The Rocky Horror Picture Show cult following

The Rocky Horror Picture Show cult following describes the cultural phenomenon surrounding the large fan base of enthusiastic participants of the movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show, generally credited as being the best-known if not the first cinematic "midnight movie".[1]

History and background

The film The Rocky Horror Picture Show came about due to the tremendous success of the stage musical The Rocky Horror Show and opened in the United States at the United Artists Theater in Westwood, Los Angeles, California, on September 26, 1975. Although the theater was selling out every night, it was noted that many of the same people were returning to see the movie. This turned out to be an exception, not the rule as it was not doing well elsewhere in the US.[2]

The film was then re-launched as a midnight movie, beginning its run at the Waverly Theatre in New York City on April 1, 1976.[3] The Riverside Twin in Austin, Texas, became the second location to run the film as a midnighter. Over time, people began shouting responses to the characters' statements on the screen. Schoolteacher Louis Farese, Jr., is credited by some with starting the convention of talking back to the film on Labor Day weekend, 1976, at the Waverly Theatre.[4] (These mostly include melodramatic abuse of the characters or actors, vulgar sex jokes, puns, or pop culture references.) A showing of the film at the 1976 World Science Fiction Convention spread its fame to a new cadre of enthusiasts.[5]

Dori Hartley and Sal Piro at the Waverly Theatre in New York in 1977

A part of audience reception can be recreating the art. This is how the fandom of Rocky Horror developed into a standardized ritual. The performances of the audience was scripted and actively discouraged improvising, being conformist in a similar way to the repressed characters.[6] Rocky Horror helped shape conditions of cult film's transition from art-house to grind-house style.[7] Early participation with the film took place at the original Westwood location of the film's first run with fans heard singing along. Waverly Theatre fans in New York are credited with the call back lines.[8] Performance groups became a staple at Rocky Horror screenings due in large part to the prominent New York City fan cast. The cast was originally run by former schoolteacher and stand-up comic, Sal Piro and Dori Hartley one of several performers in a flexible, rotating cast to portray the character of Frank N. Furter, shadowing the film above.[8][9] According to J. Hoberman, author of "Midnight Movies", it was after five months into the film's midnight run when lines began to be yelled by the audience.[10] The first person to yell out an audience participation line during a screening was Louis Farese Jr., a normally quiet teacher who, upon seeing the Character Janet place a newspaper over her head to protect herself from rain yelled, "Buy an umbrella you cheap bitch". This self-proclaimed "counter point dialogue" was soon helped into standardization by Piro and repeated nearly verbatim at each screening.[10] By that Halloween, people were attending in costume and talking back to the screen. By the end of 1979, there were twice-weekly showings at over 230 theatres.[11]

D. Garrett Gafford and Terri Hardin, Tiffany Theater Hollywood, 1978

In 1977 the National Fan Club was begun and would merge with the International Fan Club and a publication, "The Transylavanian" printed a number of issues. A semi-regular poster magazine was published as well as an official magazine.[7]

The Los Angeles area performance groups originated in 1977 at the Fox Theatre, where Michael Wolfson portraying Frank, won a look-alike contest, as well as another at the Tiffany Theater on Sunset Blvd. Wolfson's group would perform in all of the LA area theaters screening Rocky Horror including the Balboa Theater in Balboa, The Cove at Hermosa Beach and The Sands in Glendale, and was invited to perform at the Sombrero Playhouse in Phoenix, Arizona. At the Tiffany Theatre, the audience performance cast had the theater's full cooperation; the local performers entered early and without charge. The Frank N. Furter for this theatre was performed by a transgender performer.[8] D. Garret Gafford, was out of work in 1978, trying to raise enough funds for a sex change operation while spending the weekends performing at the Tiffany.[12]

San Francisco's Strand Theatre, 1979. Linda Woods, Marni Scofidio, Denise Erickson and Jim Curry

In San Francisco Rocky Horror would move from one location to the Strand Theatre located near the Tenderloin on Market Street.[13] The performance group there would act out and perform almost the entire film, unlike the New York cast at that time. The Strand cast was put together from former members of the Berkeley group, disbanded due to less than enthusiastic management. Their Frank N. Furter was portrayed by Marni Scofidio who, in 1979 got many of the older group from Berkeley, over to San Francisco. Other members included Mishell Erickson and her twin sister Denise Erickson who portrayed Columbia and Magenta, Kathy Dolan playing Janet and Linda Woods as Riff Raff. The Strand group had performed at two large science fiction conventions, in Los Angeles and San Francisco and were offered a spot at The Mobuhay, A local punk club and even performed for children's television in Argentina.[8]

