Timeline of file sharing

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This is a timeline of events in the history of file sharing.

1970s

• 1971 – The 8-inch floppy disk, the first removable magnetic medium and the first removable media, is developed by an IBM team led by David Noble.^[1] It allows for manual file transfer. Removable media would become a target of media industry efforts against the sharing of intellectual property.^[2] Predecessor of CD-ROMs and flash media.
• 1977 – Xmodem a point-to-point binary transfer protocol by Ward Christensen.
• February 1978 – Ward Christensen's CBBS becomes the first Bulletin board system.^[3] BBS access is limited to phone lines until the early 1990s.
• 1979 – Usenet conceived by Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University.^[4] Its primary purpose is to facilitate focused discussion threads within topical categories (Usenet newsgroups), but it also allows the transfer of files. As of 2015 alt.binaries.* newsgroups continue to serve files.

1980s

Most file sharing in this era was done by modem over landline telephone, at speeds from 300 to 9600 bits per second. Many file systems in use only supported short filenames. Computer memory and speed was very limited, with 50 MHz CPUs only being accessible to consumers at the end of the decade.

• 1981 – Kermit (protocol) – a binary protocol that can be used with telnet or other BBS systems to transfer binary data.
• January 1984 – In Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.,^[5] the Supreme Court of the United States finds that making individual copies of complete television shows for purposes of time-shifting is fair use. This case would create some interpretative challenges to courts in applying the case to more recent file sharing technologies available for use on home computers and over the Internet.
• 1984 – Fidonet, an inter-BBS protocol that was widely available prior to IP based, is founded by Tom Jennings.^[6]
• October 1985 – File Transfer Protocol is standardized in RFC 959, authored by Postel and Reynolds.^[7] FTP allows files to be efficiently uploaded and downloaded from a central server.
• 1985 – Ymodem – a minor improvement to Xmodem.
• 1986 – Zmodem – another point-to-point binary transfer protocol, which had superior long-distance (high latency) transmission.
• August 1988 – Internet Relay Chat is created by Jarkko Oikarinen.^[8] IRC users can exchange files via Direct Client-to-Client.

1990s

In this decade, the very basic ideas involved with file sharing were experimented with. Most of the protocols (like BitTorrent) that were involved in file sharing were not heavily used in this decade. Data compression technologies for audio and video (like MP3, AAC and MPEG1) were only usable by the general public towards the end of the 1990s – and sharing digital video was still a dream. Most of the world's telecommunications infrastructure did not have fibre optic cable readily available until the late 1990s.

• November 1990 – The World Wide Web is formally proposed by Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau.^[9]
• December 1991 – MP3 is finalized as an ISO/IEC standard.^[10][11]
• 1992 – Software Publishers Association runs an anti-copyright infringement campaign Don't Copy That Floppy
• 1997 – Scour Inc. is founded by five UCLA Computer Science students. Early products provide file search and download using the SMB protocol, as well as a multimedia web search engine released in 1998. Scour attracted early attention and support from media industry insiders before declaring bankruptcy in October 2000.^[12]
• April 1997 – Winamp audio player is released,^[13] leading to increased use of MP3 files.
• August 1997 – Hotline is announced at MacWorld,^[14] and allows chat, forums, and file transfers. It becomes popular among Mac users.
• November 1997 –
  
  MP3.com is founded by Michael Robertson and Greg Flores.^[15] Initially an FTP search engine, MP3.com becomes a hosting service for unsigned artists. It serves 4 million audio file downloads per day at its peak and becomes the largest technology IPO in July 1999. The release of My.MP3.com in January 2000, which allowed users to stream their own files, would prompt litigation. In May 2000, UMG v. MP3.com, would be ruled in favor of the record labels. MP3.com would settle for $200 million and discontinue the service.^[16]
• March 1998 – The MPMan F10, the first MP3 player, is launched.^[17]
• September 1998 – Rio PMP300 MP3 player is shipped by Diamond Multimedia.^[18] Its popularity leads the RIAA to file a temporary restraining order in October, without success.^[19][20]
• October 1998 – Digital Millennium Copyright Act is unanimously passed by the US Senate. The DMCA would become the basis for numerous legal actions against file sharing services.
• November 1998 – Audiogalaxy is created by Michael Merhej.^[21] Initially an FTP search engine, the Audiogalaxy Satellite P2P client would reach 1 million downloads in 2001. In May 2002, a suit by the RIAA would force Audiogalaxy to block sharing of illegal songs. In June 2002, Audiogalaxy would settle the suit for an undisclosed amount and make its services opt-in. In September 2002, Audiogalaxy would discontinue P2P services in favor of Rhapsody, a for-pay streaming service.
• December 1998 – MP3 Newswire, the first digital media news site, is launched.^[22]
• June 1999 – Napster is created by Shawn Fanning. Napster used a centralized structure where indexing and searching is performed on Napster servers.^[23] Individual files, however, remain on the hosts' computers and are transferred directly from peer to peer. In December 1999, the first lawsuits would be filed against Napster.^[24] Usage would peak in February 2001, with 26.4 million users. In July 2001, Napster would shut down its network to comply with an injunction.
• November 1999 - The Direct Connect network is created.

