Timeline of Berlin
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Berlin, Germany.
- This is an incomplete list that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Prior to 18th century
Part of a series on the |
|---|
| History of Berlin |
| Margraviate of Brandenburg (1157–1806) |
| Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918) |
| German Empire (1871–1918) |
| Weimar Republic (1919–33) |
| Nazi Germany (1933–45) |
| West Germany and East Germany (1945–90) |
|
| Federal Republic of Germany (1990–present) |
| See also |
- 1163 – Berlin founded by Albert the Bear (approximate date).[1]
- 1230 – St. Nicholas' Church built.
- 1380 – Fire.
- 1451 – Stadtschloss (palace) built.
- 1454 – St. Erasmus Chapel consecrated.
- 1484 – Jerusalem Church built.[2]
- 1539 – Protestant Reformation.
- 1636 – Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium (school) relocates to Berlin.
- 1650 – Berlin Fortress construction begins.
- 1678 – Dorotheen Church built.[2]
- 1688 – Leipziger Straße (street) laid out.
- 1695 – Lange-brucke (bridge) built.[3]
- 1696 – Academy of Art founded.
18th century
- 1700
- Electoral Brandenburg Society of Sciences founded.
- Population: 28,500.
- 1701 – Berlin becomes capital of the Kingdom of Prussia.
- 1703 – Parochial Church built.[2]
- 1705 – French Cathedral built in Friedrichstadt.
- 1708 – German Cathedral built in Friedrichstadt.
- 1713
- Charlottenburg Palace built.
- Nicolaische Buchhandlung (bookseller) in business.[4]
- 1714 – Berlin merges with the cities of Cölln, Dorotheenstadt, Friedrichstadt, and Friedrichswerfer.[1]
- 1715 – City hosts Treaty of Berlin (1715).
- 1721 – Population: 64,600.
- 1722 – Garrison Church built.[2]
- 1732 – Crown Prince's Palace remodelled.
- 1734 – Potsdam Gate constructed.
- 1737 – Berlin Customs Wall and Opera Palace[5] constructed.
- 1739 – Holy Trinity Church built.
- 1742
- Berlin State Opera house inaugurated.
- City hosts signing of the Treaty of Berlin (1742).[6]
- 1743 – Opernplatz (square) laid out.
- 1748 – Berlin Cathedral built.[2]
- 1750 – Population: 113,289.
- 1760 – 9–13 October: City taken by Russian and Austrian forces.[6]
- 1763 – Royal Porcelain Factory founded in Charlottenburg.[2]
- 1765 – Bank established.[6]
- 1766 – Ephraim-Palais built in Nikolaiviertel.
- 1775 – St. Hedwig's Church built.[2]
- 1780 – Alte Bibliothek (Berlin) (library) built.[5]
- 1783
- Wednesday Society active.
- Berlinische Monatsschrift (magazine) begins publication.
- 1786 – Bellevue Palace built.
- 1791 – Sing-Akademie zu Berlin (choral society) founded.[7]
- 1793 – Brandenburg Gate built.[3]
19th century
- 1804 – Population: 182,157.[8]
- 1806 – 21 November: Napoleon issues Berlin Decree while passing through city.[1]
- 1810 – University of Berlin established.[1]
- 1812 – Café Josty in business (approximate date).
- 1815 – City becomes part of the Province of Brandenburg.
- 1821 – Schauspielhaus Berlin (theatre) opens.[9]
- 1824 – Schlossbrucke (bridge) built.[3]
- 1825
- Sing-Akademie building constructed.[2]
- Population: 219,968.
- 1827 – 29 April: Premiere of Mendelssohn's opera Hochzeit des Camacho.[10]
- 1830 – Königliches Museum opens.[11]
- 1834 – Café Kranzler in business.
- 1835 – Berlin Observatory built.[2]
- 1838 – first railway in Prussia, the Berlin–Potsdam railway opened[12]
- 1840 – Population: 322,626.
- 1841 – Verein Berliner Künstler (artists association) founded.
- 1842 - Springer-Verlag (publisher) in business.[13]
- 1843 – Royal Opera House rebuilt.[2]
- 1844 – Kroll's and Berlin Zoological Garden open.
- 1845 – Physical Society of Berlin established.
- 1846 - 24 September: Discovery of Neptune planet at the Observatory.
