include only 6 references, all in the Psalms, including:[269][270]

Books of the Major prophets and Minor prophets include around 20 references, including:[269][270]

See also

Bibliography

External web links

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 †Coele-Syria
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 †Syria Palaestina
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 †Achaemenid Empire

a. †Coele-Syria

During the Roman period "Palestine" was not the only geographical term for the region. For example, Strabo, in his description of Jerusalem and Judea, uses the term "Coele-Syria" ("all Syria"), and Pliny (as above) uses both terms.[51][20][272]
Nomenclatures of Syria given by Strabo[273]
Primary Cœlê-Syria & Seleucis-Syria & Phœnicia &c. &c. Cœlê-Syria ≠ Cœlo-Syrians
Alternate Cœlo-Syrians & Syrians & Phœnicians Similar to nomenclature given by Herodotus
Coele-Syria (332-064 BCE), Greek writers used the term Palestine to refer to the region during this period, such as Polemon of Athens and Pausanias.[78][79][274]

b. †Syria Palaestina

After crushing Bar Kochba's revolt in 132-135, the Roman Emperor Hadrian applied the name Syria Palestina to the entire region that had formerly included Iudaea Province.[275] There is circumstantial evidence linking Hadrian with the name change,[19] although the precise date is not certain,[19] and the assertion of some scholars that the name change was intended "to suppress Jewish national feelings"[81][276] is disputed.[6] after they combined Iudaea Province with Galilee and the Paralia to form "Syria Palaestina". There is circumstantial evidence linking Hadrian with the name change,[19] but the precise date is not certain[19] and the assertion of some scholars that the name change was intended "to complete the dissociation with Judaea"[81][277][276] is disputed.[6]

c. †Achaemenid Empire

Catalogues of Satrapies of the Achaemenid empire.[278]
  • Darius' Behistun inscription
  • Histories of the Greek researcher Herodotus
the tribute list
the list of Persian armed forces
  • the inscription on Darius' tomb at Naqš-i Rustam
  • the Daiva inscription of Xerxes.
There are many satrapies mentioned in a book about Alexander the Great, the Anabasis by Arrian of Nicomedia.
Darius, Behistun
(521 BCE)		 Herodotus, Histories 3.90-94
(Tribute list)		 Darius, Naqš-i Rustam
(492 BCE?)		 Herodotus, Histories 7.61-96
(Army list) (480/481 BCE)		 Xerxes, XPh
(daiva inscription)		 Arrian, Anabasis
(on history of the 4th century BCE)
Cappadocia district III/c:
Syrians, Phrygians		 Cappadocia Syrians
(= Cappadocians)		 Cappadocia Cappadocia
  district IV:
Cilicians		   Cilicia   Cilicia
Beyond the river district V:
Phoenicia; Palestina; Cyprus		   Phoenicia; Palestina; Cyprus    Syria; Palestina
 Egypt district VI/a:
Egypt		 Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fahlbusch et al., 2005, p. 185.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ancient Records of Egypt: The first through the seventeenth dynasties, James Henry Breasted, page 24
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sharon, 1988, p. 4.
  4. ↑ Carl S. Ehrlich "Philistines" The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible. Ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan. Oxford University Press, 2001.
  5. ↑ Eberhard Schrader wrote in his seminal "Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung" ("KGF", in English "Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research") that the Assyrian tern "Palashtu" or "Pilistu" referred to the wider Palestine or "the East" in general, instead of "Philistia". See KGF p123-124 and Tiglath Pileser III by Abraham Samuel Anspacher, p48
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Jacobson 1999: "The earliest occurrence of this name in a Greek text is in the mid-fifth century b.c., Histories of Herodotus, where it is applied to the area of the Levant between Phoenicia and Egypt."..."The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Although some of Herodotus' references to Palestine are compatible with a narrow definition of the coastal strip of the Land of Israel, it is clear that Herodotus does call the "whole land by the name of the coastal strip."..."It is believed that Herodotus visited Palestine in the fifth decade of the fifth century B.C."..."In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense."
  7. ↑ Jacobson 2001: "As early as the Histories of Herodotus, written in the second half of the fifth century B.C.E., the term Palaistinê is used to describe not just the geographical area where the Philistines lived, but the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt—in other words, the Land of Israel. Herodotus, who had traveled through the area, would have had firsthand knowledge of the land and its people. Yet he used Palaistinê to refer not to the Land of the Philistines, but to the Land of Israel
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara Steven S. Tuell Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (Nov., 1991), pp. 51–57
  9. ↑ Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast Anson F. Rainey Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (Feb., 2001), pp. 57–63
  10. ↑ In his work, Herodotus referred to the practice of male circumcision associated with the Hebrew people: "the Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians, are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times. The Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians.... Now these are the only nations who use circumcision." The History of Herodotus
  11. ↑ Beloe, W., Rev., Herodotus, (tr. from Greek), with notes, Vol.II, London, 1821, p.269 "It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with Assyria. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture."
  12. ↑ Elyahu Green, Geographic names of places in Israel in Herodotos This is confirmed by George Rawlinson in the third book (Thalia) of The Histories where Palaestinian Syrians are part of the fifth tax district spanning the territory from Phoenicia to the borders of Egypt, but excludes the kingdom of Arabs who were exempt from tax for providing the Assyrian army with water on its march to Egypt. These people had a large city called Cadytis, identified as Jerusalem.
  13. ↑ Again if, as is fabled, there is a lake in Palestine, such that if you bind a man or beast and throw it in it floats and does not sink (Aristotle, Webster ed. 2004, p. 38)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Meteorology By Aristotle". Classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Aristotle (1 January 2004). E. W. Webster, ed. Meteorology. Digireads.com Publishing. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-4209-0042-2. etvHt-bBafMC. Again if, as is fabled, there is a lake in Palestine, such that if you bind a man or beast and throw it in it floats and does not sink (Aristotle, Webster ed. 2004, p. 38)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Aristotle, Meteorology 1.8, trans. E.W. Webster, rev. J. Barnes.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 Schmidt 2001, p. 29.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Robinson, Edward, Physical geography of the Holy Land, Crocker & Brewster, Boston, 1865, p.15. Robinson, writing in 1865 when travel by Europeans to the Ottoman Empire became common asserts that, "Palestine, or Palestina, now the most common name for the Holy Land, occurs three times in the English version of the Old Testament; and is there put for the Hebrew name פלשת, elsewhere rendered Philistia. As thus used, it refers strictly and only to the country of the Philistines, in the southwest corner of the land. So, too, in the Greek form, Παλαςτίνη), it is used by Josephus. But both Josephus and Philo apply the name to the whole land of the Hebrews ; and Greek and Roman writers employed it in the like extent."