2000s

In computer science terms, modern file sharing begins in the 2000s. Several file sharing protocols and file formats were introduced, along with nearly a decade in protocol experimentation. Towards the end of the 2000s, BitTorrent became subject to a "man in the middle" attack in TCP mode – and this has led most file sharing protocols to move to UDP towards the very end of the decade. Client and tracker software in this era was in development as much as the transmission protocols, so the file trading software was not always as reliable as it could have been.

2000

• January – My.MP3.com is released by MP3.com.^[25]
• March – Scour Exchange is released as a P2P file exchange service to compete with Napster. In addition to audio files, it also supports sharing of other media as well as software.^[26]
• March – Gnutella becomes the first decentralized file sharing network with the release of a network client by Justin Frankel and Tom Pepper of Nullsoft.^[27]
• March – Phex (formerly FURI) Gnutella client released.^[28]
• May – UMG v. MP3.com causes My.MP3.com to shut down.
• June – Slyck.com (originally Slyway.com) launches.^[29]
• July –
  
  Freenet is created by Ian Clarke. Its goal is to provide freedom of speech through a peer-to-peer network which focuses on protecting anonymity. Files are distributed across the computers of Freenet's users. Ian Clarke's paper would become the most-cited computer science paper of 2000.^[30] Freenet would become a darknet in 2008.
• September – eDonkey2000 client and server software is released by Jed McCaleb, introducing hashing into decentralized file sharing.
• October – Scour Exchange is shut down as Scour Inc. files for bankruptcy in the face of copyright infringement litigation.^[31]
• October – Napster is credited with driving Radiohead's Kid A album to the top of the Billboard charts.^[32]

2001

• February – A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.
• February – Napster peaks at 26.4 million users.
• March – Kazaa and the FastTrack proprietary protocol are released by Niklas Zennström, Janus Friis, and Priit Kasesalu. The Kazaa Media Desktop client came bundled with malware. Legal action in the Netherlands would force an offshoring of the company, renamed Sharman Networks. In September 2003, the RIAA would file suit against private individuals allegedly sharing files via Kazaa. In September 2005, UMA v. Sharman would be ruled against Sharman by the Federal Court of Australia. Sharman's non-compliance would prompt censorship of the program in Australia. In June 2006, the MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. would cause Sharman to settle for $100 million and convert Kazaa to a legal-only file sharing program.
• April – Morpheus is released by MusicCity (later StreamCast), after licensing the FastTrack protocol.^[33][34] MusicCity had previously operated OpenNap servers. Morpheus would become a popular FastTrack client, with 4.5 million users, until licensing disputes and a protocol switch in February 2002. In March 2003, the Morpheus client was re-released to operate on Gnutella, using Gnucleus servant as its core. In June 2005, a redesigned Morpheus client would be released. In June 2006, MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. would be decided against StreamCast. In June 2008, the Morpheus client would become no longer available for download.
• April – gtk-gnutella client is released.^[35]
• July – Napster shuts down due to injunction.
• July – OpenNap servers spring up.
• July – Audiogalaxy Satellite client reaches 1 million downloads.
• July 1 – BitTorrent released by Bram Cohen.^[36]
• August – ShareReactor eDonkey network index site founded. It would be taken down by police in March 2004.
• September – LimeWire Gnutella client is released under open source.^[37]
• October – Mutella client is released. By 2007, it would no longer be functional.
• November – GNUnet is first publicly announced.
• November – DC++ is created for the Direct Connect network and would become the most popular client.

