The March of the Women
"The March of the Women" was the anthem of the women's suffrage movement in the UK.[1] It was composed in 1910 by Ethel Smyth as a unison song with optional piano accompaniment, with words by Cicely Hamilton. Smyth dedicated the song to the Women's Social and Political Union.[2] In January 1911, the WSPU's newspaper, Votes for Women, described the song as "at once a hymn and a call to battle".[3]
The song was first performed on 21 January 1911 by the Suffrage Choir, at a ceremony held on Pall Mall, London,[2] to celebrate a release of activists from prison. Emmeline Pankhurst introduced the song as the WSPU's official anthem, replacing "The Women's Marseillaise".[4] The latter song was a setting of words by WSPU activist Florence Macaulay to the tune of the La Marseillaise.[5] Smyth's melody for "The March of the Women" was based on a traditional tune she had heard in Abruzzo, Italy.[6]
The song was performed on 23 March 1911 at a rally in the Royal Albert Hall. Smyth was ceremonially presented with a baton by Emmeline Pankhurst, and proceeded to conduct the whole gathering in singing it. Smyth was active in promoting the performance of the song throughout the WSPU's membership.[7]
A famous rendering of it took place in 1912 at Holloway Prison, after many women activists were imprisoned as a result of a window-smashing campaign. Smyth's part in this had been to break the window of Lewis Harcourt, the Secretary of State for the Colonies.[8] The conductor Thomas Beecham visited Smyth in prison and reported that he found the activists in the courtyard "...marching round it and singing lustily their war-chant while the composer, beaming approbation from an overlooking upper window, beat time in almost Bacchic frenzy with a toothbrush."[3]
While imprisoned in April 1913, Emmeline Pankhurst undertook a hunger strike which she did not expect to survive. She told Smyth that at night she would feebly sing "The March of the Women" and another of Smyth's compositions, "Laggard Dawn".[9]
Smyth re-arranged the work several times. A version for choir and optional orchestra was included in Songs of Sunrise, a collection of three songs premiered on 1 April 1911 at the Queen's Hall, London. The other two songs in the collection were "Laggard Dawn" and "1910". An arrangement of "The March of the Women" for solo piano appeared in 1914 in King Albert's Book, a fund-raising publication for Belgian relief. On 6 March 1930 Smyth conducted a version of "The March of the Women" for military band, on the occasion of the unveiling of a statue to memorialise Emmeline Pankhurst in Victoria Tower Gardens.[2] The ceremony was presided over by Stanley Baldwin, and the performance was by the band of the Metropolitan Police.[10]
The tune of "The March of the Women" also appears in the overture of Smyth's opera The Boatswain's Mate.[11]
References
- ↑ Collis (1984), p.104
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bennett (1987), p. 378
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Crawford (2001), pp. 641–642
- ↑ Purvis (2002), p. 157
- ↑ Crawford (2001), p. 645
- ↑ St John (1959), p. 151
- ↑ Purvis (2002), pp. 159–160
- ↑ Norris in The Daily Telegraph, 31 July 2008
- ↑ Purvis (2002), p. 217
- ↑ Purvis (2002), p. 357
- ↑ Fuller (1994), p. 294
Sources
- Bennett, Jory (1987). Crichton, Ronald, ed. The Memoirs of Ethel Smyth: Abridged and Introduced by Ronald Crichton, with a list of works by Jory Bennett. Harmondsworth: Viking. ISBN 0-670-80655-2.
- Collis, Louise (1984). Impetuous Heart: the Story of Ethel Smyth. London: W. Kimber. ISBN 978-0-7183-0543-7.
- Crawford, Elizabeth (2001). The Women's Suffrage Movement: a Reference Guide, 1866–1928. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23926-5.
- Fuller, Sophie (1994). Pandora Guide to Women Composers. London: Pandora. ISBN 0-04-440897-8.
- Norris, Geoffrey (31 July 2008). "Ethel Smyth from prison to the Proms". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
- Purvis, June (2002). Emmeline Pankhurst: a Biography. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23978-8.
- St John, Christopher (1959). Ethel Smyth: a Biography. London: Longmans.