The 500 Most Influential Muslims

The 500 Most Influential Muslims
The cover of the 2009 edition
Author	John L. Esposito, Ibrahim Kalın, Usra Ghazi, Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Series	1st Edition (2009) 2nd Edition (2010) 3rd Edition (2011) 4th Edition (2012) 5th Edition (2013/14) 6th Edition (2014/15)
Subject	Biographical dictionary
Genre	Non-fiction
Publisher	Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre, Createspace
Publication date	January 16, 2009 (2009-01-16)
Media type	Online, print
Pages	206
ISBN	978-9957-428-37-2
OCLC	514462119

The 500 Most Influential Muslims (also known as The Muslim 500) is an annual publication first published in 2009, which ranks the most influential Muslims in the world.

The publication is compiled by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre in Amman, Jordan.^[1]^[2]^[3] The report is issued annually in cooperation with Prince Al-Waleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University in the United States.^[2]

Overview

The publication highlights people who are influential as Muslims. That is people whose influence is derived from their practice of Islam or from the fact that they are Muslim.^[4] Nominations are evaluated on the basis of the influence that particular Muslims have had within the Muslim community and the manner in which their influence has benefited the Muslim community, both within the Islamic world and in terms of representing Islam to non-Muslims.^[5] "Influential" for the purposes of the book is defined as "any person who has the power (be it cultural, ideological, financial, political or otherwise) to make a change that will have a significant impact on the Muslim World".^[6]^[7]

The publication defines eligible entries with the following: "Traditional Islam (96% of the world's Muslims): Also known as Orthodox Islam, this ideology is not politicized and largely based on consensus of correct opinion—thus including the Sunni, Shi'a, and Ibadi branches of practice (and their subgroups) within the fold of Islam, and not groups such as the Druze or the Ahmadiyya, among others."^[8]

The book starts with an overall top 50, ranked the most influential Muslims in the world. The remaining 450 most prominent Muslims is broken down into 15 categories without ranking,^[2]^[6] of scholarly, political, administrative, lineage, preachers and spiritual guides, women, youth, philanthropy/charity, development, science and technology, arts and culture, Qu'ran reciters, media, radicals, international Islamic networks and issues of the day.^[9] Each year the biographies are updated.^[3]

The publication also gives an insight into the different ways that Muslims impact the world and also shows the diversity of how people are living as Muslims today.^[2] The book's appendices comprehensively list populations of Muslims in nations worldwide, and its introduction gives a snapshot view of different ideological movements within the Muslim world, breaking down clearly distinctions between traditional Islam and recent radical innovations.^[10]

Publications

2009 edition

In 2009, the book was edited by Professors John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin at Georgetown University in Washington.^[11]

The 500 most influential Muslims were chosen largely in terms of their overt influence.^[10] The top 50 is dominated by religious scholars^[12] and either heads of state, which automatically gives them an advantage when it comes to influence, or they have inherited their position. Lineage is a significant factor – it has its own category – and the predisposition to include children of important people reveals a mindset that indicates achievement is an optional extra.^[4] The top 50 fits into six broad categories as follows: 12 are political leaders (kings, generals, presidents), four are spiritual leaders (Sufi shaykhs), 14 are national or international religious authorities, three are "preachers", six are high-level scholars, 11 are leaders of movements or organizations.^[10]

The book has given the first place to King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia. Second place went to Ayatollah Syed Ali Khamenei, the spiritual leader of Iran. King Mohammed VI of Morocco found third place and King Abdullah II Al-Hussain of Jordan occupied fourth place. Fifth place went to Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.^[11]

The first solely religious leader is Iraq's Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani in seventh place. Fethullah Gülen came 13th. The heads of Hezbollah; Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah listed 17th and Hamas Khaled Mashaal listed 34th.