Annual Rocky Horror conventions are held in varying locations lasting days. Tucson, Arizona has hosted a few times including 1999 with “El Fishnet Fiesta”, and “Queens of the Desert” held in 2006.[14] To the fans, Rocky Horror is a repeated cycle, of going home and coming back to see the film each weekend, making the practice a ritual of compulsive, re-affirmation of community that has been compared to a "religious event".[10] The audience call backs are similar to responses in church during a mass.[10] The Rocky Horror Picture Show has a global following and remains popular well into the 21st century.[15]

Audience participation

Some Rocky Horror paraphernalia set out at a Boise, Idaho showing in early 2011

The film gained popularity because of fan participation as much as anything else.[16] "Shadow Casts" of fans acting out the entire movie below, or in some cases directly in front of the screen, are almost always present at showings. At the Strand Theatre in San Francisco, fans came to see a well-organized group coordinated by Grady Broyles, performing with sets and props like a professional theatre troupe. At the Tiffany Theater on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles, fans included a transsexual individual performing as Frank N. Furter, just a few blocks away from the Roxy Theatre where the Rocky Horror Show made its American debut.[17]

Audience participation also includes dancing the Time Warp along with the film, and throwing toast, water, toilet paper, hot dogs, and rice at appropriate points in the movie. Many theatres forbid throwing items that are difficult to clean up. In many cases, a total ban on throwing objects has been instituted due to severe damage to movie screens. Fans often attend shows in costume as the characters. At a now-defunct theater in New Orleans, the local "Eddie" would ride his motorcycle down the aisle during Meat Loaf's/Eddie's song, "Hot Patootie."[18]

Call backs

During a showing of Rocky Horror, ad lib responses, more commonly known as call backs, are lines the audience may shout out in response to events occurring on screen, as a form of audience participation. In some venues, audience members who provide "incorrect" or poorly timed responses may find themselves angrily shouted down just as if they were being disruptive in a normal movie. However, creative new lines are usually applauded and even added to the local repertoire.[19] There have been audience participation albums recorded and scripts published. However, most fans feel that it is preferable for responses to grow organically from the local culture.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Macor, Alison. "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture 2 Mar, 2009
  2. ↑ Henkin, Bill (1979). The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book. Dutton Adult. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8015-6436-9.
  3. ↑ Henkin, Bill (1979). The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book. Dutton Adult. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8015-6436-9.
  4. ↑ Hoberman, J., and Jonathan Rosenbaum (1983). Midnight Movies. Da Capo. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-306-80433-5.
  5. ↑ "Interview with Gene DeWeese" Gene DeWeese
  6. ↑ Ernest Mathijs; Jamie Sexton (30 March 2012). Cult Cinema. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-1-4443-9642-3.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Mathijs, Ernest; Mendik, Xavier (1 December 2007). The Cult Film Reader. McGraw-Hill International. pp. 395–. ISBN 978-0-335-21923-0.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 William A. Henkin; Bill Henkin (1 August 1979). The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book. PENGUIN Group (USA) Incorporated. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-452-26654-4.
  9. ↑ Susan Tyler Hitchcock (2007). Frankenstein: A Cultural History. W.W. Norton. pp. 251–. ISBN 978-0-393-06144-4.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Vera Dika (9 June 2003). Recycled Culture in Contemporary Art and Film: The Uses of Nostalgia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-0-521-01631-5.
  11. ↑ Samuels (1983), p. 11
  12. ↑ Overand, William (July 19, 1978). "Saturday Night Fervor at the Tiffany Theater". Los Angeles Times.
  13. ↑ Jim Stewart (2011). Folsom Street Blues: A Memoir of 1970s SoMa and Leatherfolk in Gay San Francisco. Palm Drive Publishing. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-1-890834-03-6.
  14. ↑ Gay, Gerald M. (March 13, 2014). "'Rocky Horror' shines at El Fishnet Fiesta". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  15. ↑ Bob Batchelor (December 2011). Cult Pop Culture: How the Fringe Became Mainstream. ABC-CLIO. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-0-313-35780-0.
  16. ↑ Henkin, Bill (1979). The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book. Dutton Adult. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8015-6436-9.
  17. ↑ Henkin, Bill (1979). The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book. Dutton Adult. pp. 126 127. ISBN 978-0-8015-6436-9.
  18. ↑ Henkin, Bill (1979). The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book. Dutton Adult. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-8015-6436-9.
  19. ↑ Lucas, Drake (2005-10-20). "Rocky Horror Rolls On". The Patriot Ledger. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
  20. ↑ Henkin, Bill (1979). The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book. Dutton Adult. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8015-6436-9.

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