Tiaojishan Formation
Tiaojishan Formation Stratigraphic range: Bathonian-Oxfordian, 165–156Ma | |
---|---|
Type | Geological formation |
Sub-units | Daohugou bed |
Underlies | Tuchengzi Formation |
Overlies | Haifanggou Formation |
Thickness | 2420 meters |
Lithology | |
Primary | Pyroclastic |
Location | |
Region | Hebei, Inner Mongolia, & Liaoning |
Country | China |
The Tiaojishan Formation is a geological formation in Hebei and Liaoning, People's Republic of China, dating to the middle-late Jurassic period (Bathonian-Oxfordian stages). It is known for its fossil plants, and is made up mainly of pyroclastic rock interspersed with basic volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Previously, the Tiaojishan Formation was grouped together with the underlying Haifanggou Formation (also known as the Jiulongshan Formation) as a single "Lanqui Formation."[1] Most researchers now agree that the Daohugou Bed, of formerly controversial dating, is a part of the Tiaojishan formation.[2]
Geology
The geology of the Daohugou Bed is confusing because it is complex and does not conform; meaning that elements and layers of rock of different ages are mixed up together by folding and erosion and by volcanic activity. Liu et al. (2006) concluded that the rocks that bear the Daohugou Biota also include the Tiaojishan and Lanqi Formations. They demonstrated that the Jiulongshan Formation is older (Middle Jurassic), and that the Tuchengzi Formation is younger (Late Jurassic). However, many other researchers consider the Daohugou to be a part of the Jiulongshan Formation itself.[3]
Fieldwork published in 2006 has also found that the beds are consistent over a large area; from western Liaoning into Ningcheng county of Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol).[4]
Age
Using Argon–argon dating, Wang and colleagues in 2005 dated part of the Tiaojishan Formation to about 160 million years ago, the beginning of the Oxfordian stage, the first stage of the Upper Jurassic epoch.[5] In 2006, a study by Liu and colleagues used U-Pb zircon dating to conclude that the Tiaojishan Formation correlates with the Daohugou Beds, and the complete chronological range of this shared biota dates to between 168 and 164/152 Ma ago.[6] A subsequent study, published in 2008, refined the age range of the formation further, finding that the lower boundary of the Tiaojishan was formed 165 Ma ago, and the upper boundary somewhere between 156-153 Ma ago.[7]
Daohugou bed
The age of the Daohugou bed has been debated, and a number of studies, using different methodologies, have reached conflicting conclusions. Various papers have placed the fossils here as being anywhere from the Middle Jurassic period (169 million years ago) to the Early Cretaceous period (122 ma).[8] One of the first studies on the age of the Daohugou beds, published in 2004 by He et al., found them to be Early Cretaceous, only a few million years older than the overlying Jehol beds of the Yixian Formation.[9] The 2004 study primarily used Argon–argon dating of a tuff within the Daohugou Beds to determine its age.
However, subsequent studies cast doubt on this relatively recent age. In a 2006 study, Gao & Ren criticized He et al. for not including enough specifics and detail in their paper, and also took issue with their radiometric dating of the Daohugou tuff. The tuff, Gao and Ren argued, contains crystals with a variety of diverse radiometric ages, some up to a billion years old, so using dates from only a few of these crystals could not determine the overall age of the deposits. Gao and Ren went on to defend a Middle Jurassic age for the beds based on biostratigraphy (the use of index fossils), and the bed's relationship to a layer that is known to mark the Middle Jurassic-Late Jurassic boundary.[10]
Another study, published in 2006 by Wang et al., argued that the 159-164 million years old Tiaojishan Formation underlies, rather than overlies, the Daohugou Beds. Unlike the earlier study by Gao and Ren, Wang et al. found an overall similarity between the fossil animals found in the Daohugou Beds and those from the Yixian Formation. The authors stated that
"vertebrate fossils such as Liaoxitriton, Jeholopterus and feathered maniraptorans show much resemblance to those of the Yixian Formation. In other words, despite the absence of Lycoptera, a typical fish of the Jehol Biota, the Daohugou vertebrate assemblage is closer to that of the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota than to any other biota."
