Territorial authorities of New Zealand

New Zealand
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of New Zealand
Constitution
Monarchy Sovereign Elizabeth II Governor-General Jerry Mateparae Executive Council
Executive (Queen-in-Council) Prime Minister John Key Cabinet Public sector organisations
Legislative (Queen-in-Parliament) Parliament (current) House of Representatives Speaker: David Carter Official Opposition Leader: David Cunliffe Statute of Westminster 1931
Elections Political parties Parliamentary constituencies Electoral system Electoral reform Electoral Commission Electoral Enrolment Centre Recent elections General: 2008 2011 2014 Local: 2007 2010 2013 Referenda
Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice: Dame Sian Elias Court of Appeal President: Ellen France High Court District Courts Other Courts Employment Environment Courts Martial Appeal Māori Land Waitangi Tribunal
Administrative divisions Realm of New Zealand Regions and territories Territorial authorities North Island South Island Stewart Island Chatham Islands
Related topics Foreign relations Māori politics Nuclear-free zone
Other countries Atlas Politics portal

Map of New Zealand territorial authorities. Cities are bolded and capitalised. Regions are indicated with colours.

Territorial authorities are the second tier of local government in New Zealand, below regional councils. There are 67 territorial authorities: 12 city councils, 53 district councils, Auckland Council and Chatham Islands Council. Six territorial authorities (Auckland Council, Nelson City Council, the Gisborne, Tasman, and Marlborough district councils and Chatham Islands Council) also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are unitary authorities. Territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regions, and some of them fall within more than one region. Taupo District has the distinction of straddling the boundaries of four different regions (see below). Regional council areas are based on water catchment areas, whereas territorial authorities are based on community of interest and road access. Regional councils are responsible for the administration of many environmental and public transport matters, while the territorial authorities administer local roading and reserves, sewerage, building consents, the land use and subdivision aspects of resource management, and other local matters. Some activities are delegated to council-controlled organisations.

Territorial authorities

The word "Council" is omitted from the names of the territorial authorities in this section.

North Island

South Island

Stewart Island/Rakiura

Chatham Islands

• Chatham Islands Territory is a district governed by the Chatham Islands Council, a unitary authority.

Other islands

There are a number of islands where the Minister of Local Government is the territorial authority, two of which have a 'permanent population and/or permanent buildings and structures.' The main islands are listed below (population according to 2001 census in parenthesis):

• Mayor Island/Tuhua (3)
• Motiti Island (30)
• Whakaari/White Island
• Moutohora Island
• Bare Island

In addition, seven of the nine groups of the New Zealand Outlying Islands are outside of any territorial authority:

• Kermadec Islands (3)
• Three Kings Islands
• Bounty Islands
• The Snares
• Antipodes Islands
• Auckland Islands
• Campbell Islands

1989 local government reforms

For many decades until the local government reforms of 1989, a borough with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city. The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so little distinction was made between the urban area and the local government area.

New Zealand’s local government structural arrangements were significantly reformed by the Local Government Commission in 1989 when approximately 700 councils and special purpose bodies were amalgamated to create 87 new local authorities. Regional councils were reduced in number from 20 to 13, territorial authorities (city/district councils) from 200 to 75, and special purpose bodies from over 400 to 7.^[2] The new district and city councils were generally much larger and most covered substantial areas of both urban and rural land. Many places that once had a city council were now being administered by a district council.

As a result, the term "city" began to take on two meanings.

The word "city" came to be used in a less formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded. Gisborne, for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in the world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a district council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed.

Under the current law the minimum population for a new city is 50,000.