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 Feldman 1996
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, 2006, Getzel M. Cohen, p36-37, ""Palestine" did not come into official use until the early second century ad, when the emperor Hadrian decided to rename the province of Judaea; for its new name he chose "Syria Palaestina." The new name took hold. It is found thereafter in inscriptions, on coins, and in numerous literary texts. Thus Arrian (7.9.8, Indica 43.1) and Appian (Syr. 50), who lived in the second century ad, and Cassius Dio (e.g., 38.38.4, 39.56.6), who lived in the third, referred to the region as "Palestine." And in the rabbinic literature "Palestine" was used as the name of the Roman province.
  21. ↑ "Palestine and Israel", David M. Jacobson, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 313 (February 1999), pp. 65–74; "The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara," Steven S. Tuell, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (November 1991), pp. 51–57; "Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast", Anson F. Rainey, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (February 2001), pp. 57–63; Herodotus, Histories
  22. ↑ Killebrew 2005, p. 205.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lewis 1980, p. 1.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Jobling, David; Rose, Catherine (1996), "Reading as a Philistine", in Mark G. Brett, Ethnicity and the Bible, BRILL, p. 404, ISBN 9780391041264, Rabbinic sources insist that the Philistines of Judges and Samuel were different people altogether from the Philistines of Genesis. (Midrash Tehillim on Psalm 60 (Braude: vol. 1, 513); the issue here is precisely whether Israel should have been obliged, later, to keep the Genesis treaty.) This parallels a shift in the Septuagint's translation of Hebrew pelistim. Before Judges, it uses the neutral transliteration phulistiim, but beginning with Judges it switches to the pejorative allophuloi. [To be precise, Codex Alexandrinus starts using the new translation at the beginning of Judges and uses it invariably thereafter, Vaticanus likewise switches at the beginning of Judges, but reverts to phulistiim on six occasions later in Judges, the last of which is 14:2.]
  25. ↑ Drews 1998, p. 49: "Our names ‘Philistia’ and ‘Philistines’ are unfortunate obfuscations, first introduced by the translators of the LXX and made definitive by Jerome’s Vg. When turning a Hebrew text into Greek, the translators of the LXX might simply—as Josephus was later to do—have Hellenized the Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים as Παλαιστίνοι, and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη. Instead, they avoided the toponym altogether, turning it into an ethnonym. As for the ethnonym, they chose sometimes to transliterate it (incorrectly aspirating the initial letter, perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma) as φυλιστιιμ, a word that looked exotic rather than familiar, and more often to translate it as άλλόφυλοι. Jerome followed the LXX’s lead in eradicating the names, ‘Palestine’ and ‘Palestinians’, from his Old Testament, a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible."
  26. ↑ Drews 1998, p. 51: "The LXX’s regular translation of פְּלִשְׁתִּים into άλλόφυλοι is significant here. Not a proper name at all, allophyloi is a generic term, meaning something like ‘people of other stock’. If we assume, as I think we must, that with their word allophyloi the translators of the LXX tried to convey in Greek what p'lištîm had conveyed in Hebrew, we must conclude that for the worshippers of Yahweh p'lištîm and b'nê yiśrā'ēl were mutually exclusive terms, p'lištîm (or allophyloi) being tantamount to ‘non-Judaeans of the Promised Land’ when used in a context of the third century BCE, and to ‘non-Israelites of the Promised Land’ when used in a context of Samson, Saul and David. Unlike an ethnonym, the noun פְּלִשְׁתִּים normally appeared without a definite article."
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Kaegi, 1995, p. 41.
  28. ↑ Marshall Cavendish, 2007, p. 559.
  29. ↑ Gudrun Krämer (2008) A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel Translated by Gudrun Krämer and Graham Harman Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-11897-3 p.16
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Killebrew 2005, p. 202.
  31. ↑ "Text of the Papyrus Harris". Specialtyinterests.net. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Killebrew 2005, p. 204.
  33. ↑ Bernard Bruyère, Mert Seger à Deir el Médineh, 1929, page 32-37
  34. ↑ Alan Gardiner, Ancient Egyptian Onomastica, Volume 1, Oxford, 1947, no. 270, pages 200-205
  35. ↑ Ehrlich 1996, p. 65.
  36. ↑ Ehrlich 1996, p. 168.
  37. ↑ Ehrlich 1996, p. 171.
  38. ↑ ND 2715 ( = XII; IM 64130; Plate 31), Re-edited in TCAE, pp. 390-3 and Fales, CLNA, pp. 90-95, 128-132,11.2 Translation in "The Nimrud Letters", 1952, H.W.F. Saggs, Volume: VI, 2001, page 156-157
  39. ↑ Ehrlich 1996, p. 190.
  40. ↑ COS, p. 2.118i and ANET, p. 287
  41. ↑ COS, p. 2.119D
  42. ↑ Daniel David Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib, Oriental Institute Publications 2, University of Chicago Press, 1924, p104
  43. ↑ COS, p. 2.120 and ANET, p. 533
  44. ↑ Rabinowitz, Nick. "Herodotus Timemap". Timemap.js - Open Source Javascript library. nickrabinowitz.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014. Book 1, Ch.105: From there they marched against Egypt: and when they were in the part of Syria called Palestine, Psammetichus king of Egypt met them and persuaded them with gifts and prayers to come no further. So they turned back, and when they came on their way to the city of Ascalon in Syria, most of the Scythians passed by and did no harm, but a few remained behind and plundered the temple of Heavenly Aphrodite. ἐνθευ̂τεν δὲ ἤισαν ἐπ᾽ Αἴγυπτον. καὶ ἐπείτε ἐγένοντο ἐν τῃ̂ Παλαιστίνῃ Συρίῃ, Ψαμμήτιχος σφέας Αἰγύπτου βασιλεὺς ἀντιάσας δώροισί τε καὶ λιτῃ̂σι ἀποτράπει τὸ προσωτέρω μὴ πορεύεσθαι.οἳ δὲ ἐπείτε ἀναχωρέοντες ὀπίσω ἐγένοντο τη̂ς Συρίης ἐν Ἀσκάλωνι πόλι, τω̂ν πλεόνων Σκυθέων παρεξελθόντων ἀσινέων, ὀλίγοι τινὲς αὐτω̂ν ὑπολειφθέντες ἐσύλησαν τη̂ς οὐρανίης Ἀφροδίτης
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Jacobson 1999, p. 65.
