Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)

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This is a timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.

Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the Apostle Paul, although the church's apostolicity also rests upon St. Andrew who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras, Titus, Paul's companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop, Philip who, according to the tradition, visited and preached in Athens, Luke the Evangelist who was martyred in Thebes, Lazarus of Bethany, Bishop of Kition in Cyprus, and John the Theologian who was exiled on the island of Patmos where he received the Revelation recorded in the last book of the New Testament. In addition, the Theotokos is regarded as having visited the Holy Mountain in 49 AD according to tradition.^{[note 1]} Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the gospel of Christ. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of Thessaloniki, Corinth, Nicopolis, Philippi and Athens.^[1]

By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the Exarchate of Illyricum which was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome. Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732. From then on the Church in Greece remained under Constantinople till the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. As an integral part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the church remained under its jurisdiction until Greek independence.^[1] Under Ottoman rule, up to "6,000 Greek clergymen, ca. 100 Bishops, and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword".^{[2][3][note 2]}

The Greek War of Independence of 1821–28 created an independent southern Greece, but created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations since the Ecumenical Patriarch remained under Ottoman tutelage, and in 1850 the Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the Church of Greece autocephalous.

The cultural roots of both Byzantine and modern Greece cannot be separated from Orthodoxy. Therefore, it was natural that in all Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church was accorded the status of the prevailing religion.^{[9][note 3]}

In the 20th century, during much of the period of communism, the Church of Greece saw itself as a guardian of Orthodoxy. It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of Istanbul and Jerusalem, and Cyprus.^[10] The autocephalous Church of Greece is organised into 81 dioceses, however 35 of these – known as the Metropolises of the New Lands – are nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but are administered as part of the Church of Greece; although the dioceses of Crete, the Dodecanese, and Mount Athos are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.^{[11][note 4]}

The Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans (six from the new territories and six from southern Greece), who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis, and a synod of the hierarchy (in which all ruling metropolitans participate), which meets once a year.^[1]

The government observes several religious holidays as national holidays including Epiphany, Clean Monday (the start of Great Lent), Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Easter Monday, Holy Spirit Day, the Dormition of the Theotokos and Christmas.^[12]

Among the current concerns of the Church of Greece are the Christian response to globalization, to interreligious dialogue, and a common Christian voice within the framework of the European Union.^[1]

The population of Greece is 11.4 million,^{[13][note 5]} 98% of which are Greek Orthodox.^{[16][note 6]}

Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935)

• 1924 Constitution of the Holy Mountain agreed, ratified by the Greek State by the Legislative Decree of 10/16 September 1926;^[18][19] Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia formally founded;^[20] death of Arsenios of Cappadocia.^[21]
• 1925 School of Theology established at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, due to the initiative taken by the government of Alexandros Papanastasiou.^[22]
• 1925–1945 Emigration of less than 30,000 Greeks to the United States, many of whom were "picture brides" for single Greek men.^[23]
• 1926 Proposal for Mount Athos to be turned into a condominium by Dictator Theodoros Pangalos, as part of the treaty signed on 17 August between Greece and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes;^{[18][note 7]} the existing constitution governing the affairs of Mount Athos is passed.^[25]
• 1927-1954 Archim. Seraphim Papakostas (1872-1954) succeeds Archim. Eusebius Matthopoulos as head of the Zoe Brotherhood movement in Greece.^{[26][note 8]}

• 1928 The Ecumenical Patriarchate issued a tome by which it ceded to the Church of Greece, on a temporary basis, 35 of its metropolitan dioceses in northern Greece to be administered by it.^{[11][note 4]}
• 1930 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk officially renamed Constantinople to Istanbul,^[28][29][30] which comes from the Greek expression "eis-tin-polin" ("to the City"), based on the common Greek usage of referring to Constantinople simply as The City; a Pan-Orthodox Consultation on Mount Athos concluded that the only possible relations on the part of the Orthodox toward the Roman Catholics was "Relations of defense on the part of the Orthodox toward Roman Catholic Proselytism."^[31]

• 1931 Benaki Museum opens in Athens, housing Byzantine, Post-Byzantine, and Neo-Hellenic ecclesiastical and national art collections.^{[note 9]}
• 1932 Death of Saint Nicholas Planas.^[33][34][35]
• 1933 Church of Greece bans Freemasonry, declaring that when one becomes a Mason (a member of Freemasonry) it is an act of apostasy from the Church and therefore, until that person repents, they can not attend the Holy Eucharist;^{[36][37][note 10][note 11]} opening of the new Patriarchal Palace in Cairo by Patriarch Meletios, built at the expense of Theodore Kotsikas.^[38]
• 1934 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk transformed Hagia Sophia into a museum.^{[39][note 12]}
• 1935 Death of eminent prelate Metropolitan Germanos (Karavangelis) in Vienna, who had played a central role and was an active participant both in the Greek Struggle for Macedonia and in Pontus, and was a primary candidate for election to the Ecumenical Throne of Constantinople in 1921, and to be Archbishop of Athens in 1923, only to censured in the end by both church and state;^[40][41] Old Calendar schism, when three bishops declared their separation from the official Church of Greece stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act.^{[note 13]}