- 1847
- 1848 – 15 June: Political unrest.[6]
- 1850 – Berliner Musikschule (music school) founded.
- 1851 – 31 May: Statue of Frederick II of Prussia inaugurated on Unter den Linden.[6]
- 1852 – Luisenstadt Canal constructed.
- 1853 – F. W. Borchardt delicatessen and C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik in business.
- 1855 – New Museum opens.[11]
- 1858 – Population: 438,961.[8]
- 1861 – Moabit and Wedding become part of Berlin.
- 1863
- 1864
- Wallner Theater built.
- Population: 632,700.
- 1866 – The New Synagogue was built.[8]
- 1868 – City wall dismantled.[3]
- 1869 – Rotes Rathaus (city hall) built.
- 1871
- Berlin becomes capital of the newly unified German Empire.[1]
- Ringbahn (railway) begins operating.[3]
- Population: 826,341.[8]
- 1872 – Ludwig Loewe & Co. and Berthold Kempinski wine shop in business.
- 1873 – Victory Column inaugurated on Königsplatz.[2]
- 1875
- Socialist Workers' Party of Germany headquartered in Berlin.
- Hotel Kaiserhof in business.
- Königliche Hochschule für Musik active.[7]
- 1876 – National Gallery opens.[2]
- 1878
- Stadtbahn (city railway) begins operating.[3]
- City hosts Congress of Berlin.[8]
- 1879 – Imperial Treasury headquartered in city.
- 1880 – Population: 1,122,330.[8]
- 1881
- Berlin administrative district separates from Province of Brandenburg.[3]
- Industrial museum established.[8]
- 1882 – Berlin Stadtbahn (railway) begins operating.[8]
- 1884
- Dankeskirche (church) built.[8]
- City hosts West Africa Conference.
- 1885 – St. George's Anglican Church built.
- 1886 – Ethnological museum established.[8]
- 1887
- Berlin Philharmonic active.
- Kaiserwilhelmsbrucke (bridge)[8] and Heiligekreuzkirche (church)[8] built.
- Society for Friends of Photography founded.[15]
- 1888 – Lessing Theater opens.
- 1889 – Museum of Natural History opens.
- 1890 – May Day begins.[5]
- 1891 – Hotel Bristol in business.
- 1892 – Theater am Schiffbauerdamm opens.
- 1894 – Reichstag building constructed.[8]
- 1895
- 1 September: Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church consecrated.
- 13 December: Premiere of Mahler's Symphony No. 2.
- 1896
- Oberbaum Bridge rebuilt.
- 1 May: Great Industrial Exposition of Berlin and Treptow Observatory open.
- 1897
- National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument unveiled.
- International Automobile Exhibition begins.
- 1898
- Berlin Secession (art group) founded.
- Café des Westens in business.
20th century
1900s-1930s
See also: 1920s Berlin
- 1900 – Berlin Automobile Association founded.[16]
- 1901 – Population: 1,901,567.[1]
- 1902 – Berlin U-Bahn begins operating.
- 1904
- Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum opens.[17]
- Tietz department store in business on Alexanderplatz.
- 1905
- Berlin Cathedral rebuilt.
- Population: 2,040,148.[1]
- 1906 – Virchow Hospital opens in Moabit.[3]
- 1907
- Märkisches Museum built in Köllnischer Park.
- Kaufhaus des Westens (shop) and Hotel Fürstenhof in business.
- 1908
- Hotel Excelsior in business.
- Friedrichstraßenpassage shopping arcade built.
- 1910 - Der Sturm magazine begins publication.
- 1911
- Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Sciences founded.
- Hotel Esplanade built.[18]
- Die Aktion magazine begins publication.
- 1913 – Deutsches Stadion (stadium) and Cines-Palast (cinema) open.
- 1914
- Volksbühne (theatre) and Bendlerblock built.
- Pacifist Bund Neues Vaterland headquartered in city.
- 1918 – Die Rote Fahne newspaper begins publication.
- 1919
- January: Spartacist uprising; socialists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht killed.
- February: Dadaist Jedermann sein eigner Fussball published.
- City becomes capital of the Weimar Republic.
- 1920
- March: Kapp Putsch.
- June: First International Dada Fair held.[19]
- 1 October: City area expands per Greater Berlin Act, incorporating Charlottenburg, Köpenick, Lichtenberg, Neukölln, Schöneberg, Spandau, and Wilmersdorf.