Wang et al. concluded that the Daohugou probably represents the earliest evolutionary stages of the Jehol Biota, and that it "belongs to the same cycle of volcanism and sedimentation as the Yixian Formation of the Jehol Group."[4] However, a later study by Ji et al. argued that the key indicator of the Jehol biota are the index fossils Peipiaosteus and Lycoptera. Under this definition, the earliest evolutionary stage of the Jehol Biota is represented by the Huajiying Formation, and the Daohugou Formation is excluded due to the absence of Lycoptera fossils.[11] Later in 2006, Liu et al. published their own study of the age of the Daohugou beds, this time using Zircon Uranium-lead dating on the volcanic rocks overlying and underlying salamander-bearing layers (salamanders are often used as index fossils). Liu et al. found that the beds formed between 164-158 million years ago, in the Middle to Late Jurassic.[12][6] A 2012 study by Gao and Shubin agreed with this assessment, and reported an Argon–argon date of 164 plus or minus 4 million years ago for the Daohugou horizon.[13]
Climate
Based on the plant life present in the Tiaojishan Formation, Wang Yongdong and colleagues determined that the climate in Liaoning during the mid Jurassic would have been subtropical to temperate, warm and humid.[1]
Fauna
Beautifully preserved fossils of dinosaurs, pterosaurs, salamanders, insects, arachnids[14] and other invertebrates, conifers, ginkgoes, cycads, horsetails, and ferns, and even the earliest known gliding mammal (Volaticotherium) and an aquatic protomammal (Castorocauda) have been discovered in these rocks. These organisms were part of the Daohugou Biota, which was the ecosystem of that Jurassic time. The tuffaceous composition of some rock layers show that this was a volcanic area, occasionally experiencing heavy ashfalls from eruptions. The landscape then was dominated by mountain streams and deep lakes surrounded by forests of gymnosperm trees.[15] Some authors have concluded that the Daohugou Biota is an early stage of the Jehol Biota, while recent work has demonstrated that the two are distinct.
The forests of the Daohugou biota grew in a humid, warm - temperate climate and were dominated by gymnosperm trees. There were ginkgopsids like Ginkoites, Ginkgo, Baiera, Czekanowskia, and Phoenicopsis. There were also conifers like Pityophyllum, Rhipidiocladus, Elatocladus, Schizolepis, and Podozamites. Also, Lycopsids like Lycopodites and Sellaginellities, horsetails (Sphenopsida) like Equisetum, cycads like Anomozamites, and ferns (Filicopsida) like Todites and Coniopteris.[16]
Amphibians
Amphibians of the Tiaojishan Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | |
B. jianpingensis[13] |
Liaoning |
|||||
J. paradoxus |
Wang, 2000 | |||||
C. tianyiensis |
Gao & Shubin, 2003 | |||||
L. daohugouensis |
Wang, 2004 | |||||
P. sinensis |
Wang & Evans, 2006 | |||||
Ornithodirans
Avemetatarsalians of the Tiaojishan Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
A. huxleyi[17] |
Several specimens[18] |
A primitive avialan. |
| |||
A. linglongtaensis[19] |
Liaoning |
|||||
A. xui |
One specimen |
A primitive avialan | ||||
C. pani[20] |
A wukongopterid pterosaur | |||||
D. modularis[21] |
Liaoning |
Wukongopterid pterosaurs | ||||
D. linglongtaensis |
||||||
D. robustodens |
||||||
D. mutoudengensis[22] |
Hebei |
One specimen |
An anurognathid pterosaur | |||
E. brevipenna |
One specimen |
A basal paravian | ||||
E. hui |
Inner Mongolia |
Daohugou bed |
One specimen |
A scansoriopterygid | ||
F. lii[23] |
Liaoning |
A rhamphorhynchid pterosaur | ||||
J. ninchengensis |
An anurognathid pterosaur | |||||
J. robustus[26] |
Liaoning |
A rhamphorhynchid pterosaur | ||||
J. zhaoianus[27] |
Liaoning |
A rhamphorhynchid pterosaur | ||||
P. daohugouensis |
Inner Mongolia |
Daohugou bed |
One specimen |
A primitive avialan | ||
P. wellnhoferi |
Inner Mongolia |
Daohugou bed |
