Third Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet

Third Encirclement Campaign
Part of the Chinese Civil War

Location of Jiangxi
DateJuly 1 - September 18, 1931
LocationJiangxi
Result Red Army victory
Belligerents

National Revolutionary Army

Chinese Red Army
Commanders and leaders
Chiang Kai-shek
He Yingqing
Chen Mingqu (陈铭枢)		 Mao Zedong
Zhu De
Strength
300,000 30,000+
Casualties and losses
30,000 ?

The Third Encirclement Campaign (Chinese: 第三次围剿) against Jiangxi Soviet was the third campaign launched by the Chinese Nationalist Government in hope to destroy the Red Army in Jiangxi. It was launched less than a month after the previous campaign have failed. However, this encirclement was against repelled by the Red Army's Third Counter Encirclement Campaign at the Central Soviet (Chinese: 中央苏区第三次反围剿), also called as the Third Counter-Encirclement Campaign at the Central Revolutionary Base (Chinese: 中央革命根据地第三次反围剿).

Strategy

Merely three weeks after the defeat of the Second Encirclement Campaign, Chiang Kai-shek reached Nanchang on June 21, 1931 with his foreign military advisory delegations including military advisors from Great Britain, Germany and Japan. The nationalists planned to launch another encirclement campaign in very short time so that their communist enemy would not have enough time to regroup and prepare for the upcoming battles, and Chiang himself became the commander-in-chief of the nationalist force consisted of twenty-four divisions totaling more than three hundred thousand troops. The attacking nationalist forces were divided into two army groups, with the He Yingqing named as the commander-in-chief of the left flank army group, and Chen Mingqu (陈铭枢) as the commander-in-chief as the right flank army group.

Order of battle

Nationalist order of battle (300,000+ total)

Communist order of battle: (30,000+ total)

Campaign

On July 1, 1931, the nationalists begun their offensive. The communists had not fully recovered yet from the last encirclement campaign and Wang Ming’s protégés including Xiang Ying had to agree with Mao Zedong’s decision to adopt the proven strategies in the earlier campaigns by letting the nationalists penetrate deep into the communist base and then to counterattack individual isolated enemy formations as they were dispersed. On July 10, 1931, the communist main force left western Fujian and traveled more than five hundred kilometers back to Xingguo in southern Jiangxi and waited their opportunities to counterattack. By the end of July, 1931, nationalists had discovered that the communist main force had withdraw to Xingguo, and Chiang Kai-shek immediately ordered his troops to simultaneously attack southward from north and westward from east, so that communists would be forced onto the eastern bank of Gan River and annihilated. The communists, in turn, decided to avoid direct clash with main nationalist force but instead, attack the weaker ones by outflanking the nationalists.

To achieve their goal, communists planned to strike Rich Field (Futian 富田) from Xingguo via Wang’an (万安), and then to strike eastward from the west to severe the nationalist communication / supply lines while the main nationalist force was trapped deep inside the communist base. As the main communist force moved toward Rich Field (Futian 富田), its intent was discovered by the nationalists and the nationalist 11th and 14th Division reached Rich Field (Futian 富田) ahead of the communists, resulting in the communist main force was blocked by the Gan River in the west, and faced the nationalist forces in the east, south and north. The communist high command decided to change the strategy by breaking through in the center and move eastward to the regions of Lotus Pond (Liantang, 莲塘), Liang Village (Liangcun, 良村), and Huangbi (黄陂).

In order to hide their true objective, the 35th Army of the Chinese Red Army and the 35th Division of the 12th Army of the Chinese Red Army pretended to be the communist main force and moved toward Gan River to fool nationalists. The main communist force, meanwhile, swiftly moved to the region of Lotus Pond (Liantang, 莲塘) at the night under the cover of the darkness on August 4, 1931 via passing through a twenty-kilometer gap in the nationalist lines between the nationalist divisions commanded Cai Tingkai and Jiang Dingwen. On August 7, 1931, communists succeeded in annihilating more than a brigade of troops from the nationalist 47th Division in the region of Lotus Pond (Liantang, 莲塘), and soon afterward, badly mauling the nationalist 54th Division in Liang Village (Liangcun, 良村). On August 11, 1931, communists succeeded in completely destroying four regiments of the nationalist 8th Division at Huangbi (黄陂), and after three consecutive defeats, the nationalist advance was checked temporarily.

Realizing the communist main force was moving eastward, the nationalist troops moving southward and westward was ordered to move eastward on August 9, 1931, in an attempt to sounding the communist main force in the region to the east of Junbu (君埠). The communists ordered their 12th Army (missing its 35th Division) of the Chinese Red Army to move toward Yue’an (乐安) to lure the nationalists northeastward, while the communist main force secretly returned to Xingguo by quietly passing a ten kilometer-wide gap in the nationalist encirclement in the mountain. Half a month later, nationalists chasing the communist 12th Army realized they were after the wrong target and abandoned the chase. As the over stretched nationalist forces attempted to regroup, the communists already had plenty of time to rest and regrouped already, and the nationalist morale dropped to a new low while the supply had run out. Realizing further fighting was impossible, nationalists were forced to abandon their plans by starting to withdraw in early September, 1931.

Taking the opportunity, communists counterattacked, and the only nationalist offensive still remaining was successfully checked when the nationalist 60th Division and 61st Division were forced to be on the defensive and abandoned all offensive attempts. Communists were not satisfied with this success and did not consider it was a victory, but a draw instead, and continued their offensive on other fronts. On September 7, 1931, they succeeded in destroying an entire brigade of the nationalist 9th Division in the region of Old Encampment (Laoyingpan 老营盘), and on September 15, 1931, another brigade of the nationalist 9th Division and the entire nationalist 52nd Division were totally destroyed by the communists in the region of Square Stone Ridge (Fangshiling 方石岭). The nationalist commander of the 52nd Division, Han Deqin, was captured alive together with his staff, becoming the highest ranking nationalist commander captured, but they had successfully avoided being identified by disguised as ordinary soldiers and each received two dollars in silver when released after the campaign. A total of seven nationalist divisions were badly mauled in the six battles, which communists themselves labeled as five victories and one draw, and nationalists suffered over thirty thousand casualties. In addition, the communists also captured more than twenty thousands guns in their victory.

Aftermath

Capitalizing on their victory, communists launched their offensives into the nationalist dominated regions, further expanding their communist base in Jiangxi, resulting in previously two separate communist bases in southern Jiangxi and western Fujian joining together into a larger one, covering twenty-one counties totaling more than fifty square kilometers, with permanent resident totaling more than two and half a million. The communist success paved the way for the communist base to later expand to its ultimate size with population over three million. It was worth to note that though Mao Zedong was still viewed by many communists as the supreme commander, his positions had already been actually reduced significantly since the last encirclement campaign, and it was only because the Wang Ming's protégés had not fully established their absolute authority, plus the fact that Mao's previous proven strategies had once more applied in this campaign that created the false impression that Mao was still the supreme leader. After this campaign, Mao soon fell from power as the internal political power struggle intensified and Wang Ming emerged victorious. The encirclement stopped because the japanese launched the Mukden Incident.

See also