- 1922
- 24 June: Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau assassinated.
- December: International of Revolutionary Syndicalists founded in Berlin.[20]
- 1923 – Tempelhof Airport and Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute established.
- 1924 – Traffic light installed in Potsdamer Platz.[5]
- 1925 – Population: 4,024,286.
- 1926 – Funkturm Berlin (radio tower) erected.
- 1927 – 10 January: Premiere of film Metropolis.
- 1928
- 31 August: Premiere of Brecht's The Threepenny Opera.[21]
- Titania Palast (theatre) opens.[22]
- 1929
- May: Blutmai unrest.
- Lichtburg cinema opens.
- 1930 – Pergamon Museum built.
- 1931 – Großsiedlung Siemensstadt housing built.
- 1932 – Columbushaus built on Potsdamer Platz.
- 1933
- 27 February: Reichstag fire.
- 10 May: Nazi book burnings in Opernplatz.
- City becomes capital of the Greater German Reich.
- Hufeisensiedlung housing built.
- 1934
- City becomes seat of the Greater Berlin and Mark Brandenburg Gaue (Nazi administrative divisions).
- Columbia concentration camp in operation.
- 1935 – 28 March: Premiere of film Triumph of the Will.
- 1936
- Olympic Stadium and Air Ministry Building constructed.
- August: 1936 Summer Olympics held.[23][24]
- Sachsenhausen concentration camp and Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp established near city.
- 1937
- Julius Lippert becomes mayor.
- Albert Speer becomes Generalbauinspektor for the Reich capital.
- 1938 – 9–10 November: Kristallnacht; Fasanenstrasse Synagogue burned.
- 1939 – Population: 4,332,242.[25]
1940s-1980s
Main articles: East Berlin and West Berlin
- 1940
- Bombing of Berlin in World War II begins.
- Ludwig Steeg becomes mayor.
- 1943 – November: Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign) begins.
- 1944 - 21 July: Execution of 20 July plot conspirators.[26]
- 1945
- 16 April: Battle of Berlin begins.
- 30 April: Death of Adolf Hitler in the Führerbunker.
- 2 May: Battle of Berlin ends.[24]
- 2 May: Nikolai Berzarin becomes commander of the Soviet sector of city.
- 8 May: Ceremonial German Instrument of Surrender signed in Karlshorst.
- 4 July: Floyd L. Parks becomes commander of the U.S. sector of city.
- 5 July: Lewis Lyne becomes commander of the British sector of city.
- 11 July: Geoffroi du Bois de Beauchesne becomes commander of the French sector of city.
- 17 July-2 August: Potsdam Conference held.[26]
- 21 July: Victory Parade.
- 30 August: Allied Control Council constituted.
- 1946
- Technical University of Berlin opens.
- October: City election held.[27]
- 1947
- Ernst Reuter becomes mayor.
- Population: 3,224,420.
- 1948
- 24 June: Soviet blockade begins.[28]
- 26 June: Allied airlift of supplies begins.[29]
- Free University of Berlin established.
- 1949
- 12 May: Berlin Blockade ends.[28]
- City divided into East Berlin and West Berlin.[25]
- East Berlin becomes capital of the German Democratic Republic.[25]
- 1950
- Academy of Arts established in East Berlin.
- Freedom Bell installed in city hall of West Berlin.
- 1951
- Landtag (parliament) of West Berlin established.
- East Berlin hosts 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students.
- Berliner Festspiele established in West Berlin.
- Berlin Film Festival begins in West Berlin.
- 1952 – Deutsche Waggon und Maschinenfabrik in business.
- 1953 – June: Uprising in East Berlin.[28]
- 1954
- Academy of Arts established in West Berlin.
- Berlin Conference (1954) held.
- 1956 – Rotes Rathaus reconstructed; becomes city hall of East Berlin.
- 1957 – Haus der Kulturen der Welt built in West Berlin.
- 1959
- Institute for European Politics founded in West Berlin.[30]
- Jüdisches Gemeindehaus Fasanenstraße (Jewish centre) inaugurated in West Berlin.
- 1960 – Gropiusstadt developed.
- 1961
- 4 June: Berlin Crisis of 1961 begins.