One specimen[24] |
A rhamphorhynchid pterosaur | ||
Q. guoi[28] |
Liaoning |
A rhamphorhynchid pterosaur | ||||
S. heilmanni |
Exact provenance of type specimen unknown, most likely from the Daohugou Beds[4] |
One or two specimens |
A scansoriopterygid | |||
T. confuciusi |
Liaoning |
A heterodontosaurid ornithischian | ||||
W. lii |
Liaoning |
Daohugou bed |
One specimen[29] |
A wukongopterid pterosaur | ||
X. zhengi[30] |
Liaoning |
One specimen |
A primitive avialan | |||
Yi |
Y. qi[31] |
Hebei |
Daohugou bed |
One specimen |
A gliding scansoriopterygid |
Lizards
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Lepidosaurs (lizards and relatives) of the Daohugou Beds | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | State | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Unnamed lizard[32] |
Inner Mongolia |
One specimen |
A new lizard with relatively short forelimbs |
||
Unnamed lizard[32] |
Inner Mongolia |
One specimen |
A lizard with long hind limbs and a narrow body |
||
Mammals and relatives
Synapsids of the Tiaojishan Formation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
A. scansorius |
Daohugou bed |
An arboreal docodont.[33] |
| |||
A. jenkinsi |
One specimen |
|||||
C. lutrasimilis |
Daohugou bed |
One specimen[35] |
An aquatic docodont | |||
D. brachydactylus |
One specimen[36] |
A docodont specialized for a subterranean lifestyle. | ||||
J. sinensis[37] |
Liaoning |
One specimen |
||||
M. mammaliaformis |
Inner Mongolia |
Daohugou bed |
One specimen |
A haramiyid[2] | ||
R. eurasiaticus |
Liaoning |
Daxishan site |
One specimen |
A multituberculate[38] | ||
V. antiquum |
Inner Mongolia |
Daohugou bed |
One specimen |
A gliding mammal | ||
Arthropods
The following orders are represented in the formation; Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Blattodea, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera.
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Arthropods of the Daohugou Beds | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | State | Abundance | Notes | ||
Ahirmoneura |
A. neimengguensis[39] |
|||||
Archirhagio |
A. striatus[40] |
Archisargid flies | ||||
A. zhangi[41] |
Inner Mongolia |
|||||
Archisargus |
A. spurivenius[40] |
Archisargid flies | ||||
A. strigatus[40] |
||||||
Calosargus |
C. (Calosargus) antiquus[40] |
Archisargid flies | ||||
C. (C.) bellus[40] |
||||||
C. (C.) daohugouensis[40] |
||||||
C. (C.) hani[40] |
||||||
C. (C.) tenuicellulatus[40] |
||||||
C. (C.) validus[40] |
||||||
C. (Pterosargus) sinicus[40] |
Inner Mongolia |
|||||
Daohugocorixa |
D. vulcanica[40] |
|||||
Fuyous |
F. gregarious[40] |
A mayfly | ||||
E. gertschi[42] |
1 Specimen |
A plectreurid spider | ||||
Homocatabrycus |
H. liui[43] |
A schizophorid flying water beetle | ||||
Jurassinemestrinus |
J. orientalis[40] |
Inner Mongolia |
A Nemestrinoid fly | |||
Menopraesagus |
M. explanatus[43] |
Schizophorid flying water beetles | ||||
M. oxycerus[43] |
||||||
M. grammicus[43] |
||||||
Meoslova |
M. daohugouensis[40] |
An archisargid fly | ||||
Mostovskisargus |
M. portentosus[40] |
Inner Mongolia |
Archisargid flies | |||
M. signatus[40] |
Inner Mongolia |
|||||
M. jurassica[3] |
2 Specimens |
An orb-weaver spider | ||||
Shantous |
S. lacustris[40] |
A mayfly | ||||
Sinoschizala |
S. darani[43] |
A schizophorid flying water beetle | ||||
Other invertebrates
An indeterminate aeschnoid (insect) species is known from Liaoning.[17]
Genus | Species | Province | Stratigraphic Position | Abundance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Darwinula |
D. impudica[17] |
Liaoning |
An ostracod |
||
D. magna[17] |
Liaoning |
An ostracod | |||
D. sarytirmenensis[17] |
Liaoning |
An ostracod | |||
Shaanxiconcha |
S. cliovata[17] |
Liaoning |
A bivalve | ||
Flora
Survey based on Wang et al. 2006 unless otherwise noted.[1]
Bennettitales
Cycad-like plants, the most abundant plant group in the formation. 27 species in 11 genera.
