Terminologia Histologica

The Terminologia Histologica (TH) is a controlled vocabulary for use in cytology and histology.^[1]^[2] In April 2011, Terminologia Histologica was published online by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT), the successor of FCAT.

It was intended to replace Nomina Histologica. The Nomina Histologica was introduced in 1977, with the fourth edition of Nomina Anatomica.^[3]

It was developed by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology.

Outline

h1.00: Cytology
h2.00: General histology
- H2.00.01.0.00001: Stem cells
- H2.00.02.0.00001: Epithelial tissue
  - H2.00.02.0.01001: Epithelial cell
  - H2.00.02.0.02001: Surface epithelium
  - H2.00.02.0.03001: Glandular epithelium
- H2.00.03.0.00001: Connective and supportive tissues
  - H2.00.03.0.01001: Connective tissue cells
  - H2.00.03.0.02001: Extracellular matrix
  - H2.00.03.0.03001: Fibres of connective tissues
  - H2.00.03.1.00001: Connective tissue proper
  - H2.00.03.1.01001: Ligaments
  - H2.00.03.2.00001: Mucoid connective tissue; Gelatinous connective tissue
  - H2.00.03.3.00001: Reticular tissue
  - H2.00.03.4.00001: Adipose tissue
  - H2.00.03.5.00001: Cartilage tissue
  - H2.00.03.6.00001: Chondroid tissue
  - H2.00.03.7.00001: Bone tissue; Osseous tissue
- H2.00.04.0.00001: Haemotolymphoid complex
  - H2.00.04.1.00001: Blood cells
  - H2.00.04.1.01001: Erythrocyte; Red blood cell
  - H2.00.04.1.02001: Leucocyte; White blood cell
  - H2.00.04.1.03001: Platelet; Thrombocyte
  - H2.00.04.2.00001: Plasma
  - H2.00.04.3.00001: Blood cell production
  - H2.00.04.4.00001: Postnatal sites of haematopoiesis
    - H2.00.04.4.01001: Lymphoid tissue
- H2.00.05.0.00001: Muscle tissue
  - H2.00.05.1.00001: Smooth muscle tissue
  - H2.00.05.2.00001: Striated muscle tissue
- H2.00.06.0.00001: Nerve tissue
  - H2.00.06.1.00001: Neuron
  - H2.00.06.2.00001: Synapse
  - H2.00.06.2.00001: Neuroglia
h3.01: Bones
h3.02: Joints
h3.03: Muscles
h3.04: Alimentary system
h3.05: Respiratory system
h3.06: Urinary system
h3.07: Genital system
h3.08: Endocrine system
h3.09: Cardiovascular system
h3.10: Lymphoid system
h3.11: Nervous system
h3.12: The Integument

References

↑ Terminologia Histologica: International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology, Book/CD-ROM Bundle. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008. ISBN 0-7817-7537-X.
↑ Allen WE (May 2009). "Terminologia anatomica: international anatomical terminology and Terminologia Histologica: International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology". J. Anat. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01093_1.x. PMID 19486203.
↑ Singh (1 January 2008). General Anatomy. Elsevier India. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-81-312-1126-7. Retrieved 25 November 2010.

Index of cells

Description	Structure nucleus chromosome genetics Organelles peroxisome cytoskeleton centrosome epithelia cilia mitochondria Membranes proteins cell adhesions Membrane transport ion channels vesicular transport solute carrier ABC transporters ATPase oxidoreduction-driven

Disease	Structural peroxisome cytoskeleton cilia mitochondria nucleus scleroprotein Membrane channelopathy solute carrier ATPase ABC transporters other extracellular ligands cell surface receptors intracellular signalling Vesicular transport Pore-forming toxins

Structures of the cell / organelles (TH H1.00.01.2-3)

Endomembrane system

Cytoskeleton

Endosymbionts

Other internal

External

Index of cells

Description	Structure nucleus chromosome genetics Organelles peroxisome cytoskeleton centrosome epithelia cilia mitochondria Membranes proteins cell adhesions Membrane transport ion channels vesicular transport solute carrier ABC transporters ATPase oxidoreduction-driven

Disease	Structural peroxisome cytoskeleton cilia mitochondria nucleus scleroprotein Membrane channelopathy solute carrier ATPase ABC transporters other extracellular ligands cell surface receptors intracellular signalling Vesicular transport Pore-forming toxins

Epithelial tissue

Cells

Types

Simple squamous epithelium
- Endothelium
- Mesothelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Respiratory epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Stratified columnar epithelium

