Time periods in the Palestine region

Time periods in the region of Palestine summarizes the major time periods in the history of the region of Palestine/Land of Israel, and notes the major events in each time period.

Period
(Archaeological age) 		Period name Ruling regime Region names Major events
4000–3300 BC (Copper Age) Pre-history  
  • Initial use of copper, agriculture become the basis of the economy, the formation of the first cities.
3300–1000 BC (Bronze Age and Iron Age I) The Canaanite and Egyptian period
 Canaanites / New Kingdom Egypt Canaan / Djahy
  • Initial fortification of cities, people used bronze, initial use of writing systems. The Late Bronze Age is characterized by individual city-states and domination by Egypt.[1]
  • 1700 BC: the period of the Patriarchs in the region (Biblical sources only)
  • c. 1550–1400 BC: Egyptian New Kingdom reunites Egypt and expands into the Levant under Ahmose I and Thutmose I
  • c. 1330 BC: Amarna letters correspondence between vassal Canaanite rulers and Amenhotep III
  • 1178 BC: The Battle of Djahy (Canaan) between Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples marks the beginning of the decline in power of the New Kingdom in the Levant during the Bronze Age collapse
1000–732 BC (Iron Age IIA+B) The Israelite period
 Ancient Israel and Judah Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) / Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) / Kingdom of Judah / Philistia / Territorial environs of Arabu, Edom, Phoenicia
  • Collapse of Canaanite cities, settlement increase in hill country and Transjordan
  • 1030–930 BC: The United Kingdom of Israel: the kingdom of Saul, Ishbaal, David and Solomon.
  • 928 BC: Kingdom splits into two kingdoms: Israel in the north and Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south.
  • Intrusion of Assyria into the region, states and cities lose independence.
732–539 BC (Iron Age IIC) Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods Neo-Assyrian Empire and Neo-Babylonian Empire Eber-Nari[2][3]
539–332 BC The Persian period Persian Empire Eber-Nari / Province of Judah / Palestina[5][6][7][8]
  • 539 BC: Cyrus the Great conquered the Babylonian Empire and gave the Jews permission to return to the Yehud Province.
  • 516 BC: Construction of the Second Temple.
  • 485–465 BC: Kingdom of Xerxes I of Persia.
332–37 BC The Hellenistic period Hellenistic Greece (Ptolemaic / Seleucid Kingdoms), Hasmonean Kingdom Cœle-Syria / Palestine[8][9]/ Hasmonean Judea / Decapolis / Paralia / Acre / Dor
37 BC – 6 AD The Early Roman period Roman Republic / Roman Empire Herodian Judea / Tetrarchy of Judea / Decapolis / Territorial environs of Syria, Aegyptus
6–135 AD The Early Roman period Roman Republic / Roman Empire Judaea (Roman province) / Samaria / Idumea / Galilee / Decapolis
  • 6 AD - Census of Quirinius. Revolt by Judas of Galilee.
  • 66–73 AD: First Jewish–Roman War. Leads to destruction of Jewish Temple (70 AD) and the conquest of Masada (73 AD).
  • 115–119 AD: Revolt against Trajan reaches Judea province, the last rebels are defeated in Lydda.
  • 130 AD: Roman emperor Hadrian order construction of a pagan Roman "Colonia Aelia Capitolina" on the ruins of Jerusalem.
  • 132–135 AD: The Bar Kokhba revolt - the third major rebellion by the Jews against Roman rule. After the rebellion failed, emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to "Syria Palaestina" in order to complete the dissociation between the Jewish rebels and the region.
135–324 The Late Roman period Roman Empire Syria Palaestina
  • 260 AD: Short-living Palmyrene Empire emerges in the Levant, splitting from the Roman Empire.
  • 272 AD: Palmyrene Empire is reannexed to Roman Empire. Syria Palaestina restored as Roman province.
324–638 The Byzantine period Byzantine Empire Palaestina I and Palaestina II
638–1099 The Arab Caliphate Period Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates Jund Filastin[10]
  • 638: the conquest of Jerusalem by the armies of the Rashidun Caliphate (Islamic Empire) under Caliph Umar.
  • 661: The Umayyad Caliphate period.
  • 750: The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate.
  • 878: The Tulunids occupied Palestine and Syria, enabling them to defend Egypt against Abbasid attack.
  • 970: The Fatimids, a self-proclaimed Shia caliphate, took control and appointed a Jewish governor.
  • 1071: The Seljuk Turks invaded large portions of West Asia, including Asia Minor and Palestine.
1099–1260 The Crusader period and the Ayyubid Period The Crusaders, Seljuks and Ayyubids Southern Levant / Kingdom of Jerusalem / Outremer / Palestine / Holy Land
1260–1517 The Mamluk period The Mamluk Damascus Wilayah / Filastin[10]
1517–1917 The Ottoman period Ottoman Empire Ottoman Syria / Southern Syria / Arz-i-Filistin[11][12]
1917–1948 The British Mandate period British Empire Mandatory Palestine
1948 onwards Modern period Israel / Egypt / Jordan / Palestinian National Authority / Hamas Government in Gaza State of Israel / West Bank / Gaza Strip / Palestinian territories
Main article: History of Israel

See also

References

  1. ↑ Archaeology_of_Israel § Bronze_Age
  2. ↑ S. Parpola, Neo-Assyrian Toponyms, Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 6, Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1970, p116
  3. ↑ R. Zadok, Geographical Names According to New and Late-Babylonian Texts, Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes 8, Wiesbaden, 1985, p129
  4. ↑ Chronology of the Israelite Tribes from The History Files (historyfiles.co.uk)
  5. ↑
    • Dandamaev, M (1994): "", in E. Yarshater (ed.) Encyclopaedia Iranica vol. 7.
  6. ↑ Drumbrell, WJ (1971): "The Tell el-Maskuta Bowls and the 'Kingdom' of Qedar in the Persian Period", BASOR 203, pp. 33–44.
  7. ↑ Tuell (1991): "The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara", BASOR n. 234, pp. 51–57
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 http://www.livius.org/sao-sd/satrap/satrap.htm
  9. ↑ http://www.luc.edu/faculty/ldossey/arrian.htm
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Guy le Strange (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems from AD 650 to 1500, Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers. Florence: Palestine Exploration Fund.
  11. ↑ Neville J. Mandel (1976). The Arabs and Zionism before World War I. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02466-4. The Ottoman Government employed the term "Arz-i-Filistin" (the "Land of Palestine") in official correspondence, meaning for all intents and purposes the area to the west of the River Jordan which became "Palestine" under the British in 1922
  12. ↑ James Redhouse (1856). An English and Turkish dictionary.