Thomas Biddle

Thomas Biddle
Major Thomas Biddle, by Thomas Wilcocks Sully and Thomas Sully, 1832
Born	(1790-11-21)November 21, 1790 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
Died	August 29, 1831(1831-08-29) (aged 40) St. Louis, Missouri
Cause of death	Gunshot during a Duel
Resting place	Calvary Cemetery St. Louis, Missouri
Nationality	American
Occupation	U.S. Army officer
Known for	War of 1812 hero, duel with Spencer Pettis
Spouse(s)	Ann (Mullanphy) Biddle
Children	None
Parent(s)	Charles and Hannah Biddle.

Thomas Biddle (November 21, 1790 – August 29, 1831) was an American military hero during the War of 1812. He is better known though for having been killed in a duel with Missouri Congressman Spencer Pettis.

Early life

Thomas Biddle was born into the powerful Biddle family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, one of ten children born to Charles and Hannah (Shephard) Biddle.^[1] His father Charles was a Revolutionary War officer and vice-president of the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Two of Thomas' brothers, James and Edward, had served in U.S. Navy, while brother John was a U.S. Army officer before becoming an early mayor of Detroit, Michigan. Older brother Nicholas Biddle was president of the Second Bank of the United States.^[2]

War of 1812 and post-war

During the War of 1812 Thomas was commissioned as a captain of artillery under Zebulon Pike. He saw action at Fort George and Stoney Creek and was wounded at Fort Erie. Biddle was wounded again at the Battle of Lundy's Lane, where he distinguished himself by capturing the only British cannon seized in the clash. It would later be preserved and displayed in Washington, D.C.^[2] In 1814 Biddle was brevetted to the rank of Major and became an aide for George Izard. After some years, in August, 1820 he was transferred to St. Louis, Missouri where he served as U.S. Army paymaster.

On September 1, 1823 Thomas Biddle married Ann Mullanphy, daughter of Missouri's first millionaire, John Mullanphy. Now serving as the director of the St. Louis branch of the Bank of the United States, the Biddles were financially well-off and at the peak of young St. Louis society, often hosting lavish dinner parties for business and political luminaries. It was their involvement in local politics that would have deadly consequences, however.

Politics and an affair of honor

What transpired on August 26, 1831 had its roots many months earlier. Missouri's Jacksonian Democrats, led by Senator Thomas Hart Benton engaged in a number of debates during the 1830 Congressional election season that saw many fiery speeches on issues of banking, currency stability, and western land use. During one of those speeches Congressman Spencer Pettis, a Benton acolyte, harshly criticized Biddle's brother Nicholas, President of the Second Bank of the United States.^[3]

A war of words soon ensued in the St. Louis press in the form of letters to the editor. In one such letter Biddle called Pettis "a dish of skimmed milk", to which Pettis responded by questioning Biddle's manhood.^[2] Pettis was reelected to U.S. Congress in November, 1830 but the feud between the two refused to die. Things escalated dramatically on July 9, 1831 when Thomas Biddle heard that an ill Pettis was resting in a St. Louis hotel. Biddle attacked Pettis in his room, beating him severely with a cowhide whip until other hotel guests could intervene. ^[4]

Fearing that he might be attacked again during his time of recovery, Congressman Pettis turned to the judicial system for protection and had Major Biddle arrested on a peace warrant. At the court proceedings Pettis attempted to draw a pistol, with intent of shooting Biddle, until restrained by friends. At this, Biddle stated that he would promptly accept any challenge that the Congressman cared to issue.^[4] After sufficient time to recover from the beating, on August 21, 1831 Congressman Pettis challenged Biddle to a duel, which indeed was promptly accepted. As the challenged party, Biddle was allowed to choose the weapons and distance. Being nearsighted, Major Biddle chose pistols at the unusually-close distance of five feet.^[3] This meant that each man would take at most one or two steps before turning to fire, with their pistols perhaps even overlapping dependent on arm length. In short, it was suicidal and seen as a ploy by some observers and later historians to make Pettis back down thus lose the affair of honor without bloodshed.^[5]

At five p.m. on an August 27, 1831 Biddle and Pettis, along with their seconds, Major Benjamin O'Fallon and Captain Martin Thomas respectively, met on Bloody Island, a small sandbar located in the Mississippi River between St. Louis and the Illinois shore. Dueling was illegal in both states, but authorities tended to turn a blind eye to this neutral ground. As large crowds watched from the St. Louis riverfront, Biddle and Pettis obeyed the commands to step, turn, and fire. When the smoke cleared both men had fallen with mortal wounds.^[4] Before being carried off the island both men were overheard to forgive each other for the altercation. Congressman Spencer Pettis died the next day, August 28, while Major Biddle lingered on until August 29. Both men were buried with full honors, eulogized for choosing death before dishonor.^[3] The funerals for both men were said to be the largest ever held in St. Louis in the 19th century. As a war hero, Thomas Biddle was first buried with full military rites at Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, until some years later when he was disinterred to be buried with his wife in a crypt at Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis.

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