  46. ↑ Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast, Anson F. Rainey, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (Feb., 2001), pp. 57–63
  47. ↑ Rabinowitz, Nick. "Herodotus Timemap". Timemap.js - Open Source Javascript library. nickrabinowitz.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014. Book 3, Ch.5: Now the only apparent way of entry into Egypt is this. The road runs from Phoenicia as far as the borders of the city of Cadytis, which belongs to the so-called Syrians of Palestine. From Cadytis (which, as I judge, is a city not much smaller than Sardis) to the city of Ienysus the seaports belong to the Arabians; then they are Syrian again from Ienysus as far as the Serbonian marsh, beside which the Casian promontory stretches seawards;from this Serbonian marsh, where Typho is supposed to have been hidden, the country is Egypt. Now between Ienysus and the Casian mountain and the Serbonian marsh there lies a wide territory for as much as three days journey, terribly arid. μούνῃ δὲ ταύτῃ εἰσὶ φανεραὶ ἐσβολαὶ ἐς Αἴγυπτον. ἀπὸ γὰρ Φοινίκης μέχρι οὔρων τω̂ν Καδύτιος πόλιος ἐστὶ Σύρων τω̂ν Παλαιστίνων καλεομένων·ἀπὸ δὲ Καδύτιος ἐούσης πόλιος, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκέει, Σαρδίων οὐ πολλῳ̂ ἐλάσσονος, ἀπὸ ταύτης τὰ ἐμπόρια τὰ ἐπὶ θαλάσσης μέχρι Ἰηνύσου πόλιος ἐστὶ του̂ Ἀραβίου, ἀπὸ δὲ Ἰηνύσου αὐ̂τις Σύρων μέχρι Σερβωνίδος λίμνης, παρ᾽ ἣν δὴ τὸ Κάσιον ὄρος τείνει ἐς θάλασσαν·ἀπὸ δὲ Σερβωνίδος λίμνης, ἐν τῃ̂ δὴ λόγος τὸν Τυφω̂ κεκρύφθαι, ἀπὸ ταύτης ἤδη Αἴγυπτος. τὸ δὴ μεταξὺ Ἰηνύσου πόλιος καὶ Κασίου τε ὄρεος καὶ τη̂ς Σερβωνίδος λίμνης, ἐὸν του̂το οὐκ ὀλίγον χωρίον ἀλλὰ ὅσον τε ἐπὶ τρει̂ς ἡμέρας ὁδόν, ἄνυδρον ἐστὶ δεινω̂ς.
  48. ↑ Rabinowitz, Nick. "Herodotus Timemap". Timemap.js - Open Source Javascript library. nickrabinowitz.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014. Book 7, Ch.89: The number of the triremes was twelve hundred and seven, and they were furnished by the following: the Phoenicians with the Syrians of Palestine furnished three hundred; for their equipment, they had on their heads helmets very close to the Greek in style; they wore linen breastplates, and carried shields without rims, and javelins.These Phoenicians formerly dwelt, as they themselves say, by the Red Sea; they crossed from there and now inhabit the seacoast of Syria. This part of Syria as far as Egypt is all called Palestine. τω̂ν δὲ τριηρέων ἀριθμὸς μὲν ἐγένετο ἑπτὰ καὶ διηκόσιαι καὶ χίλιαι, παρείχοντο δὲ αὐτὰς οἵδε, Φοίνικες μὲν σὺν Σύροισι τοι̂σι ἐν τῃ̂ Παλαιστίνῃ τριηκοσίας, ὡ̂δε ἐσκευασμένοι· περὶ μὲν τῃ̂σι κεφαλῃ̂σι κυνέας εἰ̂χον ἀγχοτάτω πεποιημένας τρόπον τὸν Ἑλληνικόν, ἐνδεδυκότες δὲ θώρηκας λινέους, ἀσπίδας δὲ ἴτυς οὐκ ἐχούσας εἰ̂χον καὶ ἀκόντια.οὑ̂τοι δὲ οἱ Φοίνικες τὸ παλαιὸν οἴκεον, ὡς αὐτοὶ λέγουσι, ἐπὶ τῃ̂ Ἐρυθρῃ̂ θαλάσσῃ, ἐνθευ̂τεν δὲ ὑπερβάντες τη̂ς Συρίης οἰκέουσι τὸ παρὰ θάλασσαν· τη̂ς δὲ Συρίης του̂το τὸ χωρίον καὶ τὸ μέχρι Αἰγύπτου πα̂ν Παλαιστίνη καλέεται.
  49. ↑ wikisource:History of Herodotus and "The History of Herodotus". Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  50. ↑ Studies in Josephus and the varieties of ancient Judaism: Louis H. Feldman. BRILL. p. 113. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Feldman 1996, p. 558.
  52. ↑ The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads, Jan Retso, Routledge, 4 Jul 2013
  53. ↑ Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra, Michel Mouton, Stephan G. Schmid, Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2013
  54. ↑ Diodorus of Sicily, with an English translation by C.H. Oldfather
  55. ↑ Noth 1939, p. 139.
  56. ↑ Diodorus (Siculus.) (1814). The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian: In Fifteen Books. To which are Added the Fragments of Diodorus, and Those Published by H. Valesius, I. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus. W. MʻDowall. pp. 183–. "The mariner passing by this country of palms, arrives at an island near to a promontory of the continent, which is called the Island of Sea-calves, from the great multitudes of those creatures that frequent this place. The sea here so abounds with them that it is to the admiration of the beholders. The promontory that shoots out towards this island lies over against Petra in Arabia and Palestine. It is said that the Gerrheans and Mineans bring out of the higher Arabia frankincense and other oderiferous gums into this island (Tiran Island)." p. 183 at Google Books
  57. ↑ "Tibullus and Sulpicia: The Poems, Translated by A. S. Kline". Poetryintranslation.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  58. ↑ Feldman 1996, p. 566.