Kingdom of Greece restored (1935–1967)

• 1936 Apostolic Ministry of the Church of Greece founded ( 'Apostoliki Diakonia' );^[43] General Ioannis Metaxas, Prime Minister of Greece during the 4th of August Regime (1936–41), propagated a Third Hellenic Civilization (Ancient Greece and Byzantium being the first two);^[44] by 1936, Zoe Brotherhood had opened 300 catechetical schools with 35,000 pupils, and received the first prize at the International Protestant Conference on Sunday Schools in Oslo.^[45]

• 1937 The Ecumenical Patriarchate chose a number of highly educated religious personalities for key positions in the recently declared Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Albania, after an agreement with the Albanian authorities, including Panteleimon (Kotokos) as Metr. of Gjirokastër, and Eulogios (Kourilas), as metropolitan of Korytsa;^[46] Mass NKVD operation against Greeks in the USSR begins, based on Joseph Stalin's Directive 50125 of Dec. 1937, resulting in the loss of 38,000 Soviet citizens of Hellenic descent at the Gulags of Siberia.^[47]
• 1938 Death of Silouan of Mt Athos;^[48][49] Chrysanthos (Philippidis) becomes the Archbishop of Athens and all Greece (1938-1941);^[50] American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese is founded, when a group of 37 Ruthenian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. Orestes Chornock were received into the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.^[51]

• 1939–49 World War II and subsequent Greek Civil War (1944–49), famine and widespread bloodshed.^{[52][note 14]}
• 1939 The emigration of the Antiochian Greeks reaches its peak.^{[note 15]}
• 1943 Massacre of Kalavryta by German occupation forces, including the monks and monastery of Agia Lavra;^{[54][note 16]} the Nazi attempt to exterminate the Jews of Athens fails, thanks to the combined efforts of Abp. Damaskinos (Papandreou) of Athens, Greek resistance groups and the Greek people.^[55]
• 1944 Abp. Damaskinos (Papandreou) of Athens serves as regent in an attempt to stabilise Greece (31 Dec 1944 – 28 Sep 1946).^[56]
• 1946 The Civil Code of Greece (Gr: Αστικός Κώδικας) came into effect on February 23, 1946.^{[57][58][note 17]}
• 1947 The Dodecanese Islands are liberated but remain under the Patriarchate of Constantinople;^{[18][59][note 18]} death of Venerable Saint Savvas the New of Kalymnos.^[60]
• 1950 Uncovering of the relics of St. Ephraim of Nea Makri (†1426);^[61] foundation of the Albanian Orthodox Diocese of America under the Ecumenical Patriarchate, with the episcopal ordination on September 10 in Constantinople of Mark Lipa as titular Bishop of Levka (1950-1982).^{[62][note 19]}
• 1951 The 1500th anniversary celebration of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem.^[64]
• 1952 The Holy Synod of the Church of Greece decided to commemorate the feast day of The Protection of the Mother of God on 28 October, rather than on the traditional date of 1 October, thus coinciding with Ohi Day in Greece;^{[65][note 20]} new monastery of Panagia Soumela built in the village of Kastania, in Macedonia, Greece, housing the wonder-working icon of Panagia Soumela, becoming a center of religious pilgrimage;^[66][67] Ecumenical Patr. Athenagoras I (Spyrou) officially visited, for the first time in the last one thousand years, the Papal representative in Constantinople, who returned the visit.^[31]
• 1953 The Athonite School was officially re-established in Mount Athos,^[18] now named the Athonite Ecclesiastical Academy, occupying a wing of the Skete of St. Andrew in Karyes, following the Greek secondary school curriculum combined with ecclesiastical education.^[68]
• 1955 Istanbul Pogrom: In September an organised mob was turned against the ethnic Greek community and the Ecumenical Patriarchate in an orchestrated pogrom, destroying 73 churches, 1,004 residences, 5,000 small- and medium-sized businesses, two cemeteries, 23 schools and 5 athletic centres; the number of ethnic Greeks who were forced to leave Turkey by 1960 as a result of these events is estimated at around 9,000;^[69][70] Glorification of Nicodemos of the Holy Mountain (†1809) by the Patriarchate of Constantinople.^[71]
• 1956 Death of prominent theologian Gregorios Papamichael, professor at the University of Athens, who was responsible for resurrecting two almost forgotten great personalities of Orthodoxy: Gregorios Palamas and Maximos (Trivolis) the Greek, and who furthermore examined diligently various cultural aspects of church life;^{[72][note 21]} Dr. Constantine Cavarnos founds the Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies in Belmont, Massachusetts;^[73] prominent theologian Nikos Nissiotis (1926–86) defended his doctoral dissertation Existentialism and the Christian Faith, being the first time that a Greek confronted the problems raised by Kierkegaard, Jaspers, Heidegger and Sartre in the light of living Orthodox theological thought.^{[74][note 22]}