- 13-15 August: Berlin Wall construction begins between East Berlin and West Berlin.[23][24]
- Ampelmännchen pedestrian signal introduced in East Berlin.
- 1963
- Berliner Philharmonie (concert hall) built in West Berlin.
- Berliner Singakademie founded in East Berlin.
- 26 June: U.S. president Kennedy gives Ich bin ein Berliner speech in West Berlin.
- 1964 – JazzFest Berlin begins in West Berlin.
- 1968 – New National Gallery opens in West Berlin.
- 1969
- Fernsehturm Berlin (TV tower) erected in East Berlin.
- Neuer Berliner Kunstverein founded.[31]
- 1971 – Movement 2 June anarchist group active in West Berlin.
- 1972 – June: Four Power Agreement on Berlin signed.
- 1970 – Hotel Stadt Berlin built in East Berlin.
- 1973 – Großgaststätte Ahornblatt (restaurant) built in East Berlin.
- 1974 – Berlin Marathon begins in West Berlin.
- 1975
- Hochschule der Künste Berlin (art school) formed.
- Peter Lorenz becomes president of the Landtag of West Berlin.
- 1978
- Berlin Motor Show begins in West Berlin.
- Berlin State Library building opens on Haus Potsdamer Straße in West Berlin.
- 1979 - International Congress Centre built in West Berlin.[32]
- 1980 - Memorial to the German Resistance erected.
- 1984 - Eberhard Diepgen becomes mayor of West Berlin.
- 1985 – West Berlin hosts Bundesgartenschau (garden show).[33]
- 1986 – 5 April: 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing in West Berlin.
- 1987
- 750th anniversary of founding of Berlin.
- Topography of Terror exhibit opens.[34]
- 1 May: May Day in Kreuzberg begins.
- 12 June: U.S. president Reagan gives Tear down this wall! speech in West Berlin.[24]
- 1988 – West Berlin designated a European Capital of Culture.
- 1989
- Population: 1,279,212 in East Berlin.
- 4 November: Alexanderplatz demonstration in East Berlin.
- 9 November: Berlin Wall opened between East Berlin and West Berlin.[35][24]
1990s
- 1990
- 3 October: German reunification; unified Berlin designated capital of the Federal Republic of Germany.
- Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records and German Academy for Urban and Regional Spatial Planning headquartered in Berlin.
- Kunsthaus Tacheles established.
- 1993
- Berlin Cathedral renovated.
- Transparency International headquartered in city.
- 1994 – Russian and Allied forces depart.[23]
- 1995
- German-Russian Museum opens.
- June: Artist Christo wraps the Reichstag.
- 1996 – Berggruen Museum and Café Einstein Unter den Linden open.
- 1998 – Gemäldegalerie and Treptowers built.
- 1999
- German Bundestag (legislature) relocated to Berlin from Bonn per Berlin-Bonn Act.
- Molecule Man (sculpture) installed in the Spree River.
- Clocktower reinstalled on Potsdamer Platz.[36]
21st century
- 2000 – Sony Center built.
- 2001
- June 16: Klaus Wowereit becomes governing mayor.[37]
- Merger of boroughs: Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, Marzahn-Hellersdorf, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schöneberg, and Treptow-Köpenick formed.
- Jewish Museum opens.
- Berlin International Literature Festival begins.
- 2004 – Festival of Lights begins.
- 2005 – Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe unveiled.
- 2005 – Angela Merkel takes office as German Chancellor.
- 2006 - Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Central station) constructed.
- 2006 - FIFA World Cup Final held at Olympiastadion.
- 2013 – Population: 3,517,424 - 538,729 residents were of foreign nationality
- 2014 – March: .berlin internet domain name begins.[38]
See also
- Other cities in Germany
- Timeline of Aachen
- Timeline of Augsburg
- Timeline of Bonn
- Timeline of Bremen
- Timeline of Cologne
- Timeline of Dresden
- Timeline of Düsseldorf
- Timeline of Essen
- Timeline of Frankfurt
- Timeline of Hamburg
- Timeline of Koblenz
- Timeline of Leipzig
- Timeline of Lübeck
- Timeline of Munich
- Timeline of Nuremberg
- Timeline of Stuttgart
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Berlin", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 "Berlin", Bradshaw's Illustrated Hand-book to Germany and Austria, London: W.J. Adams & Sons, 1898
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "Berlin", The Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424
- ↑ Allgemeines Adreßbuch für den deutschen Buchhandel ... 1870 (in German). Leipzig: O.A. Schulz. 1870.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Daniel A. Bell; Avner de-Shalit (2011), "Berlin", Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691151441
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 George Henry Townsend (1867), "Berlin", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Claude Egerton Lowe (1896). "Chronological Summary of the Chief Events in the History of Music". Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. London: Weekes & Co.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 "Berlin". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901.