Transitional epithelium
- Urothelium

Glandular

Classification

Mechanism	Merocrine Eccrine Apocrine Holocrine Sebaceous Meibomian

Shape	Tubular gland Alveolar gland

Secretion	Serous glands Mucous glands

Components

Ducts:
Acinus/Lobe

See also: Template:Epithelial neoplasms

Connective tissue

Physiology

Classification

Proper

Loose	Reticular Adipose Brown White

Dense	Dense irregular connective tissue Submucosa Dermis Dense regular connective tissue Ligament Tendon Aponeurosis

Embryonic

Specialized

Composition

Cells

Resident	Fibroblast Fibrocyte Reticular cell Tendon cell Adipocyte Melanocyte

Wandering cells	Mast cell Macrophage

Extracellular
matrix

Ground substance	Tissue fluid

Fibers	Collagen fibers Reticular fibers: COL3A1 Elastic fibers: Elastin Fibrillin FBN1 FBN2 FBN3 EMILIN1 Elaunin

Index of skin

Description	Anatomy Physiology connective tissue Development

Disease	Infections by morphology Vesiculobullous Dermatitis and eczema factitial Papulosquamous Urticaria and erythema Radiation-related Pigmentation Mucinoses Keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis Vasculitis Fat Neutrophilic and eosinophilic Congenital Neoplasms and cancer nevi and melanomas epidermis dermis Symptoms and signs eponymous Terminology

Treatment	Procedures Drugs antibiotics disinfectants emollients and protectives itch psoriasis other Wound and ulcer

Index of muscle

Description	Anatomy head neck arms chest and back diaphragm abdomen genital area legs Muscle tissue Physiology connective tissue

Disease	Myopathy Soft tissue Connective tissue Congenital abdomen muscular dystrophy Neoplasms and cancer Injury Symptoms and signs eponymous

Treatment	Procedures Drugs anti-inflammatory muscle relaxants

Histology: muscle tissue (TH H2.00.05, H3.3)

Membrane/
extracellular

DAP:	Sarcoglycan SGCA SGCB SGCD SGCE SGCG SGCZ Dystroglycan

Sarcospan Laminin, alpha 2

Intracellular

Dystrophin Dystrobrevin A B Syntrophin A B1 B2 G1 G2 Syncoilin Dysbindin Synemin/desmuslin

related:	NOS1 Caveolin 3

Sarcomere/
(a, i, and h bands;
z and m lines)

Myofilament

Tropomyosin

Troponin
- T
- C
- I

Connective tissue

General

Cardiac
muscle

Both

Fiber	Muscle fiber intrafusal extrafusal Myofibril Microfilament/Myofilament Sarcomere

Cells	Myoblast/Myocyte Myosatellite cell

Other	Desmin Sarcoplasm Sarcolemma T-tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Other/
ungrouped

Index of muscle

Description	Anatomy head neck arms chest and back diaphragm abdomen genital area legs Muscle tissue Physiology connective tissue

Disease	Myopathy Soft tissue Connective tissue Congenital abdomen muscular dystrophy Neoplasms and cancer Injury Symptoms and signs eponymous

Treatment	Procedures Drugs anti-inflammatory muscle relaxants

Nervous tissue

CNS

General

Neuroglia

insulating:	Myelination: Oligodendrocyte

other	Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia

Other

PNS

General	Posterior Root Ganglion Ramus Anterior Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers)

Connective tissues	epineurium perineurium endoneurium nerve fascicle

Neuroglia	Myelination: Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell

Neurons/
nerve fibers

Parts

Perikaryon	Axon hillock

Axon	Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril/neurofilament

Dendrite	Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite/Basal dendrite

Types

Afferent nerve fiber/
Sensory nerve

Efferent nerve fiber/
Motor nerve

Termination

Synapse	Electrical synapse/Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction

Sensory receptors	Meissner's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud

Index of the central nervous system

Description	Anatomy meninges cortex association fibers commissural fibers lateral ventricles basal ganglia diencephalon mesencephalon pons cerebellum medulla spinal cord tracts Physiology neutrotransmission enzymes intermediates Development

Disease	Cerebral palsy Meningitis Demyelinating diseases Seizures and epilepsy Headache Stroke Sleep Congenital Injury Neoplasms and cancer Other paralytic syndromes ALS Symptoms and signs head and neck eponymous lesions Tests CSF

Treatment	Procedures Drugs general anesthetics analgesics addiction epilepsy cholinergics migraine Parkinson's vertigo other