The highest-ranking American (and highest-ranking convert) at 38th place was Sheikh Hamza Yusuf Hanson, founder of the Zaytuna Institute in Berkeley, California. Right after him comes the highest-ranking European, Sheikh Mustafa Cerić, grand mufti of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[13]

In total 72 Americans are among the 500, a disproportionately strong showing.^[10] Timothy Winter (Abdal Hakim Murad) was the highest ranked British Muslim, in an unspecified position between 51st and 60th, considerably higher than the three other British people who made the list – the Conservative Party chairman Baroness Sayeeda Warsi; the UK's first Muslim life peer, Lord Nazir Ahmed; and Dr Anas Al Shaikh Ali, director of the International Institute of Islamic Thought.^[14]

The women featured had a separate section from the men.^[4] There were only three women listed in the top 50. Sheikha Munira al-Qubaysi (number 21), an educator of girls and women; Queen Rania of Jordan (number 37), who promotes global education; and Sheikha Mozah bint Nasser Al Missned of Qatar (number 38), who is chairwoman of the Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development.^[6]

The listing also includes an extensive Arts and Culture Section. The general Arts and Culture Section included the names of singers Salif Keita, Youssou N'Dour, Raihan, Yusuf Islam and Sami Yusuf, Dawud Wharnsby; musician A. R. Rahman (India); film star Shahrukh Khan; comedian Azhar Usman and martial artist Ma Yue. All the Qāriʾs (Quran reciters) listed in the book are from Saudi Arabia.^[11]

Foreign Policy magazine's Marc Lynch stated, "Esposito and Kalin's methodology seems strange. Any list in which the Sultan of Oman (Qaboos bin Said al Said, who was sixth) outranks, say, Turkish preacher Fethullah Gülen (placed 13th) or the Aga Khan (Aga Khan IV, who was placed 20th) seems odd to this observer..."^[15]

2010 edition

In 2010, Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz topped the list as the most influential Muslim in the world for the second consecutive year. Ayatollah Syed Ali Khamenei maintained second place. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan moved into third place. Jordanian King Abdullah II was placed fourth above Moroccan King Mohammed VI who moved down to fifth place.

2011 edition

In 2011, achievements of a lifetime were given more weight than achievements within the current year. which meant that the lists of names were going to change gradually, rather than dramatically, year-on-year. The Arab Spring had no impact on Saudi King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia's influence, it had boosted King Mohammed VI of Morocco's influence, who moved up to second place, and it had no effect on Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan who came in third place.^[2]

Erdoğan was expected by many to receive the top spot in light of the Arab Spring. Erdoğan was credited with Turkey's "Muslim democracy", and was seen as the leader of a country that, as the Brookings Institution said, "played the 'most constructive' role in the Arab events."^[16]

Emir of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani influence rose during the Arab Spring, moving him to sixth place. He had driven much of the Arab Spring through the coverage given by Al Jazeera, given financial support to protesters and political support to Libya, making him arguably the biggest enabler of the Arab Spring.^[17]

2012 edition

In 2012, the edition was published by S. Abdallah Schleifer, Professor Emeritus and Senior Fellow Kamal Adham Center for Television & Digital Journalism, The American University in Cairo.^[7]

There were more Muslims from America than any other country again with 41 spots on the 500 list. Countries with the next highest number of names were Egypt, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom, with 25 Muslims each, followed by Indonesia, with 24.^[18] It lists the winners according to 13 categories, including spiritual guides, Quran reciters, scholars, politicians, celebrities, sports figures, radicals, and media leaders.^[1]^[19]

For the fourth year running, Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz topped the list. He was followed by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at second place.^[12] Erdoğan's advance gave him advantage over Moroccan King Mohammed VI who took the third place. Fourth place went to Dr Mohammed Badie, whose name appeared in the top 10 for the first time. He was followed by Qatari Emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani who took the fifth place. Sheikh Al-Azhar Dr. Ahmad el-Tayeb and prominent Islamic scholar Dr. Yusuf al-Qaradawi who is President of Global Association of Muslim Scholars, also made it to the top 10 ranks.^[2]

The Clarinet Projected reported that they considered seven of the top ten to be "Islamists".^[20]

2013/14 edition

In 2013, the list was edited once again by Professor Emeritus S. Abdallah Schleifer of the American University in Cairo.^[21]