2002

• January – JASRAC and RIAJ vs Yugen Kaisha Nippon MMO in Tokyo district court, causing File rogue(ファイルローグ) ordered to shut down on April 9.^{[38][39][40][41][42]}
• February – The Kazaa protocol switch shuts out Morpheus.
• May – eMule is released^[43] and soon becomes the eDonkey2000 network's most popular client
• May – Audiogalaxy takes steps to block illegal files due to RIAA lawsuit.
• May 27 – RapidShare one-click hosting service was founded by Christian Schmid.
• June – Audiogalaxy settles RIAA suit for undisclosed amount, its file sharing becomes limited.
• June – First release of Shareaza by Michael Stokes.
• June – Applejuice released.
• July – Overnet introduced by the creators of eDonkey2000 implementing Kademlia protocol.
• July – Soribada(소리바다) was closed on July 11 by Suwon District Court South Division.^[44]
• August – P2Pnet is founded by Jon Newton.
• September – Audiogalaxy discontinues P2P services.
• October – Soulseek file sharing program released.
• October – Suprnova.org torrent index goes online.
• November – Gnutella2 protocol is announced.

2003

• January – isoHunt torrent index founded by Gary Fung. As of 2008, it serves over 40 million unique searches per month.
• March – The Open Music Model is published, advocating a business model for the recording industry based on file sharing
• April – Demonoid torrent index founded. As of 2008, it is the second-largest public torrent tracker in the world.
• May – Poisoned is released. It is the first Kazaa client for the Mac OS X platform.
• May – The iTunes Music Store is launched by Apple, selling music by individual tracks, with digital rights management to prevent file sharing
• May 15 - First hearing before House Committee of Government Reform on inadvertent file sharing, Overexposed: The Threats to Privacy & Security on File Sharing Networks.^[45] Inadvertent File Sharing was a security concern detailed by researcher Nathaniel Good at HP Labs describing how user interface issues contributed to users of KaZaA inadvertently sharing personal and confidential information over p2p networks.^[46][47][48]
• June 17 - Second congressional hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee on inadvertent file sharing The Dark Side of a Bright Idea: Could Personal and National Security Risks Compromise the Potential of P2P File-Sharing Networks?^[49]
• September – the RIAA begins filing lawsuits against individuals allegedly sharing files on Kazaa.
• September – TorrentSpy is registered. It would be shut down in March 2008, and in May 2008 it would be ordered to pay the MPAA $110 million in damages.
• November – Winny source code is confiscated by the Kyoto Police
• November 21 – The Pirate Bay (TPB) bittorrent tracker is founded by Gottfrid Svartholm, Fredrik Neij, and Peter Sunde. It is based in Sweden. It has remained active despite numerous legal actions and a police raid in May 2006. As of February 4, 2013, it is the 73rd most popular site on the Internet according to Alexa.
• 2003 – eMule introduces the Kad network, which implements the Kademlia protocol.

2004

• January 17 - The initial version of the Advanced Direct Connect protocol is introduced for the Direct Connect network.
• March 10 – ShareReactor shut down by Swiss Police.
• May 10 – Winny developer Isamu Kaneko is arrested for suspected conspiracy to commit copyright violation.^[50]
• June 1 – Shareaza becomes open source with the release of v2.0 of the software.^[51] As of 2008, almost all of the major clients on its supported networks (gnutella, Gnutella2, eDonkey) are open source.
• October 28 – The RIAA files an additional 750 lawsuits aimed at alleged copyright violations from file sharing.
• December 14 – Suprnova and many other torrent indexes closed after cease and desist orders by MPAA.
• December 14 – LokiTorrent refuses to comply with cease and desist orders, quickly gains 680,000 users, and $40,000 in legal fund donations. Its legitimacy would later be questioned and it would be taken over by MPAA in February 2005.
• December 15 - US Federal Trade Commission Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing Workshop entitled Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing Technology: Consumer Protection and Competition Issues^[52]

