Timeline of Malaysian history
This is a timeline of Malaysian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Malaysia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Malaysia.
- This is an incomplete list that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
2nd century
Year | Event |
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200 | Gangga Negara was founded by a son of Merong Mahawangsa.
Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (Jawi: حكاية مروڠ مهاوڠسا ) or The Kedah Annals is an ancient work of Malay literature which chronicles the bloodline of Merong Mahawangsa and the foundation of the Kedah, a state in Malaysia. |
The reign of the ancient Hindu Malay kingdom of Langkasuka began. |
The first research into the Beruas kingdom was conducted by Colonel James Low in 1849, and a century later by H.G. Quaritch Wales. According to the Museum and Antiquities Department, both researchers agreed that the Gangga Negara kingdom existed between 100 and 1000 CE,[1] but could not ascertain the exact site. For years, villagers had unearthed artefacts believed to be from the ancient kingdoms, most of which are at present displayed at the Beruas Museum, including a 128-kilogram (282 lb) cannon, swords, kris, coins, tin ingots, pottery from the Ming Dynasty and various eras, and large jars. They can be dated back to the 5th and 6th century.[2] Through these artefacts, it has been postulated that Pengkalan (Ipoh), Kinta Valley, Tanjung Rambutan, Bidor and Sungai Siput were part of the kingdom. Artefacts also suggest that the kingdom's centre might have shifted several times. Gangga Negara was renamed to Beruas after the establishment of Islam there.
3rd century
Year | Event |
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300 | The reign of the small Hindu kingdom of Pan Pan began. |
7th century
Year | Event |
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630 | The Kedah Kingdom was founded by Maharaja Derbar Raja of Bandar Abbas. |
700 | The ancient kingdom of Srivijaya began to influence Maritime Southeast Asia.
Between the 7th and the 13th century, much of the Malay peninsula was under the Buddhist Srivijaya empire. The site of Srivijaya's centre is thought be at a river delta in eastern Sumatra, based near what is now Palembang. For over six centuries the Maharajahs of Srivijaya ruled a maritime empire that became the main power in the archipelago. The empire was based around trade, with local kings (dhatus or community leaders) swearing allegiance to the central lord for mutual profit.[3] |
The reign of Pan Pan ended. |
11th century
Year | Event |
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1100 | The reign of Gangga Negara ended. |
12th century
Year | Event |
---|---|
1136 | Phra Ong Mahawangsa converted to Islam and founded the Kedah Sultanate, so ending the practice of Hinduism in the dynasty. |
13th century
Year | Event |
---|---|
1290 | Srivijaya fell to the Majapahit empire.[4]
Majapahit empire, the last Indianized kingdom in Indonesia, based in eastern Java, existed between the 13th and 16th centuries. The founder of the empire was Vijaya, a prince of Singhasāri, who escaped when Jayakatwang, the ruler of Kaḍiri, seized the palace. In 1292 Mongol troops came to Java to avenge an insult to the emperor of China, Kublai Khan, by Kertanagara, the king of Singhasāri, who had been replaced by Jayakatwang. Vijaya collaborated with Mongol troops in defeating Jayakatwang; Vijaya then turned against the Mongols and expelled them from Java. Majapahit was a vast thalassocratic archipelagic empire based on the island of Java from 1293 to around 1500. Majapahit reached its peak of glory during the era of Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 was marked by conquest which extended through Southeast Asia. His achievement is also credited to his prime minister, Gajah Mada. According to the Nagarakretagama written in 1365, Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributaries, stretching from Sumatra to New Guinea;[5] consisting of present day Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, southern Thailand, the Philippines, and East Timor, although the true nature of Majapahit sphere of influence is still the subject of studies among historians. Majapahit was one of the last major empires of the region and is considered to be one of the greatest and most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia, one that is sometimes seen as the precedent for Indonesia's modern boundaries |
1300 | The influence of Srivijaya over Maritime Southeast Asia ended. |
14th century
Year | Event |
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1400 | The reign of Langkasuka ended. |
15th century
Year | Event |
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1402 | The Malacca Sultanate was founded by Parameswara. |
1450 | The Sulu Sultanate reached its peak by extending its rule to the eastern part of North Borneo. |
16th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1511 | 15 August | Malacca came under Portuguese rule after falling to an army led by Afonso de Albuquerque.