- ↑ Neuer Theater-Almanach (in German). Berlin: F.A. Günther & Sohn. 1908.
- ↑ Roger Parker, ed. (2001). Oxford Illustrated History of Opera. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285445-2.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Königliche Museen zu Berlin (1904). Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland (in German) (6th ed.). Georg Reimer.
- ↑ "Potsdamer Bahn" (in German).
- ↑ Mary H. Munroe (2004). "Springer Timeline". The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Archived from the original on October 2014 – via Northern Illinois University.
- ↑ Charles Knight, ed. (1866). "Berlin". Geography. English Cyclopaedia 2. London: Bradbury, Evans, & Co.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Continental Photographic Societies", International Annual of Anthony's Photographic Bulletin, New York: E. & H. T. Anthony & Company, 1890
- ↑ "Vereinsgeschichte" (in German). Berliner Automobil-Club. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ↑ David C. Preyer (1912), The Berlin Galleries, Boston: St. Botolph Society, OCLC 3077308
- ↑ Friedemann Kreuder (2000). "Hotel Esplanade: The Cultural History of a Berlin Location". PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art 22. JSTOR 3245890.
- ↑ Mel Gordon (1974). "Dada Berlin: "A History of Performance (1918-1920)". The Drama Review 18. JSTOR 1144908.
- ↑ James C. Docherty; Peter Lamb (2006). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Socialism (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6477-1.
- ↑ Radio 3. "Opera Timeline". BBC. Retrieved March 2015.
- ↑ "Movie Theaters in Berlin, Germany". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Germany Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 "On This Day", New York Times, retrieved November 2014
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "Berlin", Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, p. 125, OL 5812502M
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Richard Overy, ed. (2013). New York Times Book of World War II 1939-1945. USA: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6.
- ↑ J.L. Simpson (1957). "Berlin: Allied Rights and Responsibilities in the Divided City". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 6. JSTOR 755897.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Bernard A. Cook, ed. (2013). "Chronology of Major Political Events". Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-17939-7.
- ↑ "Timeline: The Berlin Airlift". Berlin Airlift. American Experience. USA: Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ↑ "Think Tank Directory". Philadelphia, USA: Foreign Policy Research Institute. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ↑ "Germany". Art Spaces Directory. New York: New Museum. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
- ↑ "Demolition dreams: the world’s ‘worst’ buildings", Financial Times, 31 October 2014
- ↑ "Bisherige Gartenschauen" [Previous Garden Shows] (in German). Bonn: Deutsche Bundesgartenschau-Gesellschaft. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ↑ John Czaplicka (1995). "History, Aesthetics, and Contemporary Commemorative Practice in Berlin". New German Critique (65). JSTOR 488540.
- ↑ "50th anniversary of the Berlin Wall: a timeline". The Guardian. UK. 12 August 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
- ↑ Florian Urban (2003). "Picture Postcards of Urbanity: Reflections on Berlin's Inner City and the 1999 Master Plan". Journal of Architectural Education 57. JSTOR 1425741.
- ↑ "German mayors". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ↑ "Berlin the world's first city with its own domain name", GlobalPost (Boston), 14 March 2014, retrieved 15 March 2014
This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia.
Further reading
- Published in the 17th-19th century
- "Berlin". Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae. Topographia Germaniae. 1652/1680
- Thomas Nugent (1749), "Berlin", The Grand Tour, 2: Germany and Holland, London: S. Birt
- "Berlin". A Geographical, Historical and Political Description of the Empire of Germany, Holland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Prussia, Italy, Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia: With a Gazetteer. London: John Stockdale. 1800. OCLC 79519893.