  59. ↑ "Latin quote: Quaque die redeunt, rebus minus apta gerendis, culta Palaestino septima festa Syro". Thelatinlibrary.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 60.6 Feldman 1996, p. 565.
  61. ↑ Book IV, 45-46 "...Babylonia, narret, Derceti, quam versa squamis velantibus artus stagna Palaestini credunt motasse figura an magis, ut sumptis illius filia pennis extremes albis in turribus egerit annos, nais an ut cantu nimiumque potentibus herbis verteritin tacitos iuvenalia corpora pisces"
  62. ↑ Book V, 144-145 "occidit et Celadon Mendesius, occidit Astreus matre Palaestina dubio genitore creatus"
  63. ↑ "Ovid: Fasti, Book Two". Poetryintranslation.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  64. ↑ "Philo: Every Good Man is Free". Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  65. ↑ "Philo: On the Life of Moses, Book I". Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  66. ↑ "Philo: On Abraham". Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  67. ↑ "Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia Liber Primus". Thelatinlibrary.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  68. ↑ Pliny's Natural History. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  69. ↑ Pliny, Book 12, Chapter 40
  70. ↑ "Idumaeas autem palmas ab Idumaeorum gente, id est ludaeorum, quae regio est in Syria Palaestina" In Vergilii Bucolica et Georgica commentarius, accedunt scholiorum Veronensium et aspri quaestionum Vergilianarum fragmenta, editor: Henricus Keil (1848)
  71. ↑ Punica, Volume III, 605-607
  72. ↑ Reland 1714, p. 40.
  73. ↑ Feldman 1996, p. 567.
  74. ↑ s:Against Apion/Book I
  75. ↑ s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX
  76. ↑ "Lucullus, By Plutarch". Classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  77. ↑ Book 1 Chapter 14
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 "Pausanias, Description of Greece, 9. 1 - 22". Theoi.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
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  80. ↑
    • Schürer, Emil (2014). "The Sibylline Oracles". The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ: Volume 3. A&C Black. p. 620. ISBN 9780567604521. Unique and noteworthy is also the discussion in Pausanias, who mentions four: (1) the Libyan Sibyl, (2) the Herophile of Marpessos or Erythrae, i.e. from Asia Minor, who also prophesied in Delphi, (3) the Demo in Cumae and (4) the Sabbe of the Hebrews in Palestine, who was also called the Babylonian or Egyptian, i.e. the Oriental. It seems that Pausanias has noted that the traditions relating to the Sibyls suggest four different categories of prophecy, and that he has simply assigned a geographical location to each.
      *Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd (2010). "The identity of the prophetess Sibyl in "Sibylline Oracles" III.". Prophets and Prophecy in Jewish and Early Christian Literature. Coronet Books Incorporated. p. 44. ISBN 9783161503382. Pausanias (X 12.9) mentions the tradition of a Hebrew Sibyl in Palestine called Sabbe, daughter of Berossus and Erymanthe.
      *Martin Goodman (1998). Jews in a Graeco-Roman World. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780191518362. By the second century CE Pausanias could make specific reference to a Sibyl of the Hebrews in Palestine alongside the Erythraean, Libyan, and Cumaean Sibyls.
      *Collins, John Joseph (2001). Seers, Sibyls, and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism. BRILL. p. 185. ISBN 9780391041103. Pausanias concludes his list of sibyls with reference to a prophetess who was: "brought up in Palestine named Sabbe, whose father was Berosus and her mother Erymanthe. Some say she was a Babylonian, while others call her an Egyptian Sibyl.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Lehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998). "Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy". The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 2009-08-11. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  82. ↑ Appian of Alexandria. "Preface of the Roman History". Livius.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  83. ↑ Lucian (of Samosata.) (1888). Howard Williams, ed. Lucian's Dialogues: Namely, The Dialogues of the Gods, of the Sea-gods, & of the Dead; Zeus the Tragedian, the Ferry-boat, Etc. George Bell & Sons. pp. 18–. MTYOLns5pAcC. Lucian, WILLIAMS ed. 1888, p. 18 at Google Books
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  85. ↑ "Anabasis Alexandri". Archive.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  86. ↑ Karl Friedrich August Nobbe, Geography, Book 5, Chapter 15
  87. ↑ "Historia Romana, The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in 70CE". Homepages.luc.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  88. ↑ Itinerarium Antonini Avgvsti et Hierosolymitanvm: ex libris manvscriptis, By Gustav Parthey, p276
  89. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 1.
  90. ↑ Roger Pearse (2002-09-06). "Eusebius' History of the Martyrs in Palestine, translated by William Cureton". Ccel.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  91. ↑ Professor Robert Louis Wilken (2009). The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought. ISBN 0-300-06083-1.
  92. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus. "Ammianus Marcellinus, Book XIV, 8, 11". Tertullian.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  93. ↑ Reland 1714, p. 45.
  94. ↑ "Letters of St. Jerome, Letter 33". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  95. ↑ Thomas A. Idniopulos (1998). "Weathered by Miracles: A History of Palestine From Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben-Gurion and the Mufti". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  96. ↑ Le Strange 1890, p. 26.
  97. ↑ "Roman Arabia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  98. ↑ Synecdemus, E. Weber, 1840, page 398
  99. ↑ Georgii Cyprii descripto orbis Romani, edidit praefatus est commentario instruxit Henricus Gelzer, 1890, page XLVI
  100. ↑ "Midrash Rabbah Genesis Volume I at Internet Archive". Archive.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  101. ↑ Theodoret, Ecclesiastical History
  102. ↑ Spicilegium Romanum, LXXXVIII, Angelo Mai
  103. ↑ Zosimus New History, Book I
  104. ↑ Extract from the Life of St Saba
  105. ↑ "History of the Wars, Books I and II (of 8), by Procopius". Gutenberg.org. 2005-09-27. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  106. ↑ "The History of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon. Book, page 89 / 1165". Knowledgerush.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  107. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 10.