Sultan Mahmud Shah of Malacca made several attempts to retake the capital. He rallied support from his ally the Sultanate of Demak in Java, that in 1511 agreed to send naval forces to assist the effort to retake Malacca. Led by Pati Unus, the Sultan of Demak, the combined Malay–Javan efforts failed and were fruitless. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the sultan to flee to Pahang. Later, the sultan sailed to Bintan Island and established a new capital there. With a base established, the sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organised several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese's position. Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship. In 1521 the second Demak campaign to assist the Malay Sultan to retake Malacca was launched, however once again failed with the cost of the Demak Sultan's life. He was later remembered as Pangeran Sabrang Lor or the Prince who crossed (the Java Sea) to North (Malay Peninsula). The raids helped convince the Portuguese that the exiled sultan's forces must be silenced. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay forces, but it wasn't until 1526 that the Portuguese finally razed Bintan to the ground. The sultan then retreated to Kampar in Riau, Sumatra where he died two years later. He left two sons named Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah II. |
1528 | The Johor Sultanate was founded by Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II, son of Sultan Mahmud Shah of Malacca.
The Perak Sultanate was founded by Sultan Muzaffar Syah, son of Sultan Mahmud Shah of Malacca. |
17th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1641 | The Dutch and their local allies conquered Malacca from the Portuguese. |
19th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1824 | March | The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was signed by the United Kingdom and the Netherlands to address issues regarding trade rights in the Spice Islands. |
1826 | The Burney Treaty was signed between Thailand and the United Kingdom, partitioning the northern Malay states between the two countries. | |
The Straits Settlements were established as part of the territories controlled by the British East India Company. | ||
1831 | The opposition of Dol Said to British taxation policy in Naning led to the Naning War. | |
1841 | 18 August | The Kingdom of Sarawak was established by Sir James Brooke after a grant of independence from the Sultanate of Brunei. |
1861 | July | Larut War: A conflict began between local Malays and Chinese secret societies over control of the mining areas in Perak. |
1867 | Klang War: Raja Mahadi challenged Raja Abdullah for authority over Klang. | |
1 April | The Straits Settlements came under direct British control as a crown colony. | |
1874 | 20 January | The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 signalled official British involvement in the policies of the Malays, and the establishment of British Malaya. |
1879 | 25 October | Jementah Civil War: Tengku Alam Shah refused to place Muar under the temporary administration of Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor. |
1882 | North Borneo became a British protectorate under the sovereign North Borneo Chartered Company. | |
1895 | Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang joined to become the Federated Malay States, a federation of British protectorates. | |
1896 | Mat Salleh Rebellion: Disputes between locals and the British North Borneo Company led to rebellion. |
20th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1909 | 10 March | The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 was signed by the United Kingdom and Thailand, effectively dissecting the northern Malay states. |
1914 | 28 October | Battle of Penang: The German cruiser SMS Emden sank two Allied warships in the Strait of Malacca. |
1941 | Japanese occupation of Malaya and British Borneo: The Japanese occupation took place.. | |
7 December | Attack on Pearl Harbor: Japan opened hostilities with the Allies and their colonies. | |
8 December | Battle of Malaya: A battle was fought by Allies and Japanese forces in Malaya. | |
10 December | The British battleship HMS Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser HMS Repulse were sunk by Japanese bombers. | |
1942 | 14 January | Battle of Muar: The last major battle of the Malayan campaign was fought. |
23 January | Parit Sulong Massacre: Allied soldiers were massacred by Japanese forces. | |
9 February | Battle of Singapore: The Japanese crossed the Strait of Johor in inflatable boats and landed in Singapore. | |
13 February | Battle of Pasir Panjang: A Malay regiment led by Lieutenant Adnan bin Saidi fought bravely against the Japanese at Pasir Panjang Ridge. | |
18 October | Kedah became the Thai possession of Syburi. | |
1945 | January | Sandakan Death Marches: Cruel marches began which were forced by Japan. |
June | Sandakan Death Marches: The death marches came to an end. | |
27 June | Battle of North Borneo: A battle was fought between the Australians and Japanese. | |
14 August | Japan surrendered, leaving a power vacuum. | |
5 September | The British returned and established a military administration in the Straits Settlements. | |
23 September | Kedah and the three other states were returned to the British. | |
1946 | 1 April | The Straits Settlements were dissolved and replaced by the Malayan Union, conceived to unify the Malay Peninsula under a single government. |
8 February | Charles Vyner Brooke declared that the Sarawak Supreme Council agreed on the cession of Sarawak to British. | |
1 July | British officially declared Sarawak as Crown Colony of Sarawak | |