Changes since 1989

Since the 1989 reorganisations, there have been few major reorganisations or status changes in local government. Incomplete list:

• 1991: Invercargill re-proclaimed a city.
• 1992: Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council abolished by a Local Government Amendment Act. Of its territorial authorities, Kaikoura District was transferred to the Canterbury Region, and Nelson City and Tasman and Marlborough districts became unitary authorities.
• 1995: The Chatham Islands County was dissolved and reconstituted by a specific Act of Parliament as the "Chatham Islands Territory", with powers similar to those of territorial authorities and some functions similar to those of a regional council.^[3]
• 2004: Tauranga became a city again on 1 March.
• 2006: Banks Peninsula District merged into Christchurch City as a result of 2005 referendum.

Reports on completed reorganisation proposals since 1999 are available on the Local Government Commission's site (link below).

2007–2009 Royal Commission on Auckland Governance

On 26 March 2009, the Royal Commission on Auckland Governance recommended the Rodney, North Shore, Waitakere, Auckland City, Manukau, Papakura and Franklin territorial councils and the Auckland Regional Council be abolished and the entire Auckland region to be amalgamated into one "supercity".^[4] The area would consist of one city council (with statutory provision for three Maori councillors), four urban local councils, and two rural local councils:

• Rodney local council would lose Orewa, Dairy Flat, and Whangaparaoa but retain the remainder of the current Rodney District. The split areas as well as the current North Shore City would form a Waitemata local council.
• Waitakere local council would consist of the current Waitakere City as well as the Avondale area.
• Tamaki Makaurau would consist of the current Auckland City and Otahuhu (excluding CBD)
• Manukau local council would consist of the urban parts of the current Manukau City and of the Papakura District.
• Hunua local council would consist of the entire Franklin District, much of which is currently in the Waikato Region, along with rural areas of the current Papakura District and Manukau City.
• The entire Papakura District would be dissolved between urban and rural councils.

Central Government response

The National-led Government responded within about a week. Its proposal, which will go to a Select Committee, has the supercity and many community boards but no local councils and for the first election no separate seats for Maori.

Public response

Public reaction to the Royal Commission report was mixed, especially in regards to the Government's amended proposal. Auckland Mayor John Banks supported the amended merger plans.^[5]

Criticism of the amended proposal came largely from residents in Manukau, Waitakere and North Shore Cities.^{[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]} In addition, Maori Affairs Minister Pita Sharples spoke against the exclusion of the Maori seats, as recommended by the Royal Commission.^[13][14] Opposition Leader Phil Goff called for a referendum on the issue.^[15]

See also

• Regions of New Zealand
• Districts of New Zealand
• List of cities in New Zealand
• List of former territorial authorities in New Zealand
• Local Government Act 1974 (New Zealand)
• Local Government Act 2002 (New Zealand)
• Local Government New Zealand
• Ranked list of New Zealand urban areas

References

External links

• Local Councils (maintained by the Department of Internal Affairs)
• Local Government Services at the Department of Internal Affairs site (includes the Local Government Directory at the bottom of the page)
  • Administration of Offshore Islands
• Local Government Commission site
• Local Government Online Limited site (portal site owned by the Society of Local Government Managers and the Association of Local Government Information Management)
• Local Government New Zealand region and district boundaries – North Island
• Local Government New Zealand region and district boundaries – South Island
• Statistics New Zealand clickable map for local body and area unit detail over all of New Zealand

Administrative divisions of the Realm of New Zealand
Sovereign States	New Zealand									Cook Islands	Niue
Regions	11 non-unitary regions	5 unitary regions	Chatham Islands		Outlying islands outside any regional authority (the Kermadec Islands, Three Kings Islands, and Sub-Antarctic Islands)	Ross Dependency	Tokelau			15 islands	14 villages
Territorial authorities	13 cities and 53 districts
Notes	Some districts lie in more than one region	These combine the regional and the territorial authority levels in one	Special territorial authority		The outlying Solander Islands form part of the Southland Region	New Zealand's Antarctic territory	Non-self-governing territory of New Zealand			States in free association with New Zealand

Articles on second-level administrative divisions of Oceanian countries Australasia Australia New Zealand Melanesia East Timor Fiji Papua New Guinea Micronesia Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Polynesia Tonga Table of administrative country subdivisions by country