  108. ↑ Antiochus Strategos, monk of Mar Saba c. 650 (1991). Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, ed. Antiochus Strategos of Mar Saba., Capture of Jerusalem - Orientalia Christiana Periodica 57. Pont. institutum orientalium studiorum. p. 77. xxvZAAAAMAAJ. Palestinian monk Antiochus Strategos of Mar Saba. in his Capture of Jerusalem, the Georgian text of which fills 66 large octavo pages of 33 lines each. Strategos devoted particular attention to the massacre perpetrated by the Jews in "the reservoir of Mamel" (Abrahamson et al., p. 55, The Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 compared with Islamic conquest of 638)
  109. ↑ Abu Salih the Armenian; Abu al-Makarim (1895). Basil Thomas Alfred Evetts, ed. "History of Churches and Monasteries", Abu Salih the Armenian c. 1266 - Part 7 of Anecdota Oxoniensia: Semitic series Anecdota oxoniensia. [Semitic series--pt. VII]. Clarendon Press. pp. 39–. the emperor Heraclius, on his way to Jerusalem, promised his protection to the Jews of Palestine. (Abu Salih the Armenian, Abu al-Makarim, ed. Evetts 1895, p. 39, Part 7 of Anecdota Oxoniensia: Semitic series Anecdota oxoniensia. Semitic series--pt. VII) (Abu Salih the Armenian was just the Book's owner, the author is actually Abu al-Makarim.)
  110. ↑ Arculfi relatio de locis sanctis scripta ab Adamnano, p.30, Latin
  111. ↑ The pilgrimage of Arculfus, Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (1897), page 66
  112. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 12.
  113. ↑ "Jerusalem for the Three Monotheistic Religions. A Theological Synthesis, Alviero Niccacci" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  114. ↑ The Ḥaram of Jerusalem, 324-1099: temple, Friday Mosque, area of spiritual power, by Andreas Kaplony. Books.google.co.uk. 2002-03-27. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
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  116. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 14.
  117. ↑ The Chronicle of Theophanes: An English Translation, Harry Turtledove
  118. ↑ Theophanes (the Confessor) (1 September 1982). Harry Turtledove, ed. The Chronicle of Theophanes: Anni Mundi 6095-6305 (A.D. 602-813). University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 35–. ISBN 0-8122-1128-6. lK5wIPb4Vi4C. Since Muhammad was a helpless orphan, he thought it good to go to a rich woman named Khadija ...to manage her camels and conduct her business in Egypt and Palestine... When he [Muhammad] went to Palestine he lived with both Jews and Christians, and hunted for certain writings among them. (Theophanes 1982, p. 35, The Chronicle of Theophanes)
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 119.3 119.4 119.5 119.6 119.7 119.8 119.9 119.10 119.11 119.12 119.13 119.14 119.15 119.16 119.17 119.18 119.19 119.20 Le Strange 1890
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 Röhricht 1890, p. 17.
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  122. ↑ Eutychii Annales
  123. ↑ Eutychius (Patriarch of Alexandria) (1863). J.P. Migne, ed. Epistolai, Volume 111 of Patrologiæ cursus completus: Series Græca 111. PmJ7zGaz9D4C. (Pocoke, Annals) from this (Migne 1863, Patrlogie, Series Graeca iii.)
  124. ↑ Mosheim, Johann Lorenz (1847). Institutes of Ecclesiastical History, Ancient and Modern: In Four Books, Much Corrected, Enlarged, and Improved from the Primary Authorities. Harper & Brothers. pp. 426–. pg0QAAAAYAAJ. CHAPTER II: ADVERSITIES OF THE CHURCH.: 1 Persecutions of the Christians.: ...The Christians suffered less in this than in the preceding centuries. ...In the East especially in Syria and Palestine the Jews sometimes rose upon the Christians with great violence (Eutyrhius, Annales tom ii., p. 236, &c. Jo. Henr. Hottinger, Historia Orientalis, lib. i., c. id., p. 129, &c.) yet so unsuccessfully as to suffer severely for their temerity. (Mosheim 1847, p. 426)
  125. ↑ "Meadows of gold and mines of gems" (translation as of 1841)
  126. ↑ Le Strange 1890, p. 16.
  127. ↑ Suda on line
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  130. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 19.
  131. ↑ The Oxford History of the Crusades, Jonathan Simon Christopher Riley-Smith
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  176. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 51:"Another Palestinian writer of the seventeenth century who used Filastin to name his country was Salih b. Ahmad al-Timurtashi, who wrote a fadail (Merits) book titled "The Complete Knowledge of the Limits of the Holy Land and Palestine and Syria (Sham)." [Footnote]: Ghalib Anabsi, From the "Merits of the Holy Land" Literature, MA thesis, Tel Aviv University, 1992."
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  180. ↑ Milner, John (1688). A Collection of the Church-history of Palestine: From Birth of Christ ... Dring. pp. 19–. bjQBAAAAcAAJ. Hitherto of Places, now follows an account of the Persons concerned in the Church-History of Palestine. (Milner 1688, p. 19)
  181. ↑ Bohun, Edmund (1688). A Geographical Dictionary, Representing the Present and Ancient Names of All the Countries, Provinces, Remarkable Cities ...: And Rivers of the Whole World: Their Distances, Longitudes and Latitudes. C. Brome. pp. 353–. U3lMAAAAMAAJ. Jerusalem, Hierosolyma, the Capital City of Palestine, and for a long time of the whole Earth; taken notice of by Pliny, Strabo, and many of the Ancients. (Bohun 1688, p. 353 )
  182. ↑ Gordon, Patrick (1704) [1702]. Geography anatomiz'd: or, the geographical grammar. Being a short and exact analysis of the whole body of modern geography after a new and curious method. comprehending, I. A general view of the terraqueous globe. Being a compendious system of the true fundamentals of geography; digested into various definitions, problems, theorems, and paradoxes: with a transient survey of the surface of the earthly ball, as it consists of land and water. II. A particular view of the terraqueous globe. Being a clear and pleasant prospect of all remarkable countries upon the face of the whole earth; shewing their situation, extent, division, subdivision, cities, chief towns, name, air, soil, commodities, rarities, archbishopricks, bishopricks, universities, manners, languages, government, arms, religion. collected from the best authors, and illustrated with divers maps. The fourth edition corrected, and somewhat enlarg'd. by Pat. Gordon, M.A., F.R.S. (4 ed.). S. and J. Sprint, John Nicholson, Sam Burrows in Little Britain, and Andrew Bell and R. Smith in Cornhill. pp. 1 vol., xxvi + 431pp. OMEwAAAAYAAJ. This Country ...is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards, Palestina; by the French, Palestine; by the Germans Palestinen, or das Gelobte Land; by the English, Palestine, or the Holy Land. (Gordon 1704, p. 290)
  183. ↑ Life of James Ferguson, F.R.S.: In a Brief Autobiographical Account, and Further Extended Memoir. A. Fullarton. 1867. pp. 20–. hItnAAAAMAAJ. Geography Anatomiz d or the Geographical Grammar by Patrick Gordon MA FRS ...In some old catalogues of books in our possession we observe that editions of it were issued in 1693 and in 1722 (p. 20, at Google Books @ http://books.google.com/books?id=hItnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA20&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U2EDy7lgav9J5b5uMApPtsA1KhX0Q&ci=154%2C1248%2C721%2C183&edge=0 )
  184. ↑ Baumgarten, Martin (1704). A Collection of Voyages and Travels: Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts 1. Awnsham and John Churchill. pp. 458–. p. 425 & p. 458 at Google Books
  185. ↑ Reland 1714: "Regio omnis quam Judaei incoluerunt nomen Palaestinae habuit. Hebraeorum scriptores, Philo, Josephus et alii hoc nomine usi"
  186. ↑ Beausobre, Isaac de; Lenfant, David (1718). Le Nouveau Testament de notre seigneur Jesus-Christ. Humbert. pp. 169–. rmRAAAAAcAAJ. p:169 On a déja eu occasion de parler des divers noms, que portoit autrefois la Terre d Israël, ,,,Ici nous désignerons sous le nom de Palestine qui est le plus commun. (We previously spoke of the various names for the Land of Israel, ...Now we will refer to the Land of Israel by the name of Palestine which is the most common)
  187. ↑ Beausobre, Isaac de; Lenfant, Jacques (1806). An Introduction to the Reading of the Holy Scriptures: Intended Chiefly for Young Students in Divinity ; Written Originally in French. J. and E. Hudson. pp. 252–.