The top of the list went to Sheikh Ahmed el-Tayeb, the Grand Sheikh of the Al Azhar University for the prominent role played by him in Egypt's troubled democratic transition^[22] His astute decision making over the past couple of years has preserved the traditional approach of Al-Azhar which faced threats from Islamists and Salafis in the years that have followed Mubarak's fall.^[23] His public support of General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi's coup also gave it a strong religious grounding that was necessary for it to achieve the legitimacy needed to prevent a civil war, effectively making him a "king-maker" and cementing his place at the top of the list.^[21] He was followed on the listing by Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz Al-Saud and Iranian Grand Leader Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei.^[22]

Reflective of the wider trajectory of the Arab Spring, this year's list showed a decline in influence from Muslim Brotherhood associated figures Dr Mohammed Badie, Sheikh Yusuf al Qaradawi and ousted Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi. Coup kingpin General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi who was previously unlisted now ranks at 29.^[22]

The US dominates the list again with 41 inclusions including Muhammad Ali, Dr Mehmet Oz, Rep. Keith Ellison, Yasiin Bey (Mos Def), and Fareed Zakaria. Representing the UK are Mo Farah, Yusuf Islam, Riz Khan, Baroness Sayeeda Warsi, Cambridge's Dr Timothy Winter and 18 others.^[23]

2014/2015 edition

In 2014, the chief editor of the list was again Professor S Abdallah Schleifer. The top spot went back to Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud, due to his being the "absolute monarch of the most powerful Arab nation." The list accords him the place in light of Saudi Arabia being home to Islam's two holy cities of Makkah and Madinah, which millions of Muslims visit throughout the year, as well as the kingdom's oil exports. Rounding out the top three are Dr Muhammad Ahmed al-Tayeb, grand sheikh of Al-Azhar University and grand imam of Al-Azhar mosque, and Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. The top nine are all political leaders and royals, including Morocco's King Mohammed VI and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.^[24]

The top 50 fit into six broad categories: 12 are political leaders (kings, generals, presidents), four are spiritual leaders (Sufi shaykhs), 14 are national or international religious authorities, three are "preachers", six are high-level scholars, 11 are leaders of movements or organizations.^[10] In total 72 Americans are among the 500 most influential Muslims, a disproportionately strong showing, but only one among the top 50, Sheikh Hamza Yusuf Hanson of Zaytuna Institute listed at number 38.^[10]

Current top ten

Rank	Change	Name	Citizenship	Age	Occupation	Source of Influence	Influence	School of Thought	Previous rankings
1	1	King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz	Saudi Arabia	(1924-08-01)August 1, 1924 – January 23, 2015(2015-01-23) (aged 90)	King of Saudi Arabia and Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques	Political, Administrative, Lineage	King with authority over 26 million residents of Saudi Arabia, 2.4 million Hajj pilgrims and approximately 14 million Umrah pilgrims annually.	Moderate Salafi	1 (2009) 1 (2010) 1 (2011) 1 (2012) 2 (2013/14) 1
2	1	Sheikh Ahmad Muhammad El-Tayeb	Egypt	(1946-01-01) January 1, 1946	Grand Sheikh of the Al-Azhar University and Grand Imam of the Al-Azhar Mosque	Administrative	Highest scholarly authority for a majority of Sunni Muslims, runs the foremost and largest Sunni Islamic university with close to 400,000 students.	Traditional Sunni	25 (2009) 7 (2010) 18 7 (2011) 8 (2012) 1 1 (2013/14) 7
3		Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei	Iran	(1939-07-17) July 17, 1939	Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran	Political, Administrative	Supreme Leader of 75 million Iranians.	Traditional Twelver Shi‘a, Revolutionary Shi'ism	2 (2009) 3 (2010) 1 5 (2011) 2 6 (2012) 1 3 (2013/14) 3
4		King Abdullah II of Jordan	Jordan	(1962-01-30) January 30, 1962	King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan	Political, Lineage	King with authority over approximately 6.4 million Jordanians and outreach to Traditional Islam.	Traditional Sunni	4 (2009) 4 (2010) 4 (2011) 7 (2012) 3 4 (2013/14) 3
5		King Mohammed VI of Morocco	Morocco	(1963-08-21) August 21, 1963	King of Morocco	Political, Administrative, Development	King with authority over 32 million Moroccans.	Traditional Sunni, Maliki	3 (2009) 5 (2010) 2 2 (2011) 3 3 (2012)1 5 (2013/14) 2
6		Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	Turkey	(1954-02-26) February 26, 1954	Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey	Political	Leads government of 75.7 million Turkish citizens.	Traditional Sunni	5 (2009) 2 (2010) 3 3 (2011) 1 2 (2012) 1 6 (2013/14) 4
7	1	Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Hussein Sistani	Iraq	(1940-08-04) August 4, 1940	Marja' of the Hawza, Najaf, Iraq	Scholarly, Lineage	Highest authority for 17-20 million Iraqi Shi‘a, and also internationally as religious authority to Usuli Twelver Shi‘a.	Traditional Twelver Shi‘a, Usuli	7 (2009) 8 (2010) 1 10 (2011) 2 13 (2011) 3 8 (2013/14) 5
8	1	Qaboos bin Said al Said	Oman	(1940-11-18) November 18, 1940	Sultan of Oman	Lineage, Political, Development	Leader of 2.9 million citizens and residents of Oman.	Traditional Ibadi	6 (2009) 6 (2010) 9 (2011) 3 12 (2011) 3 9 (2013/14) 3
9	1	H.H. General Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan	UAE	(1961-03-11) March 11, 1961	Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces	Administration of Religious Affairs, Philanthropy, Charity and Development, Political	Military and political leadership.	Traditional Sunni	22 (2009) 22 (2010) 18 (2011) 4 15 (2012) 3 10 (2013/14) 5
10	3	Amir Hajji Muhammad Abd Al Wahhab	Pakistan	1923 (age 91–92)	Leader of the Pakistan chapter of the Tablighi Jamaat	Administration of Religious Affairs, Scholarly	Leader of an international organization with chapters in 120 countries and annual conferences that attract million.	Hanafi, Sunni	15 (2009) 16 (2010) 1 16 (2011) 17 (2012) 1 13 (2013/14) 4