• 1957 Greek-American priest John Romanides publishes his doctoral dissertation The Ancestral Sin with the approval of the Theological Faculty of the University of Athens, representing a classic, landmark work in the theological revolution of the 1960s that set an unimpeachable standard of Orthodoxy.^[75]
• 1958 Pope John XXIII and Ecumenical Patr. Athenagoras I (Spyrou) exchanged formal letters calling for peace among the Christian churches.^[31]
• 1959 Death of Blessed Elder Joseph (Spilaiotis) the Hesychast;^[76] death of Venerable Elder and New Confessor George (Karslidis) of Drama;^[77][78] the Zoe Brotherhood edition of the New Testament had sold over 650,000 copies by 1959;^[79] Hieromonk Augoustinos Kantiotes founds the Society of Theologians "The Cross" ("O Stavros") , which assumed the form of a brotherhood in 1966;^[80] Abp. Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency Porefthentes (Go Ye) to revive the church's mission activities.^[81]
• 1960 Death of Venerable Saint Anthimos of Chios.^[82]
• 1961 Glorification of Nektarios of Pentapolis (†1920);^[83] first ever visit of a Greek Orthodox Patriarch to Canada, as Patr. Benedict I of Jerusalem begins a North-American tour to raise funds for the restoration of the shrines in the Holy Land.^[84]
• 1962 Foundation of Monastery of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, in Oinousses (Metropolis of Chios, Psara and Oinouses).^[85][86]
• 1962–68 The 12-Volume "Religious and Ethical Encyclopedia" (Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια, ΘΗΕ) is compiled as a joint effort between academics, university scholars and other contributors, published by the Athanasios Martinos publishing house, Athens.^[87]
• 1963 Soter Brotherhood is created, as the more traditionalist members broke away from the Zoe Brotherhood to form a smaller new brotherhood under the leadership of Prof. Panagiotes N. Trembelas, having a profound influence on the Church of Greece;^[88][89] Second Pan-Orthodox Conference held in Rhodes;^[90] 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of Mount Athos.^[91]
• 1964 The skull of St. Andrew the Apostle, the martyred Patron Saint of Greece, was returned to the Greek Orthodox Church as a gesture of Church unity by Pope Paul VI;^{[92][note 23]} Panagia Malevi icon of the Mother of God begins gushing myrrh, at the Malevi Monastery, at Agios Petros, Arcadia;^[93] Third Pan-Orthodox Conference held in Rhodes;^[90] in March, Turkey denounced the 1930 bilateral agreement on disputes arising from the exchange of populations and expelled more than 17,000 ethnic Greeks, who were deprived of all access to their real estate, goods and chattels, subsequently followed by the de facto exodus of 40,000 ethnic Greeks of Turkish citizenship.^{[94][note 24]}
• 1965 Death of icon painter Photios Kontoglou, who was a strong influence in the reintroduction of traditional Byzantine and postbyzantine style in church icon painting;^[96] first Metropolitan for Piraeus is elected, Chrysostomos (Tabladorakis) of Argolidos;^[97] Monastery of Panagia Pantanassa (Kranidiou) founded;^[98] Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patr. Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople mutually nullify the excommunications of 1054;^[99] Professor John Karmiris wrote about the Vatican’s plan to promote the union of the Orthodox and Papist, stating: "Pope Paul VI and his circle of Papist theologians worked out a well-researched and broad program of Rome-centered Ecumenism, in agreement with Latin Ecclesiology."^{[100][note 25]} the Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies is established in Thessaloniki, located at the Holy Patriarchal and Stavropegial Monastery of Vlatadon (Moni Vlatadon).^{[note 26]}
• 1966 Professor Panagiotes K. Chrestou becomes the first director of the Patriarchal Institute for Patristic Studies (1966-1989),^[104] justly regarded as the leading Greek Patrologist of the 20th century;^{[105][note 27]} death of Ieronymos (Apostolides) of Aegina;^[107] Center for Byzantine Research established at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki;^[108] translation of the sacred relics of the Holy Apostle Titus of Crete, from Venice (which had taken them in 1669), back to the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Crete;^[109] Greek–American academic and professor C. A. Patrides publishes Milton and the Christian Tradition, a classic study of John Milton's Christian theology.^{[110][note 28]}
• 1966–1980 About 160,000 Greeks emigrated to the USA.^[111]
• 1967 Glorification of Arsenios of Paros (†1877) by the Patriarchate of Constantinople;^[112][113] professor C. A. Patrides surveyed the history of apocatastasis in his Salvation of Satan.^{[114][note 29]}