2005

• January – Mininova torrent index goes online as a successor to Suprnova. It has served 5 billion downloads as of May 2008.^[53]
• January – eXeem goes online and rumored/adversed as "the revenge of suprnova". The program failed to gain popularity and was eventually abandoned months later.
• February – LokiTorrent indexing service shut down and is taken over by MPAA.
• March – Avalanche BitTorrent alternative proposed.^[54] Is criticized by BitTorrent creator Bram Cohen.^[55]
• March 21 – Megaupload one-click hosting service is launched.
• June – A busy CD music MP3 download site Boxup closed down and membership transfer to coxoo, then discontinued 2006/03.^{[56][57][58][59][60]}
• June – Grokster developers are found guilty by the United States Supreme court of encouraging copyright infringement ^[61]
• June 30 – EzPeer^[62] wins its case vs IFPI Taiwan^[63] in Shihlin district court. The high court would later reject an appeal, but ezPeer would settle with IPFI Taiwan. As of 2008, it is a legal music download service.
• September 5 – UMA v. Sharman^[64]
• September 13 – WinMX servers owned by Frontcode are shut down due to a cease and desist letter from the RIAA. Developer groups would set up new servers days later.
• September 9 – Kuro(酷樂) loses its case vs IFPI Taiwan in Taipei local court. It would also lose its case vs Push Sound Music & Entertainment on December 19, 2006.^[65] Kuro would lose its appeal in the Taiwan high court on July 16, 2008. Chairman Chen Shou-ten (陳壽騰), CEO James Chen(陳國華), president Chen Kuo-hsiung(陳國雄), and one of Kuro's 500,000 members Chen Chia-hui (陳佳惠), were sentenced to fine and jail.^[66] It shut down its P2P services in 2006, and has become a legal music download service.^[67]
• September 28 – MetaMachine Inc. discontinues the development and maintenance of the original eDonkey2000 client and of the Overnet network following a cease and desist letter from the RIAA.
• November – Bram Cohen, the author of the peer-to-peer (P2P) BitTorrent protocol and the BitTorrent program, made a deal with the MPAA to remove links to illegal content on the official BitTorrent website. The deal was with the seven largest studios in America. The agreement means the site will comply with procedures outlined in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.^[68]

2006

• February 21 – Razorback2, a Swiss indexing server and one of the biggest on the eDonkey network, is raided and taken down.^[69]
• May 31 – The servers of the Swedish website The Pirate Bay are raided by 50 Swedish police officers, causing it to go offline for three days.^[70]
• June 27 – MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. is decided.

2007

• August 21 – Suprnova.org is relaunched by The Pirate Bay.^[71][72]
• October 12 – RIAA files a lawsuit against Usenet.com, accusing it of being an illicit peer-to-peer file sharing site.^[73][74]
• October 23 – OiNK's Pink Palace BitTorrent Tracker is raided and shut down by a joint effort between Dutch and British police.^[75]
• October 24 – The civil-court jury trial for Capitol v. Thomas, the first lawsuit by major record labels against an alleged file sharer, concludes with a verdict for the plaintiffs and a statutory damage award of US$9,250 for each of 24 songs, for a total of $222,000. This was vacated due to an error in jury instruction, and a new trial was held in 2009.
• November 9 – The Demonoid BitTorrent tracker shuts down until April 2008 citing legal threats by the CRIA.
• December 20 – Shareaza.com, the homepage of Shareaza, is taken over by Discordia Ltd., a company closely related to the RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America). It now distributes software containing spyware and adware.^[76]

2008

• January 10 – A trademark claiming the name Shareaza is filled by Discordia Ltd.^[77]
• March 24 – TorrentSpy shuts down citing hostile legal climate.^[78]
• April 11 – Demonoid comes back online.
• May 7 – TorrentSpy is ordered to pay $110 million in damages by US court.
• May 8 – Freenet Darknet rewrite is released.
• August 8 – Italy prevents their citizens from accessing The Pirate Bay and forwards their traffic to IFPI instead.^[79]
• October 10 – An appeal by The Pirate Bay's lawyers succeeds in lifting the Italian ban.
• October 29 – Morpheus website taken down; client is no longer available.
• November 27 – A Danish court rules that ISPs must block access to the website The Pirate Bay.^[80][81]
• December 16 – ShareReactor is reopened by The Pirate Bay.^[82]
• December 19 – The RIAA claims to have ended its P2P litigation campaign against individuals in the U.S., which had been losing money,^[83] in favor of a three strikes campaign.^[84][85] However, some new lawsuits continued to be filed.^[86]