Plants of the Tiaojishan Formation. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Anomozamites |
||||||
Bennetticarpus |
||||||
Cycadolepis |
||||||
Jacutiella |
||||||
Pteriophyllum |
||||||
Ptilophyllum |
||||||
Williamsoniella |
||||||
Zamiophyllum |
||||||
Ginkgoales
Prehistoric ginkgo trees, common, with 11 species present in 6 genera.
Plants of the Tiaojishan Formation. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Ixostrobus |
||||||
Phoenicopsis |
||||||
Solenites |
||||||
Pinophyta
Conifers, 5 species present in 4 genera.
Plants of the Tiaojishan Formation. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Pityocladus |
||||||
Pityophyllum |
||||||
Podizamites |
||||||
Schizolepis |
||||||
Yuccites |
||||||
Pteridophyta
Leptosporangiate ferns, represented by 17 species in 8 genera, are the second most abundant plant type in the formation.
Plants of the Tiaojishan Formation. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Cladophlebis spp. |
Ferns |
|||||
Coniopteris |
||||||
D. changeyingziensis |
||||||
D. charielsa |
||||||
Eboracia |
||||||
Hausmannia |
H. shebudaiensis |
Uncommon. |
||||
M. hoerenensis |
Uncommon. |
A marattiopsid fern. | ||||
Raphaelia |
R. stricta |
A fern. | ||||
Toadites |
T. denticulata |
|||||
T. williamsonii |
||||||
Other plants
Cycads, fairly diverse, with 10 species present in 2 genera.
Plants of the Tiaojishan Formation. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Abundance | Notes | Images |
Ctenis |
||||||
Hepacitities |
H. shebudaiensis |
Uncommon. |
A bryophyte. | |||
Taeniopteris sp. |
Uncommon. |
|||||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Wang, Y.; Ken, S.; Zhang, W.; Zheng, S. (2006). "Biodiversity and palaeoclimate of the Middle Jurassic floras from the Tiaojishan Formation in western Liaoning, China". Progress in Natural Science 16 (1): 222–230. doi:10.1080/10020070612330087.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zhou, C. F.; Wu, S.; Martin, T.; Luo, Z. X. (2013). "A Jurassic mammaliaform and the earliest mammalian evolutionary adaptations". Nature 500 (7461): 163. doi:10.1038/nature12429.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Selden, P. A.; Shih, C.; Ren, D. (2011). "A golden orb-weaver spider (Araneae: Nephilidae: Nephila) from the Middle Jurassic of China". Biology Letters 7 (5): 775–778. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0228. PMC 3169061. PMID 21508021.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Wang, X., Zhou, Z., He, H., Jin, F., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Xu, X. & Zhang, F. (2005). "Stratigraphy and age of the Daohugou Bed in Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia." Chinese Science Bulletin, 50(20): 2369-2376.
- ↑ Xiaolin Wang; Zhonghe Zhou; Huaiyu He; Fan Jin; Yuanqing Wang; Jiangyong Zhang; Yuan Wang; Xing Xu; Fucheng Zhang (2005). "Stratigraphy and age of the Daohugou Bed in Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia". Chinese Science Bulletin 50 (20): 2369–2376. doi:10.1007/BF03183749.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Liu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Ji, S.; Yang, Z. (2006). "U-Pb zircon age for the Daohugou Biota at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia and comments on related issues". Chinese Science Bulletin 51 (21): 2634–2644. doi:10.1007/s11434-006-2165-2.
- ↑ Zhang, H.; Wang, M.; Liu, X. (2008). "Constraints on the upper boundary age of the Tiaojishan Formation volcanic rocks in West Liaoning-North Hebei by LA-ICP-MS dating". Chinese Science Bulletin 53 (22): 3574–3584. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0287-4.