Military dictatorship (1967–1974)

• 1967 Archimandrite Ieronymos Kotsonis became Archbishop of Athens and all Greece (1967–1973);^[116] Hieromonk Augoustinos Kantiotes is elected Metropolitan of Florina, Prespai and Eordaia (1967-2000).^[117]
• 1968 Orthodox Academy of Crete (OAC) founded by the Archdiocese of Crete, near the Moni Gonia Monastery.^{[118][note 30]} the Pope removed from the Calendar of Saints the Great-Martyr St. George the Trophy-bearer, and erased thirty other Saints with him, including Saint Nicholas, Saint Christopher, Saint Barbara, and Saint Catherine, being among the chief Saints of Orthodoxy.^[120]
• 1970 Death of Elder Amphilochios (Makris) of Patmos.^[121]

• 1971 Halki Seminary, Orthodoxy's most prominent theological school, is closed by Turkish authorities breaching Article 40 of the Lausanne Treaty and Article 24 of the Turkish Constitution which both guarantee religious freedom and education;^[122][123] Abp. Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus baptizes more than 5,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya, mostly from the Kikuyu tribe;^[124][125] the island of Tinos is proclaimed sacred by an act of parliament in 1971;^{[126][127][note 31]} the Church of Greece designated Pelagia of Tinos (†1834) a saint on 11 September.^[127]
• 1972–1973 Ecclesiastical coup in Cyprus fails to remove Abp. Makarios III from the Presidency.^[128]
• 1972 Death of missionary Archimandrite Chrysostomos Papasarantopoulos, having laboured to spread the Orthodox faith in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Congo;^[129] on 28 November, the Church of Greece reaffirmed its 1933 ban on Freemasonry, declaring and proclaiming that Freemasonry is a proven mystery religion.^{[37][note 32]}
• 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus,^[130] Turkish forces advance capturing the 37% of the island,^{[131][note 33]} 3,000 are killed or missing, 200,000 become refugees;^{[133][note 34]} the Monarchy is voted out by a plebiscite vote of 69%.^[132]

Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece 33–717 AD 717–1204 AD 1204–1453 AD 1453–1821 AD 1821–1924 AD 1924–1974 AD Since 1974 AD Related topics: Greek Orthodox Church

See also

• List of archbishops of Athens
• Greek Orthodox Church
• Orthodox Church organization

History

• History of the Orthodox Church
• History of Eastern Christianity
• History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire
• History of Eastern Orthodox Churches in the 20th century
• Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in America

Church Fathers

• Apostolic Fathers
• Church Fathers
• Ante-Nicene Fathers
• Desert Fathers
• Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
• List of Church Fathers

Notes

References

Published works

• Christos Yannaras. Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. ISBN 1-885652-81-X
• Giannēs Koliopoulos and Thanos Veremēs. Greece: The Modern Sequel, from 1831 to the Present. NYU Press, 2002. 407 pp. ISBN 9780814747674
• C.M. Woodhouse. Modern Greece. 4th ed. Boston : Faber and Faber, 1986.
• Demetrios J. Constantelos. Understanding the Greek Orthodox Church: Its Faith, History and Life. 4th Edition. Brookline, Mass.: Hellenic College Press, 2005. ISBN 9780917653506
• Dimitri E. Conomos, Graham Speake. Mount Athos, the Sacred Bridge: The Spirituality of the Holy Mountain. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2005.
• Effie Fokas. Religion in the Greek Public Sphere: Nuancing the Account. Journal of Modern Greek Studies. Volume 27, Number 2, October 2009, pp. 349–374.
• Herman A. Middleton. Precious Vessels of the Holy Spirit: The Lives & Counsels of Contemporary Elders of Greece. 2nd Ed. Protecting Veil Press, 2004.
• John L. Tomkinson. Between Heaven and Earth: The Greek Church. Anagnosis Books, Athens, 2004.
• Mother Nectaria McLees. EVLOGEITE! A Pilgrim's Guide to Greece. 1st Ed. St. Nicholas Press, Kansas City, MO, 2002. 927 pp.
• Norman Russell. Modern Greek Theologians and the Greek Fathers. Philosophy & Theology Volume 18, Issue 1. 2007.10.17. Pages 77–92. (ISSN 08902461)
• Rev. Dr. Nicon D. Patrinacos (M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon)). A Dictionary of Greek Orthodoxy – Λεξικον Ελληνικης Ορθοδοξιας. Light & Life Publishing, Minnesota, 1984.
• Rev. A. H. Hore. Eighteen centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church. London: James Parker & Co. 1899. 706pp. (Re-printed: Gorgias Press LLC, 2003.)

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