- Abraham Rees (1819), "Berlin", The Cyclopaedia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown
- John Russell (1828), "Berlin", A Tour in Germany, and Some of the Southern Provinces of the Austrian Empire, in 1820, 1821, 1822, Edinburgh: Constable, OCLC 614379840
- David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Berlin". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
- Edward Augustus Domeier (1830), "Berlin", Descriptive Road-Book of Germany, London: Samuel Leigh
- Mariana Starke (1839), "Berlin", Travels in Europe (9th ed.), Paris: A. and W. Galignani
- Berlin and its Treasures. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1867.
- William Henry Overall, ed. (1870), "Berlin, Prussia", Dictionary of Chronology, London: William Tegg, OCLC 2613202
- "Berlin", Northern Germany (5th ed.), Coblenz: Karl Baedeker, 1873, OCLC 5947482; famous guidebook
- "Berlin". Handbook for North Germany. London: J. Murray. 1877.
- Henry Vizetelly (1879), Berlin under the New Empire, London: Tinsley Bros., OCLC 1819784 + v.2
- W. Pembroke Fetridge (1884), "Berlin", Harper's Hand-Book for Travellers in Europe and the East (23rd ed.), New York: Harper & Brothers
- James Pollard (1894), A study in municipal government: the corporation of Berlin, Edinburgh: Blackwood
- Norddeutscher Lloyd (1896), "Berlin", Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland and England, Berlin: J. Reichmann & Cantor, OCLC 8395555
- Published in the 20th century
- Robert C. Brooks (1901), "Berlin", Bibliography of Municipal Problems and City Conditions, Municipal Affairs 5 (2nd ed.), New York: Reform Club, OCLC 1855351
- Berlin and its Environs (3rd ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1908, OCLC 00575650
- Nathaniel Newnham Davis (1911), "Berlin", The Gourmet's Guide to Europe (3rd ed.), London: Grant Richards
- Joseph Lins (1913). "Berlin". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York.
- Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), "Berlin", Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 203, OL 6112221M
- Wolfgang Hofmann (1969). "West Berlin – The Isolated City in the Twentieth Century". Journal of Contemporary History 4. JSTOR 259732.
- Berlin, Great Cities, Time-Life Books, 1977, OL 3850712M
- T.H. Elkins; B. Hofmeister (1988), Berlin: the spatial structure of a divided city, London: Methuen, ISBN 0416922201
- David Stanley (1992), "Berlin", Eastern Europe (2nd ed.), Lonely Planet, p. 86+
- Ronald Taylor (1997), Berlin and its culture, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300072007
- Wolfgang Schivelbusch (1998), In a cold crater: cultural and intellectual life in Berlin, 1945–1948, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0520203666
- "Berlin". Germany. Let's Go. 1999. OL 24980049M.
- Published in the 21st century
- Jack Holland (2001), Rough Guide to Berlin, Rough Guides, London, OL 24743282M
- Matt Erlin (2003), Berlin's Forgotten Future: City, History, and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Germany, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 9780807881279
- Christian Hartel (2006). Berlin: a Short History.
- Hartmut Haussermann (2004). "Berlin: from divided into fragmented city". Greek Review of Social Research.
- Gösta Arvastson and Tim Butler, ed. (2006). "Shopping Malls and Shishas ... Berlin and Moscow". Multicultures and Cities. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-635-0372-3.
- Belinda Davis (2008). "City as theater of protest: West Berlin and West Germany, 1962-83". In Gyan Prakash and Kevin Michael Kruse. Spaces of the Modern City: Imaginaries, Politics, and Everyday Life. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-13343-3.
- Joachim Schlör (2010). "Berlin 1900". In Christian Hermansen Cordua. Manifestoes and Transformations in the Early Modernist City. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7948-6.
- Agata Anna Lisiak (2010). Urban Cultures in (Post)colonial Central Europe. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-573-3. (about Berlin, Budapest, Prague, Warsaw)
- Roman A. Cybriwsky (2013). "Berlin". Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 48+. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9.
- Stephen Evans (7 January 2014). "Berlin 1914: A city of ambition and self-doubt". BBC News.
- Quinn Slobodian; Michelle Sterling (2014), "Sacking Berlin", The Baffler (USA) (23)
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin. |
- "Berlin in Brief: History". Berlin.de. Governing Mayor of Berlin.
- Europeana. Items related to Berlin, various dates.
- Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Berlin, various dates
- "Berlin Time Line: 1945–1990". Virginia, USA: Cold War Museum.
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Coordinates: 52°31′00″N 13°23′00″E / 52.516667°N 13.383333°E