- ↑ Ren, D. et al. (2002). "On the biostratigraphy of the Jurassic fossil beds at Daohugou near Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia." Geol. Bull. China 21, 584-591.
- ↑ He, H., Wang, X., Zhou, Z., Zhu, R., Jin, F., Wang, F., Ding, X. and Boven, A. (2004). "(^40)Ar/(^39)Ar dating of ignimbrite from Inner Mongolia, northeastern China, indicates a post-Middle Jurassic age for the overlying Daohugou Beds." Geophysical Research Letters 31, L20609.
- ↑ Gao, K., and Ren, D. (2006). "Radiometric dating of ignimbrite from Inner Mongolia provides no indication of a post-Middle Jurassic age for the Daohugou Beds." Acta Geologica Sinica English Edition, 80(1): 42-45 (February 2006)
- ↑ Jin, F., Zhang, F.C., Li, Z.H., Zhang, J.Y., Li, C. and Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota." Chinese Science Bulletin, 53(18): 2820-2827.
- ↑ Liu, Y., Liu, Y., and Zhang, H. (2006). "LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating in the Jurassic Daohugou Beds and correlative strata in Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia." Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 80(5): 733-742.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Gao, K. -Q.; Shubin, N. H. (2012). "Late Jurassic salamandroid from western Liaoning, China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (15): 5767–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.1009828109. PMC 3326464. PMID 22411790.
- ↑ Notably Mongolarachne jurassica.
- ↑ Tan, Jingjing, Ren, Dong, Shih, Chungkun. "New Cupedids from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China (Coleoptera: Archostemata)" Annales Zoologici 2006, 56(1):1-6z
- ↑ Zhang, Kuiyan, Yang, Ding, Ren, Dong. (2006) "The first snipe fly (Diptera: Rhagionidae) from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China" Zootaxa 1134:51-57(2006)z
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Hu, D.; Hou, L.; Zhang, L. & Xu, X. (2009). "A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus". Nature 461 (7264): 640–643. Bibcode: 2009Natur.461..640H[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]. doi:10.1038/nature08322. PMID 19794491.
- ↑ Li Q, Gao KQ, Vinther J et al. (March 2010). "Plumage color patterns of an extinct dinosaur". Science 327 (5971): 1369–72. doi:10.1126/science.1186290. PMID 20133521.
- ↑ Lü Junchang and Fucha Xiaohui (2011). "A new pterosaur (Pterosauria) from Middle Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of western Liaoning, China". Global Geology Z1: 113–118.
- ↑ Lü, J. (2009). "A new non-pterodactyloid pterosaur from Qinglong County, Hebei Province of China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 83 (2): 189–199. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00062.x.
- ↑ Lü, J.; Unwin, D.M.; Jin, X.; Liu, Y.; Ji, Q. (2010). "Evidence for modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277 (1680): 383–389. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1603. PMC 2842655. PMID 19828548.
- ↑ Lü Junchang and David W.E. Hone (2012). "A New Chinese Anurognathid Pterosaur and the Evolution of Pterosaurian Tail Lengths". Acta Geologica Sinica 86 (6): 1317–1325. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12002.
- ↑ Lu, J.; Fucha, X.; Chen, J. (2010). "A new scaphognathine pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic of western Liaoning, China". Acta Geoscientica Sinica 31 (2): 263–266.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Wang, X. and Zhou, Z. (2006). "Pterosaur assemblages of the Jehol Biota and their implication for the Early Cretaceous pterosaur radiation."Geological Journal, 41: 405-418.
- ↑ Lü, J. and Ji, Q. (2006). "Preliminary results of a phylogenetic analysis of the pterosaurs from western Liaoning and surrounding areas." J. Paleont. Soc. Korea, 22(1): 239-261.
- ↑ Xin Cheng, Xiaolin Wang, Shunxing Jiang and Alexander W.A. Kellner (2012). "A new scaphognathid pterosaur from western Liaoning, China". Historical Biology 24. doi:10.1080/08912963.2011.635423.