2009

• February 16 – The Pirate Bay trial starts.^[87]
• February 23 – OneSwarm is released.
• April 17 – The Pirate Bay trial concludes with a guilty verdict; each defendant is sentenced to one year in jail and a total of 30 million SEK (3.6 million USD, 2.7 million EUR) in fines and damages. The people behind The Pirate Bay declare they will appeal the ruling.^[88]
• April 24 – Legal fees in record industry lawsuits cause SeeqPod to sell its technology; the site closes until it finds a buyer.^[89]
• June 15 – In the retrial of the 2007 Capitol v. Thomas case, a jury again finds in favor of the plaintiffs, and awards statutory damages of $80,000 per song, for a total of $1.92 million.
• June 30 – Swedish gaming company Global Gaming Factory says it has an interest in purchasing The Pirate Bay. Global Gaming factory eventually lose funding to do so. (GGF).^[90]
• September 14 – Demonoid experiences hardware damage from power outages causing a three-month downtime.^[91]
• September 30 – Global Gaming Factory fails to produce the funds to purchase The Pirate Bay and the deal is put to an end.^[92]
• November 26 – Mininova has removed torrents to all copyrighted content that it does not have official agreements for.^[93]
• December – BtChina and about 530 other sites registered in China were closed down.^[94][95]
• December 13 – Demonoid is back online.^[96]

2010s

In computer science terms, there have been few significant developments in the 2010s. The BitTorrent protocol and clients have become more stable, adopting UDP to defend against transmission problems related to TCP. IPv6 support increased with clients and trackers. So far no new file sharing protocols have been introduced, only patches to the existing protocols.

2010

• October 26, 2010 – US federal court judge Kimba Wood issued an injunction forcing LimeWire to prevent "the searching, downloading, uploading, file trading and/or file distribution functionality, and/or all functionality" of its software (see Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC).^[97][98] As a result, LimeWire May 5, 2011 and newer have been disabled using a backdoor installed by the company.
• November 9, 2010 – First release of a modified version of LimeWire Pro with all undesirable components removed (such as ad- and spyware, as well as dependencies to LimeWire LLC servers) under the name of "LimeWire Pirate Edition", enabling access to all advanced features of the professional version for free.^[99]
• November 26, 2010 – The verdict in The Pirate Bay trial was announced. The appeal court shortened sentences of three of the defendants who appeared in court that day. Neij's sentence was reduced to 10 months, Sunde's to eight, and Lundström's to four. However, the fine was increased from 32 to 46 million kronor.^[100]

2011

• March 2011 – A case involving LimeWire is announced, with an attempt to sue the company for up to $75 trillion.^[101]
• June 2011 Malaysia government blocked 10 file sharing sites.^[102]
• October 2011 Foxy (P2P) shut down.

2012

• January 2012 – The office of EX.UA was raided and service shut down. It was restored in February.
• February 2012 – The domain names of the popular one-click hosting service Megaupload were seized and the site was shut down by the United States Department of Justice, following the indictment and arrests of the owners for allegedly operating as an organization dedicated to copyright infringement.
• February 2012 – Fileserve and Filesonic, both popular file sharing sites voluntarily stop all sharing services, while another site, uploaded.to, begins blocking all IP addresses from the U.S.
• February 2012 – Btjunkie, one of the most popular BitTorrent sites voluntarily shuts down.
• June 2012 - FDzone in Hong Kong and Macau was shut down.
• August 2012 - Seized Demonoid BitTorrent sites up for sale.^[103] Filesonic, which previously disabled its sharing services following Megaupload's shutdown, goes completely offline.^[104]
• September 2012 - The file sharing site uploaded.to switches its domain to uploaded.net; in addition, it starts allowing IP addresses from the U.S.^[105]

2013

• January 2013 - Mega, the successor to Megaupload, was launched from New Zealand.
• December 2013 - Hotfile shuts down following a settlement made with the Motion Picture Association of America.^[106]

2014

• May 2014 - Infinit launched its Windows app (Public Beta).^[107]
• December 2014 - The Pirate Bay source code freed.

References

External links

• http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/8002/p2p.html 2008-04, Top P2P applications by percent as measured by 1.6 million PCs.
• http://torrentfreak.com/p2p-statistics-080426/ 2008-04, Filesharing Report Shows Explosive Growth for uTorrent
• Google trends: kazaa, limewire, torrent, emule – comparison of networks/clients over time.
• Google trends: suprnova, mininova, pirate bay, torrentspy – comparison of torrent trackers and search engines.
• http://www.p2pnet.net/story/2797 2003–04, average simultaneous total p2p users.
• http://www.slyck.com/news.php?story=763 2003–05, total broken by ed2k DC kazaa Gnutella Overnet
• http://ocbmaurice.dyndns.org/pl/ed2k_stats.pl current ed2k stats
• http://www.afterdawn.com/news/archive/6719.cfm cachelogic 2005 file formats (also ,)
• http://torrentfreak.com/peer-to-peer-traffic-statistics/ 2006 cachelogic p2p as percent of total traffic