Thousand Islands – Frontenac Arch

The Thousand Islands – Frontenac Arch region, also known as the Frontenac Axis, connects the northern Canadian Shield with the Adirondack region. Hence, it provides an important biological corridor linking Adirondack Park with Algonquin Park.[1] The Thousand Islands are a chain of islands in the west end of the Saint Lawrence River, which have a distinctive flora and fauna, and which are a part of the biological corridor.

Geology

The bedrock is mostly gneiss, granite and marble, more than a billion years old.[2] The Frontenac terrane is the youngest of the Ontario portions of the arch, dated at 1.2 billion years old.[3] These rocks were once part of the largest mountain chain the world has seen, a part of the ancient supercontinent of Rodinia. There is also a meteor crater near Holleford, where the shield meets the limestone plains of southeastern Ontario.[4]

Ecology

The area is distinctive for having tree species typically found further south, and reaching their northern limits.[5] One example is pitch pine. Shallow soils and recurring fire have also produced unusual fire barren communities.[6] These provide habitat for rare plants, such as bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia) and deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), as well as rare animals, such as the five-lined skink and gray rat snake.[7] There is high bird diversity, including the Cerulean Warbler, considered nationally endangered owing to the destruction of forests. Although the most important factor producing the fauna and flora is likely the bed rock, the moderating effect of the Great Lakes may also be factor. Also, some northern species extend their range south, drawn by the rugged granite landscapes of the Canadian Shield.

The basic ecosystem type of the area is temperate deciduous forest. The area has a long history of logging, which has depleted these forests of larger trees. Settlement tends to have occurred in the areas of deeper soil, and fire has particularly influenced the uplands. Reference to the forest descriptions of early surveyors has documented decline in species such as hemlock, which were preferentially removed for leather tanning.[8] Criteria for restoring these forests have been established, and include increased tree size, spring ephemeral abundance, and coarse woody debris.[9] Pollen cores from Lanark County provide information about longer term trends in forest cover.[10]

There is a wide array of wetlands, ranging from larger marshes along the St. Lawrence river, to smaller marshes and bogs along water courses, and large numbers of beaver ponds. The cycles in vegetation in beaver ponds contribute to further wetland diversity; depending upon the amount of beaver activity, there may be open water, marsh, wet meadows or shrub thickets.[11] Some lakes in the area, such as Bob's Lake, also support uncommon species of turtles, such as the Map Turtles and Blanding's Turtles. Where there is marble bedrock, or other sources of calcium, fens may arise. These often have unusual calcium dependent wetland plants.

A southern portion of this region was designated a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2002, The Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve. Within this biosphere reserve is the relatively small St. Lawrence Islands National Park. Although it is small, it has many Frontenac Arch species mentioned above, including deerberry, Blanding's Turtle, and five-lined skinks.. Further north, there is, still a large gap in the ecological link to Algonquin Park. In this gap are smaller parks such as Frontenac Provincial Park and Bon Echo Provincial Park.

References

  1. ↑ Keddy, Cathy J. 1995. The Conservation Potential of the Frontenac Axis: Linking Algonquin Park to the Adirondacks. Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Ottawa, Ontario. 59p.
  2. ↑ Eyles, Nick. Ontario Rocks. 2002. Three Billion Years of Environmental Change. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Markham, Ontario. Chapter 9.
  3. ↑ Eyles, Nick. Ontario Rocks. 2002. Three Billion Years of Environmental Change. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Markham, Ontario. Figure 9.2A
  4. ↑ Keddy, P.A. 2008. Earth, Water, Fire. An Ecological Profile of Lanark County. General Store Publishing House, Refrew, Ontario. p. 61-63.
  5. ↑ Beschel, R.E., P.J. Webber and R. Trippet. 1962. Woodland transects of the Frontenac Axis region, Ontario. Ecology 43:386-396.
  6. ↑ Catling, Paul M and Vivian R. Brownell. 1999. The flora and ecology of southern Ontario granite barrens. Pages 392-405 in Anderson, R.C., J.S. Fralish, and J.M. Baskin (eds). Savannas, Barrens, and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  7. ↑ Keddy, Cathy J. 1995. The Conservation Potential of the Frontenac Axis: Linking Algonquin Park to the Adirondacks. Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Ottawa, Ontario. 59p.
  8. ↑ Keddy, Cathy J. 1993. Forest History of Eastern Ontario. A report prepared for the Eastern Ontario Forest Group, Kemptville, Ontario.
  9. ↑ Keddy, P.A. and C.G. Drummond. 1996. Ecological properties for the evaluation, management, and restoration of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 6: 748-762.
  10. ↑ Keddy, P.A. 2008. Earth, Water, Fire: An Ecological Profile of Lanark County. General Store Publishing House, Renfrew, Ontario.p. 51-52.
  11. ↑ Keddy, P.A. 2008. Earth, Water, Fire: An Ecological Profile of Lanark County. General Store Publishing House, Renfrew, Ontario. Fig. 2