1948 | 31 January | Opposition from Malay nationalists forced the Malayan Union to disband in favour of the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states. |
18 June | Malayan Emergency: Rubber plantations and tin mines in Malaya were destroyed by Communists, leading the British to declare a state of emergency. | |
1949 | 8 October | The University of Malaya was established following the merger of Raffles College and King Edward Medical College. |
1950 | 23 February | Bukit Kepong Incident: An armed encounter took place between Communists and the police. |
1956 | 18 January | A constitutional conference proposed the appointment of the Reid Commission to devise a constitution for a fully self-governing and independent Federation of Malaya. |
1957 | 21 February | The Reid Commission submitted its working draft to a Working Committee. |
31 July | Independence of the Federation of Malaya | |
15 August | The new Federal Constitution was passed by the Federal Legislative Council. | |
31 August | Formal independence of the Federation of Malaya was achieved. | |
1961 | 27 May | Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman proposed a merger between Singapore, Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak. |
1962 | 8 December | Brunei Revolt: A revolt led by Yassin Affandi began coordinated attacks on oil installations, police stations and government facilities around the protectorate. |
1963 | 20 January | Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation: Indonesian Foreign Minister Subandrio announced that Indonesia would pursue a policy of konfrontasi with the Federation of Malaysia, North Borneo and Sarawak. |
9 July | The Malaysia Agreement was signed by the governments of the United Kingdom, Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak. | |
31 July | Manila Accord was signed by the governments of Malaya (now Malaysia), Indonesia and, Philippines. | |
16 September | Malaysia established. | |
1965 | May | Lee Kuan Yew began campaigning for a Malaysian Malaysia. |
7 August | Singapore and Malaysia signed a separation agreement. | |
9 August | The Malaysian Parliament voted to expel Singapore from the Federation. | |
1966 | 7 February | Exchange of notes by the government of Malaysia (formerly Malaya) and Philippines constituting an agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord of 31 July 1963. |
1967 | February | Communist Insurgency War: A war was conducted by the Malayan Communist Party against Malaysian armed forces. |
1969 | 10 May | Malaysian general election, 1969: The third general election since independence was held in West Malaysia. |
13 May | 13 May incident: Ethnic riots between Malays and Chinese took place in Kuala Lumpur. | |
14 May | A state of emergency and accompanying curfew were declared throughout the country. | |
16 May | The state of emergency and curfew were lifted. | |
1971 | An affirmative action program known as the Malaysian New Economic Policy was launched by the Malaysian government. | |
1982 | 1 January | The time zone in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore changed to UTC+08:00 and has not changed since. |
1 May | The time zone in East Malaysia changed to UTC+08:00 and has not changed since. | |
1987 | 27 October | Operation Lalang: An operation was carried out by the Malaysian police to crack down on opposition leaders and social activists. |
1988 | 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis: A series of events began which would lead to the eventual removal of the Lord President of the Federal Court. | |
1991 | 4 October | The Kuala Lumpur Tower official ground-breaking. |
1 November | The Kuala Lumpur International Airport official ground-breaking. | |
1993 | The Parliament passed amendments to the Constitution with the aim of stripping the royalty of legal immunity. | |
1 February | Kuala Lumpur International Airport construction began. | |
1994 | 1 January | Petronas Towers construction commenced. |
1996 | 1 January | Petronas Twin Towers completed. |
Kuala Lumpur International Airport opened to public service. | ||
1 May | The Kuala Lumpur Tower completed. | |
1 June | Astro was launched as Malaysia's first subscription-based satellite television station | |
1997 | 1 January | Asian financial crisis: Malaysia slipped into recession. |
1998 | 1 January | Petronas Towers opened to public service of Aquaria KLCC, Suria KLCC and Dewan Filharmonik Petronas. |
11 September | Opening ceremony of the 16th Commonwealth Games held in Kuala Lumpur | |
The Kuala Lumpur National Stadium officially opened by Prime Minister Tun Doctor Mahathir Bin Mohamad. |
21st century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
2001 | 1 January | The Kuala Lumpur Central Station officially opened. |
8 September | Opening ceremony of the 21st Southeast Asian Games held in Kuala Lumpur | |
2003 | 31 October | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi became the new Prime Minister of Malaysia. |
2014 | 8 March | Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappeared. |
17 July | Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 shot down over Ukraine, killing all 298 people aboard. |
References
- ↑ Research on the Early Malay Doctors 1900-1957 Malaya and Singapore, By Faridah Abdul Rashid
- ↑ Neutron radiography: proceedings of the second world conference, Paris, France, June 16-20, 1986 John Penrose Barton, Commission of the European Communities, D. Reidel, 1987 -928 pages
- ↑ Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. (1982). A History of Malaysia. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. pp. 26–28, 61, 151–152, 242–243, 254–256, 274. ISBN 0-333-27672-8.
- ↑ http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358901/Majapahit-empire
- ↑ Majapahit Overseas Empire, Digital Atlas of Indonesian History