  188. ↑ Toland, John (1718). Nazarenus: Or Jewish, Gentile, and Mahometan Christianity. pp. 8–. XA5PAAAAcAAJ. (Toland 1718, p. 8 at Google Books)
  189. ↑ or Regnum Persicum Imperium Turcicum in Asia Russorum Provinciae and Mare Caspium
  190. ↑ or Turkey in Asia Minor
  191. ↑ Salmon, Thomas (1744). Modern History Or the Present State of All Nations.
  192. ↑ The modern Gazetteer or, a short view of the several nations of the world, Thomas Salmon
  193. ↑ The London Magazine, and Monthly Chronologer. 1741.
  194. ↑ Johannes Aegidius van Egmont; Heyman, John (1759). Travels Through Part of Europe, Asia Minor, the Islands of the Archipelago, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mount Sinai, &c: Giving a Particular Account of the Most Remarkable Places .. 2. L. Davis and C. Reymers. pp. 389–. zMkGAAAAQAAJ. Retrieved 13 January 2015. p.389 The Jews of Jerusalem are divided into three sects, the Karaites, who adhere to the letter of the Scripture, without admitting any comments, or glosses; the Rabbinists, who receive for indubitable truths, all the comments and traditions so well known in the world, and are hence much more superstitious than the former; the third are the Askenites, who come from Germany, and are known among their brethren by the name of new converts; not being descended from the twelve tribes. [...] p.390 Besides these three sects, there is in the country of Palestine a fourth sort of Jews, but sworn enemies to the others, I mean the Samaritans; these have frequently endeavoured by the arts of bribery to obtain the privilege of living in Jerusalem, and in order to accomplish this design, have lavished away above five hundred purses.
  195. ↑ Voltaire; Smollett, Tobias George; Francklin, Thomas (1763). The Works of M. de Voltaire: Additions to the essay on general history. v. 32-33. Miscellaneous poems. J. Newbery, R. Baldwin, W. Johnston, S. Crowder, T. Davies, J. Coote, G. Kearsley, and B. Collins, at Salisbury. pp. 42–. KDcLAAAAQAAJ. (Voltaire, ed. Smollett and Francklin 1763, p. 42 at Google Books)
  196. ↑ Volney, Constantin-François (1788). Travels through Syria and Egypt, in the years 1783, 1784, and 1785: Containing the present natural and political state of those countries, their productions, arts, manufactures, and commerce; with observations on the manners,customs, and government of the Turks and Arabs. Illustrated with copper plates 1. printed for G.G.J. and J. Robinson.
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  198. ↑ Volney, Constantin-François (1805). Travels Through Syria and Egypt, in the Years 1783, 1784, and 1785: Containing the Present Natural and Political State of Those Countries, Their Productions, Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce : with Observations on the Manners, Customs, and Government of the Turks and Arabs 1. G. Robinson. pp. 294–. Image of p. 295 & p. 296 at Google Books
  199. ↑ Travels Through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine; with a General History of the Levant
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  201. ↑ or Geographicus - Turkey in Asia
  202. ↑ David Rumsey map collection
  203. ↑ Lant Carpenter (1811). An Introduction to the Geography of the New Testament, Comprising a Summary Chronological and Geographical View of the Events Recorded Respecting the Ministry of Our Saviour: Accompanied with Maps, Questions for Examination, and an Accented Index: Principally Designed for the Use of Young Persons, and for the Sunday-employment of Schools. William Hilliard.
  204. ↑ Carpenter, Lant (1807). An Introduction to the Geography of the New Testament, Comprising a Summary Chronological and Geographical View of the Events Recorded Respecting the Ministry of Our Saviour: Accompanied with Maps, with Questions for Examination, and an Accented Index : Principally Designed for the Use of Young Persons, and for the Sunday-employment of Schools. Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, Pater-noster-Row.
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  206. ↑ Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem (1884 edition)
  207. ↑ Horne, Thomas Hartwell (1839). A Manual of Biblical Bibliography: Comprising a Catalogue Metodically Arranged of the Principal Editions and Versions of the Holy Scriptures ; Together with Notices of the Principal Philologers, Critics, and Interpreters of the Bible. T. Cadell. pp. 391–.
