Thermococcus litoralis

Thermococcus litoralis
Scientific classification
Domain: Archaea
Phylum: Euryarchaeota
Class: Thermococci
Order: Thermococcales
Family: Thermococcaceae
Genus: Thermococcus
Species: T. litoralis
Binomial name
Thermococcus litoralis[1]

Thermococcus litoralis (T. litoralis) is a species of Archaea that is found around deep-sea hydrothermal vents as well as shallow submarine thermal springs and oil wells.[2][3][4] It is an anaerobic organotroph hyperthermophile that is between 0.5–3.0 µm in diameter.[2] Like the other species in the order thermococcales, T. litoralis is an irregular cocci hyperthermophile that grow between 55–100 °C.[2] T. litoralis stands out from the rest of the thermococci in that it lacks motility. Its cell wall consists only of a single S-layer that does not form hexagonal lattices.[2] Additionally, while many thermococcales obligately use sulfur as an electron acceptor in metabolism, T. litoralis only needs sulfur to help stimulate growth, and can live without it.[3] T. litoralis has recently been popularized by the scientific community for its ability to produce an alternative DNA polymerase to the commonly used Taq polymerase. The T. litoralis polymerase, dubbed the vent polymerase, has been shown to have not only a lower error rate then Taq but also has proofreading 3’-5’ exonuclease abilities.[5]

DNA polymerase

The DNA polymerase of Thermococcus litoralis is stable in extreme heat and has a sufficient proofreading activity. This causes the mutation frequencies to be 2-4 times lower than most DNA polymerases that do not have the proofreading activity.[6]

Habitat and ecology

T. litoralis grows near shallow and deep sea hydrothermal vents in extremely hot water. The optimal growth temperature for T. litoralis is 85–88 °C.[2] It also prefers slightly acidic waters, growing between pH 4.0 to 8.0 with the optimal pH between 6.0–6.4.[2] Unlike many other hyperthermophiles, T. litoralis is only facultatively dependent on sulfur as a final electron acceptor in fermentation, producing hydrogen gas in its absence and hydrogen sulfide when present.[3] Additionally, T. litoralis has been shown to produce an exopolysaccharide (EPS) that could possibly help it form a biofilm. It is made of mannose, sulfites, and phosphorus.[3]

Physiology

T. litoralis can utilize pyruvate, maltose, and amino acids as energy sources.[2][3] In a laboratory setting, T. litoralis must be supplied with amino acids in order to grow at non-reduced rates. The only amino acids it does not require are asparagine, glutamine, alanine, and glutamate. These amino acids may not be vital for T. litoralis because asparganine and glutamine tend to deanimate at high temperatures found around hydrothermic vents and alanine and glutamate can usually be produced by other hyperthermophilic archaea.[3] The main carbon source for T. litoralis seems to be maltose, which can be brought into the cell via a maltose-trehalose ABC transporter. "T. litoralis" has a specialized glycolytic pathway called the modified Embden–Meyerhoff (EM) pathway. One way the modified EM pathway in T. litoralis deviates from the common EM pathway is that the modified version contains an ADP dependent hexose kinase and PFK instead of an ATP dependent versions of the enzymes.[4]

Novel strains

New DNA analysis has shown several isolates of T. litoralis, MW and Z-1614, which are most likely new strains. MW and Z-1614 were confirmed to be strains of T. litoralis through DNA-DNA hybridization, C–G ratios (38–41 mol%), and immunoblotting analyses. They slightly differ in morphology from the previously isolated T. litoralis in that they all have flagella.[2] Through the same processes it has been shown that the previously discovered Caldococcus litoralis was actually T. litoralis.[2] The genome for T. litoralis has yet to be fully sequenced.

References

  1. ↑ Neuner, Annemarie; Jannasch, Holger W.; Belkin, Shimshon; Stetter, Karl. O. (1990). "Thermococcus litoralis sp. nov.: A new species of extremely thermophilic marine archaebacteria". Archives of Microbiology 153 (2): 205–207. doi:10.1007/BF00247822. ISSN 0302-8933.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Kostyukova, Alla M., Georgi M. Gongadze, and Yaroslava Y. Polosina. "Investigation of Structure and Antigenic Capacities of Thermococcales Cell Envelopes and Reclassification of "Caldococcus Litoralis" Z-1301 as Thermococcus litoralis Z-1301." Extremophiles 3 (1999): 329–245.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Rinker, Kristina D., and Robert M. Kelly. "Growth Physiology of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus litoralis: Development of a Sulfer-Free Defined Medium, Characterization of an Exopolysaccharide, and Evidence of Biofilm Formation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62 (1996): 4478–485
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bertoldo, Costanzo, and Garabed Antranikian. The Prokaryotes. New York, NY: Springer, 2006
  5. ↑ Synnes, Marianne. "Bioprospecting of Organisms from the Deep Sea: Scientific and Environmental Aspects." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 9 (2007): 53–59.
  6. ↑ Mattila, P.; Korpela, J.; Tenkanen, T.; Pitkamem, K. (August 22, 1991). "Fidelity of DNA synthesis by the Thermococcus litoralis DNA polymerase—an exttemely heat stable enzyme with proofreading activity". Nucleic Acids Research 19 (18): 4967–4973. doi:10.1093/nar/19.18.4967.

Further reading