Index of the peripheral nervous system

Description	Anatomy Nerves cranial trigeminal cervical brachial lumbosacral plexus somatosensory spinal autonomic Physiology reflexes proteins neurotransmitters transporters Development neurotrophins

Disease	Autonomic Congenital Injury Neoplasms and cancer Other Symptoms and signs eponymous

Treatment	Procedures Local anesthetics

Bone and cartilage

Cartilage

Bone

Ossification	intramembranous endochondral

Cells	osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast

Types	cancellous cortical

Regions	subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate/metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle

Structure	Osteon Haversian canals Volkmann's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow

Shapes	long short flat irregular sesamoid

Index of bones and cartilage

Description	Anatomy bones skull face neurocranium compound structures foramina upper extremity torso pelvis lower extremity Physiology Development Cells

Disease	Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Trauma fracture Other Symptoms and signs eponymous

Treatment	Procedures Drugs Surgery approaches

Joints

Types

synostosis

by range of motion: Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

Terminology

Motions

general: Flexion/Extension
Adduction/Abduction
Internal rotation/External rotation
Elevation/Depression

specialized/upper limbs: Protraction/Retraction
Supination/Pronation

specialized/lower limbs: Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion
Eversion/Inversion

Components

capsular: Articular capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Fibrous membrane
Synovial fluid
Synovial bursa
Articular disk/Meniscus

extracapsular: Ligament
Enthesis

Index of joint

Description	Anatomy head and neck cranial arms torso and pelvis legs bursae and sheathes Physiology

Disease	Arthritis acquired back childhood soft tissue Congenital Injury Symptoms and signs eponymous orthopaedic Examination

Treatment	Procedures Drugs rheumatoid arthritis gout topical analgesics

Anatomy of the mouth

Lip

Cheek

Buccal fat pad

see tooth anatomy

Tongue

Top
Underside

Back of mouth

Index of the mouth

Description	Anatomy Development

Disease	Congenital face and neck cleft digestive system Neoplasms and cancer Other Symptoms and signs

Treatment	Procedures periodontology Drugs

Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouth

Upper

Pharynx	Pharyngeal muscles Spaces Peripharyngeal space Retropharyngeal space Parapharyngeal space Retrovisceral space Danger space Prevertebral space Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus

Esophagus	Sphincters upper lower glands

Stomach	Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric rugae Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric gland Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell

Lower

Small intestine

Microanatomy	Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Goblet cell Paneth cell

Duodenum	Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner's glands

Jejunum	no substructures

Ileum	Ileocecal valve Peyer's patches Microfold cell

Large

Cecum	Vermiform appendix

Colon	Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix

Rectum	Transverse folds Ampulla

Anal canal	Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter

Wall

Index of digestion

Description	Anatomy tract glands other Physiology enzymes Development

Disease	Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Inflammatory bowel disease Gluten sensitivity Other Symptoms and signs eponymous Blood tests

Treatment	Procedures Drugs anabolic steroids antacids diarrhoea and infection bile and liver functional gastrointestinal disorders laxatives peptic ulcer and reflux nausea and vomiting other Surgery

Accessory digestive glands

Liver

Bare area of the liver
Ligamentum venosum
Porta hepatis
Round ligament of liver
Lobes
- Left
- Right (Caudate lobe
- Quadrate)
Fibrous capsule of Glisson
Perisinusoidal space
Liver sinusoid
Periportal space
Portal triad
Lobules of liver
Microanatomy

Biliary tract

Bile ducts	Intrahepatic bile ducts Bile canaliculus Canals of Hering Interlobular bile ducts Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Common hepatic duct

Gallbladder	Cystic duct Common bile duct Hepatopancreatic ampulla Sphincter of ampulla Cells Cholecystocyte

Pancreas

Gross
- Tail
- Body
- Neck
- Head (Uncinate process)
Ducts
- main
- accessory
Microanatomy

Index of digestion

Description	Anatomy tract glands other Physiology enzymes Development

Disease	Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Inflammatory bowel disease Gluten sensitivity Other Symptoms and signs eponymous Blood tests

Treatment	Procedures Drugs anabolic steroids antacids diarrhoea and infection bile and liver functional gastrointestinal disorders laxatives peptic ulcer and reflux nausea and vomiting other Surgery

Anatomy of the peritoneum and mesentry

General

Abdominal

From ventral mesentery	Lesser omentum Hepatoduodenal ligament Hepatogastric ligament Liver Coronary ligament (Left triangular ligament Right triangular ligament Hepatorenal ligament) Falciform ligament (Round ligament of liver and Ligamentum venosum in it, but not of it)