  208. ↑ Paxton, George (1842). Illustrations of Scripture (3 ed.). Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  209. ↑ Paxton, George (1822). Chase, Ira, ed. Volume 1 of Illustrations of the Holy Scriptures: In Three Parts, Rev. Ira Chase. J. E. Moore ; J. Harding, printer. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  210. ↑ 210.0 210.1 Paxton, George (1822). Chase, Irah, ed. Illustrations of the Holy Scriptures: In Three Parts. Volume 2. J. E. Moore ; J. Harding, printer. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  211. ↑ Paxton, George (1822). "Part 3, Chap. 1". Illustrations of the Holy Scriptures: In Three Parts ... 2. J. E. Moore ; J. Harding, printer. pp. 158–. qY9HAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 30 November 2014. Females of distinction in Palestine, and even in Mesopotamia, are not only beautiful and well-shaped, but, in consequence of being always kept from the rays of the sun, are very fair.
  212. ↑ Rees, Abraham (1819). The Cyclopædia: Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown [etc. ]. pp. 84–. p. 84 at Google Books
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  216. ↑ Buckingham, James Silk (1822). Travels in Palestine, through the countries of Bashan and Gilead, east of the river Jordan: incl. a visit to the cities of Geraza and Gamala, in the Decapolis. Longman. pp. 261–. yX9CAAAAcAAJ. (Buckingham 1822, p. 261 at Google Books)
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  222. ↑ Annals of Palestine, 1821-1841, S.N. Spyridon, in: Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, Volume 18, 1938
  223. ↑ "Letters on Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land". Archive.org. 2001-03-10. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  224. ↑ George Long (scholar), ed. (1840). Palestine, The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Charles Knight (publisher). pp. 163–. p. 163 at Google Books
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  226. ↑ Kitto, John (1844). The Pictorial History of Palestine and the Holy Land, Including a Complete History of the Jews, Volume 1. C. Knight. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  227. ↑ Kitto, John (1844). The Pictorial History of Palestine and the Holy Land, Including a Complete History of the Jews, Volume 2. C. Knight. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  228. ↑ Kitto, John (1841). Palestine: the Physical Geography and Natural History of the Holy Land, Illustrated with Woodcuts. - London, Knight 1841. CHARLES KNIGHT AND CO., LUDGATE STREET.
  229. ↑ Palestine: the Bible history of the ... - John Kitto - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  230. ↑ Balbi, Adriano (1842). System of universal geography, founded on the works of Malte-Burn and Balbi: embracing a historical sketch of the progress of geographical discovery, the principles of mathematical and physical geography, and a complete description from the most recent sources, of the political and social condition of the world ... Adam and Charles Black. pp. 651–654.
  231. ↑ Keith, Alexander (1843). The Land of Israel, According to the Covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob. William Whyte. pp. 186–. p. 186 at Google Books
  232. ↑ Keith, Alexander (1843). The Land of Israel, According to the Covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob. William Whyte. pp. 467–. p. 467 & p. 468 at Google Books
  233. ↑ Olin, Stephen (1843). Travels in Egypt, Arabia Petræa, and the Holy land. Harper & brothers. pp. 434–. p. 434 at Google Books
  234. ↑ Lynch, William Francis (1849). Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. Lea and Blanchard. pp. 425–. p. 425 at Google Books
  235. ↑ James Redhouse (1856). An English and Turkish dictionary.
  236. ↑ Porter, Josias Leslie (1868). John Murray (Firm), ed. A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine ... 1. J. Murray. pp. 177–. p. 177 at Google Books
  237. ↑ Porter, Josias Leslie (1858). A handbook for travellers in Syria and Palestine 2. Murray. pp. 374–. p. 374 at Google Books
  238. ↑ Traill, Thomas Stewart (1860). The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature. A. and C. Black. pp. 36–. David Kay published articles on various subjects and was one of the sub-editors on the eighth edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Geographical Articles from the Encyclopaedia Britannica 4to David Kay Esq frgs
  239. ↑ Traill, Thomas Stewart (1859). 'Palestine', The Encyclopaedia Britannica 17 (8 ed.). A. and C. Black. pp. 198–. Djk6AQAAMAAJ. [Palestine] ...was finally subdued in 1517 by Selim I., the sultan of the Turks, under whom it has continued for more than 300 years. ...until the memorable invasion of Egypt by the French army in 1798. Bonaparte being apprised that preparations were making in the pashalic of Acre for attacking him in Egypt, resolved, according to his usual tactics, to anticipate the movements of his enemies. He accordingly marched across the desert which divides Egypt from Palestine, and invaded the country at the head of 10,000 troops. After taking several towns, and among the rest Jaffa, where he stained his character by the atrocious massacre of 4000 prisoners. (Traill 1859, p. 198, 'Palestine', The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 17)
  240. ↑ Traill, Thomas Stewart (1860). The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature. A. and C. Black. pp. 38–. J.L.P. —Porter, Rev. J. L., Author of the "Handbook to Syria and Palestine". (p. 38 at Google Books)
  241. ↑ 'Syria', Encyclopaedia Britannica 20 (8 ed.). Little, Brown, & Company. 1860. pp. 907–. 1TI7AQAAMAAJ. The modern inhabitants of Syria and Palestine are a mixed race, made up of the descendants of the ancient Syrians who occupied the country in the early days of Christianity and of the Arabians who came in with the armies of the khalifs and settled in the cities and villages. The number of the latter being comparatively small, the mixture of blood did not visibly change the type of the ancient people. This may be seen by comparing the Christians with the Muslems. The former are undoubtedly of pure Syrian descent, while the latter are more or less mixed, and yet there is no visible distinction between the two save what dress makes. (1860, p. 907, 'Syria', The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 20)
  242. ↑ 36th United States Congress (1860). The Massacres in Syria: a Faithful Account of the Cruelties and Outrages Suffered by the Christians of Mount Lebanon, During the Late Persecutions in Syria: With a Succinct History of Mahometanism and the Rise of the Maronites, Druses ... and Other Oriental Sects ... R.M. De Witt. pp. 11–. -mKObB86PUMC. (36th U.S. Congress 1860, p. 11 at Google Books)
  243. ↑ Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872-1908, By Johann Büssow, p5
  244. ↑ Khalidi 1997, p. 151.