- ↑ Lü Junchang and Bo Xue (2011). "A New Rhamphorhynchid Pterosaur (Pterosauria) from the Middle Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Western Liaoning, China". Acta Geologica Sinica 85 (5): 977–983. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00531.x.
- ↑ Lü, J., Unwin, D.M., Zhao, B., Gao, C. and Shen, C. (2012). "A new rhamphorhynchid (Pterosauria: Rhamphorhynchidae) from the Middle/Upper Jurassic of Qinglong, Hebei Province, China" (PDF). Zootaxa 3158: 1–19.
- ↑ Wang, X., Kellner, A.W.A., Jiang, S. and Meng, X. (2009). "An unusual long-tailed pterosaur with elongated neck from western Liaoning of China." Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 81(4): 793-812.
- ↑ Xing Xu, Hailu You, Kai Du and Fenglu Han (28 July 2011). "An Archaeopteryx-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae". Nature 475 (7357): 465–470. doi:10.1038/nature10288. PMID 21796204.
- ↑ Xu, X.; Zheng, X.; Sullivan, C.; Wang, X.; Xing, L.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; o’Connor, J. K.; Zhang, F.; Pan, Y. (2015). "A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran theropod with preserved evidence of membranous wings". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature14423.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Evans, S.E. and Wang, Y. (2010). "A new lizard (Reptilia: Squamata) with exquisite preservation of soft tissue from the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8(1), 81–95.
- ↑ Qing-Jin Meng, Qiang Ji, Yu-Guang Zhang, Di Liu, David M. Grossnickle and Zhe-Xi Luo (2015). "An arboreal docodont from the Jurassic and mammaliaform ecological diversification". Science 347 (6223): 764–768. doi:10.1126/science.1260879.
- ↑ Zheng, X.; Bi, S.; Wang, X.; Meng, J. (2013). "A new arboreal haramiyid shows the diversity of crown mammals in the Jurassic period". Nature 500 (7461): 199. doi:10.1038/nature12353.
- ↑ Meng, J., Hu, Y., Li, C. and Wang, Y. (2006). "The mammal fauna in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: implications for diversity and biology of Mesozoic mammals."Geological Journal, 41: 439-463.
- ↑ Zhe-Xi Luo, Qing-Jin Meng, Qiang Ji, Di Liu, Yu-Guang Zhang, April I. Neander (2015). "Evolutionary development in basal mammaliaforms as revealed by a docodontan". Science 347 (6223): 760–764. doi:10.1126/science.1260880.
- ↑ Luo Z., Yuan C., Meng Q. and Ji Q. (2011). "Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals." Nature, 476: 442–445. doi:10.1038/nature10291
- ↑ Yuan, C. -X.; Ji, Q.; Meng, Q. -J.; Tabrum, A. R.; Luo, Z. -X. (2013). "Earliest Evolution of Multituberculate Mammals Revealed by a New Jurassic Fossil". Science 341 (6147): 779. doi:10.1126/science.1237970.
- ↑ Zhang, K., Yang, D., Ren, D. and Ge, F. (2008). "New Middle Jurassic tangle−veined flies from Inner Mongolia, China." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 53(1): 161-164.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.8 40.9 40.10 40.11 40.12 40.13 40.14 40.15 40.16 Zhang, J.F. (2010). "Records of bizarre Jurassic brachycerans in the Daohugou biota, China (Diptera, Brachycera, Archisargidae and Rhagionemestriidae)." Palaeontology, 53(2): 307–317. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00934.x
- ↑ Zhang, K., Li., J., Yang, D. and Ren, D. (2009). "A new species of Archirhagio Rohdendorf, 1938 from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia of China (Diptera: Archisargidae)." Zootaxa, 1984: 61–65.
- ↑ Selden, P.A. and Huang, D. (2010). "The oldest haplogyne spider (Araneae: Plectreuridae), from the Middle Jurassic of China." Naturwissenschaften, doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0649-z PMID 20140419
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 Jarzembowski, E. A.; Yan, E. V.; Wang, B.; Zhang, H. C. (2012). "A new flying water beetle (Coleoptera: Schizophoridae) from the Jurassic Daohugou lagerstätte". Palaeoworld 21 (3–4): 160. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.09.002.