From dorsal mesentery	Greater omentum Gastrophrenic ligament Gastrocolic ligament Gastrosplenic ligament Mesentery Transverse mesocolon Sigmoid mesocolon Mesoappendix Root of the mesentery Splenorenal ligament Phrenicocolic ligament Folds Umbilical folds Supravesical fossa Medial inguinal fossa Lateral umbilical fold Lateral inguinal fossa Ileocecal fold

Abdominal cavity	Greater sac Omental bursa Omental foramen

General	Cystohepatic triangle Hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space Abdominal wall Inguinal triangle Peritoneal recesses Paracolic gutters Paramesenteric gutters

Pelvic

Uterus/ovaries	Broad ligament of the uterus Mesovarium Mesosalpinx Mesometrium) Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament of ovary

Recesses	Male Recto-vesical pouch Pararectal fossa Female Recto-uterine pouch Recto-uterine fold (Uterosacral ligament) Vesico-uterine pouch Ovarian fossa Paravesical fossa

Spaces

Index of digestion

Description	Anatomy tract glands other Physiology enzymes Development

Disease	Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Inflammatory bowel disease Gluten sensitivity Other Symptoms and signs eponymous Blood tests

Treatment	Procedures Drugs anabolic steroids antacids diarrhoea and infection bile and liver functional gastrointestinal disorders laxatives peptic ulcer and reflux nausea and vomiting other Surgery

Anatomy of the lower respiratory tract

TB tree

Trachea	Tracheal rings Annular ligaments Carina

Bronchi	Main left right Secondary eparterial Tertiary

Lungs

General	Landmarks Base Apex Root Hilum Fissures Horizontal Superior lobe Lingula of left lung Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe

BP segment	Bronchiole: Conducting zone (Terminal bronchiole) Respiratory zone (Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolus Blood-air barrier)

Cells	Pneumocyte Type I Type II Club cell Goblet cell

Index of the respiratory system

Description	Anatomy nose larynx lower thorax Physiology Development

Disease	Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Chest trauma Infection common cold pneumonia tuberculosis Other Symptoms and signs eponymous

Treatment	Procedures mechanical ventilation Drugs nasal throat obstructive airway diseases cough and cold histaminergics pulmonary arterial hypertension other Surgery

Anatomy of the urinary system

Abdomen

Kidneys

Layers	Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron

Intrarenal arteries	Renal artery Segmental arteries Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Interlobular arteries Afferent arterioles

Renal tubule	Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis

Intrarenal veins	Efferent arterioles Peritubular capillaries/Vasa recta Arcuate vein Interlobar veins Renal vein

JGA	Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell

Filtration	Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Tubular fluid

Ureters

Pelvis

Bladder	Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa

Urethra	Urethral sphincters External sphincter muscle of male urethra External sphincter muscle of female urethra Internal sphincter muscle of urethra

Index of the urinary system

Description	Anatomy Physiology Development Cells

Disease	Electrolyte and acid-base Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Other Symptoms and signs eponymous Urine tests findings Blood tests

Treatment	Procedures Drugs potassium and phosphate Intravenous fluids

Female reproductive system

Internal

Adnexa

Ovaries

Follicles	corpus hemorrhagicum luteum albicans Theca of follicle externa interna Follicular antrum Follicular fluid Corona radiata Zona pellucida Membrana granulosa Perivitelline space

Other	Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea cortex Cumulus oophorus Stroma Medulla

Regions	corpus/body Uterine cavity Fundus Cervix External orifice Canal Internal orifice Supravaginal portion Vaginal portion Uterine horns

Layers	Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium Parametrium

Ligaments	Round ligament Broad ligament Cardinal ligament Uterosacral ligament Pubocervical ligament

General	Uterine glands

Vagina

External

Vulva

Labia	Mons pubis Labia majora Anterior commissure Posterior commissure Pudendal cleft Labia minora Frenulum of labia minora Frenulum of clitoris Vulval vestibule Interlabial sulci Bulb of vestibule Vaginal orifice vestibular glands/ducts Bartholin's glands/Bartholin's ducts Skene's glands/Skene's ducts

Clitoris	Crus of clitoris Corpus cavernosum Clitoral glans Hood

Urethra	Urethral crest Lacunae of Morgagni

Other

Index of reproductive medicine

Description	Anatomy male female Physiology menstrual cycle Development sex determination and differentiation

Disease	Infections STD and STI Congenital male female Neoplasms and cancer male female gonadal germ cell Other male female Symptoms and signs eponymous