  245. ↑ Burton, Lady Isabel (1875). The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land: From My Private Journal. H. S. King and Company. pp. 349–. p. 349 ay Google Books
  246. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 51: "Abdul Karim Rafeq, who wrote an extensive study on Ottoman Palestine, came across the term a number of times [Footnote]: Abdul-Karim Rafeq, "Filastin fi Ahd al-Uthmaniyin", al-Mawsua al-Filistiniyya, Part 2, Special Studies, Vol. 2, Historical Studies, Beirut: Hay’at al-Mawsua al-Filistiniyya, 1990, pp. 695–990." "Among his sources for the late-nineteenth century was a travelogue of a Damascene traveler, Nu`man al-Qasatli. This book, still in manuscript, is called "al-Rawda al-Numaniyya in the travelogue to Palestine and some Syrian Towns.""
    [see also]: Nu`man ibn `Abdu al-Qasatli, The Forgotten Surveyor of Western Palestine, Journal of Palestinian Archaeology 1 (2000): 28-29
  247. ↑ The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840-1947, Gideon Biger, p15
  248. ↑ Röhricht, Reinhold (1890). Reinhold Röhricht, Bibliotheca Geographica Palestine, from the year A.D. 333 to A.D. 1878. H. Reuther. pp. 1–. YY_bk3Jf-9QC. Google Books title image @ http://books.google.com/books?id=YY_bk3Jf-9QC&pg=PR1&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U21AQl8wuT1bmaYDcYjnpmrNG_zEQ&ci=73%2C174%2C793%2C1213&edge=0
  249. ↑ The Church Quarterly Review. S.P.C.K. 1891. pp. 259–. VJE3AAAAMAAJ. Bibliotheca Geographica Palestine. Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf die Geographic des heiligen Landes beziiglichen Literatur von 333 bis 1878 und Versuch einer Cartographic. Herausgegeben von Reinhold Rohricht. (Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1890.) The title indicates clearly enough the general character of this book. It professes to give a list of all the books relating to the geography of Palestine from the year A.D. 333 to A.D. 1878 and also a chronological list of maps relating to Palestine. (The Church Quarterly Review 1891, p. 259)
  250. ↑ A History of Civilization in Palestine. CUP Archive. pp. 130–. GGKEY:5CEENZCZEW9. p. 130: Bibliography: Only a small selection can be mentioned from among the books on Palestine. Bibliotheca Geographica Palestinae, (Berlin, 1890), enumerates 3515 books, issued between 333 A.D. and 1878 A.D.
  251. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 51: "Perhaps the clearest indication that it was not the British who invented the term Palestine is its usage by the Ottoman authorities. The remnants of the correspondence of the Ottoman governors with their superiors in the first decade of the twentieth century quite often relate to the Zionist question and the resistance to it among local inhabitants. The country is referred to throughout as Palestine."
  252. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 48.
  253. ↑ "Arab nationalism and the Palestinians, 1850-1939, ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz ʻAyyād". Passia.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  254. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 51: "An important source shedding light on the question is Ruhi al-Khalidi’s book on the history of Zionism, written in the first decade of the twentieth century. It is noteworthy that whenever the name of the country appears, it is always Palestine, never southern Syria or anything else. Al-Khalidi does not seem to be inventing it, otherwise it would be difficult to see why he does not try to explain what he is doing, or where he found this "bizarre" name. He is simply using what his language and his knowledge have imparted to him. [Footnote: Walid Khalidi, "Kitab al-Sionism, aw al-Mas’ala al-Sahyiuniyya li-Muhammad Ruhi al-Khalidi al-mutwaffa sanat 1913," in Hisham Nashshabe, ed., Dirasat Filastiniyya, Beirut: Muassasat al-Dirasat al-Filistiniyya, 1988, pp. 37–82.]"
  255. ↑ Grooves Of Change: A Book Of Memoirs, Herbert Samuel
  256. ↑ Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 1914-1956, Elizabeth Monroe, p26
  257. ↑ Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 2: Ethnography and Cartography, Salim Tamari
  258. ↑ 258.0 258.1 258.2 Grief 2008, p. 473.
  259. ↑ "Hansard ARAB POLITICAL REPRESENTATIVES (VISIT TO PALESTINE). HC Deb 25 June 1918 vol 107 c903W". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 1918-06-25. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  260. ↑ "Hansard search "Palestinian"". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  261. ↑ "Zionist Organization Statement on Palestine, Paris Peace Conference, February 3, 1919". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  262. ↑ "Paris Peace Conference Zionist Organisation - proposed map of Palestine". Mideastweb.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  263. ↑ Pipes, Daniel (1992). Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition. Oxford University Press US. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-19-506022-5.
  264. ↑ "Franco-British Convention on Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria and the Lebanon, Palestine and Mesopotamia" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  265. ↑ Lewis 1980, p. 12.
  266. ↑ Meeting on November 9, 1920, quoted in: Memorandum No. 33, "Use of the Name Eretz-Israel’," in the Report by the Palestine Royal Commission, 1937, Memoranda Prepared by the Government of Palestine, C. O. No. 133.
  267. ↑ "Permanent Mandates Commission, 22nd meeting, minutes of the ninth session, Geneva, June 1926". Domino.un.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  268. ↑ Palestine: Report of the Royal Commission, 1936, CAB 24/270/8 / Former Reference: CP 163 (37), 22 June 1937
  269. ↑ 269.0 269.1 269.2 269.3 269.4 Richard Abbott. "The Philistines". Oldtestamentstudies.net. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  270. ↑ 270.0 270.1 270.2 270.3 270.4 "All references to words beginning Philis*". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  271. ↑ Smith, 1863, p. 1546.
  272. ↑ A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period Page 174 Lester L. Grabbe - 2008 "The place of Judah in Coele-Syria was readily known in geographical writings. According to Strabo, Syria includes the following areas: We set down as parts of Syria, beginning at Cilicia and Mt. Amanus, both Commagene and the Seleucis ...
  273. ↑ Strabo 16.2, Geographica
  274. ↑ Studies in Josephus and the varieties of ancient Judaism: Louis H. Feldman. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  275. ↑ The Bar-Kokhba Revolt (132-135 C.E.) by Shira Schoenberg, The Jewish Virtual Library
  276. ↑ 276.0 276.1 Sharon, 1998, p. 4. According to Moshe Sharon: "Eager to obliterate the name of the rebellious Judaea", the Roman authorities (General Hadrian) renamed it Palaestina or Syria Palaestina.
  277. ↑ Lehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998). "Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy". The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
  278. ↑ Lendering, Jona. "Satraps and satrapies". Livius.org. Livius. Retrieved 17 December 2014.