Previous top ten entrants

Rank	Change	Name	Citizenship	Age	Occupation	Source of Influence	Influence	School of Thought	Previous rankings
14	3	Hodjaefendi Fethullah Gülen	Turkey	(1941-04-27) April 27, 1941	Turkish Muslim preacher and founder of the Gülen movement	Scholarly	Figure of spiritual and social leadership for millions of Turkish Muslims and others around the world.	Traditional Sunni	13 (2009) 13 (2011) 15 (2011) 2 10 (2011) 5 11 (2013/14) 1
15	1	Sheikh Ali Gomaa	Egypt	(1953-03-03) March 3, 1953	Grand Mufti of The Arab Republic of Egypt	Scholarly, Political	Legal authority for 80 million Egyptians.	Traditional Sunni, Shafi‘i	10 (2009) 10 (2010) 12 (2011) 2 14 (2013/14) 2
31	15	Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi	Qatar	(1926-09-09) September 9, 1926	Head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars	Scholarly	Leading scholar for global Muslim Brotherhood movement, host of "Ash-Shariah wal-Hayat" on Al Jazeera with 40 million viewers worldwide.	Muslim Brotherhood, Salafi	9 (2009) 14 (2010) 5 13 (2011) 1 16 (2013/14) 3
Top 450	414	Dr Mohammed Badie	Egypt	(1943-08-07) August 7, 1943	Supreme Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood	Administrative, Political, International Islamic Networks	Leader of a transnational movement in Egypt and across the Middle East, Africa, the United Kingdom, and United States.	Sunni, Muslim Brotherhood	Unlisted (2009) 12 (2010) 8 (2011) 4 4 (2012) 4 36 (2013/14) 32
Top 450		Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani	Qatar	(1952-01-01) January 1, 1952	Emir of Qatar	Political, Administrative, Lineage, Philanthropy	Political leader of over 1.5 million residents of oil-rich Qatar.	Moderate Salafi	Unlisted (2009) 21 (2010) 6 (2011) 15 5 (2011) 1 Unlisted (2013/14)
Unlisted		President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono	Indonesia	(1949-09-09) September 9, 1949	President of Indonesia	Political, Development	Leader of 233.5 million citizens and residents of Indonesia.	Traditional Sunni	Unspecified (2009) 9 (2010) 11 (2011) 2 9 (2011) 2 7 (2013/14) 2