Treatment	Procedures male female Drugs benign prostatic hypertrophy erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation sexual dysfunction infection STDs hormones androgens estrogens progestogens GnRH prolactin Assisted reproduction Birth control hormonal

Male reproductive system

Internal

Seminal tract

Testes	layers Tunica vaginalis Tunica albuginea Tunica vasculosa Appendix Mediastinum Lobules Septa Leydig cell Sertoli cell Blood–testis barrier

Spermatogenesis	Spermatogonium Spermatocytogenesis Spermatocyte Spermatidogenesis Spermatid Spermiogenesis Spermatozoon

Other	Seminiferous tubules Tubuli seminiferi recti Rete testis Efferent ducts Epididymis Appendix Stereocilia Paradidymis Spermatic cord Vas deferens Ampulla Ejaculatory duct

Accessory glands

External

Penis	root Crus Bulb Fundiform ligament Suspensory ligament body Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum glans Foreskin Frenulum Corona fascia superficial deep Tunica albuginea Septum of the penis

Urinary tract	Internal urethral orifice Urethra Prostatic Intermediate Spongy Navicular fossa External urethral orifice Lacunae of Morgagni Urethral gland

Scrotum	layers skin Dartos External spermatic fascia Cremaster Cremasteric fascia Internal spermatic fascia Perineal raphe Scrotal septum

Index of reproductive medicine

Description	Anatomy male female Physiology menstrual cycle Development sex determination and differentiation

Disease	Infections STD and STI Congenital male female Neoplasms and cancer male female gonadal germ cell Other male female Symptoms and signs eponymous

Treatment	Procedures male female Drugs benign prostatic hypertrophy erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation sexual dysfunction infection STDs hormones androgens estrogens progestogens GnRH prolactin Assisted reproduction Birth control hormonal

Anatomy of the endocrine system

Pituitary gland

Anterior	Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell

Posterior	Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Cortex	Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis

Medulla	Chromaffin cell

Gonads

Islets of pancreas

Pineal gland

Other

Index of hormones

Description	Glands Hormones thyroid intermediates metabolism mineralocorticoids Physiology Development

Disease	Diabetes Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Other Symptoms and signs eponymous

Treatment	Procedures Drugs calcium balance corticosteroids oral hypoglycemics pituitary and hypothalamic thyroid

Anatomy of the heart

General

Surface

Internal

atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum

cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle

Chambers

Right heart	(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (conus arteriosus, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula) → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)

Left heart	(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)

Layers

Endocardium	heart valves

Myocardium	conduction system: cardiac pacemaker SA node AV node bundle of His Purkinje fibers

Pericardial cavity	pericardial sinus

Pericardium	fibrous pericardium sternopericardiac ligaments serous pericardium epicardium/visceral layer fold of left vena cava

Blood supply

Coronary circulation

Index of the heart

Description	Anatomy Physiology Development

Disease	Injury Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Other Symptoms and signs eponymous Blood tests

Treatment	Procedures Drugs glycosides other stimulants antiarrhythmics vasodilators

Arteries and veins

Vessels

Arteries	Nutrient artery Arteriole Metarteriole

Capillaries	Types Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal Precapillary sphincter Precapillary resistance

Veins	Vena comitans Superficial vein Deep vein Emissary veins Venous plexus Venule

Lymph	Lymphatic vessel Lymph Lymph capillary

Circulation

Systemic	Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → (Right heart)

Pulmonary	Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left heart

Microanatomy

Index of the circulatory system

Description	Anatomy Arteries head and neck arms chest abdomen legs Veins head and neck arms chest abdomen and pelvis legs Development Cells Physiology proteins

Disease	Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Lymphatic vessels Injury Vasculitis Other Symptoms and signs eponymous

Treatment	Procedures Drugs beta blockers channel blockers diuretics nonsympatholytic vasodilatory antihypertensives peripheral vasodilators renin–angiotensin system sympatholytic antihypertensives vasoprotectives

Organs of the lymphatic system

Primary organs

Bone marrow	Hematopoietic stem cell

Thymus	Cortex Medulla Hassall's corpuscles

Secondary organs

Spleen	structural: Hilum Trabeculae Diaphragmatic surface of spleen Visceral surface of spleen Red pulp Cords of Billroth Marginal zone White pulp Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths Germinal center blood flow: Trabecular arteries Trabecular veins

Tonsils	Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal Tonsillar crypts Waldeyer's tonsillar ring

Lymph nodes	lymph flow: Afferent lymph vessels Cortical sinuses Medullary sinuses Efferent lymph vessels T cells: High endothelial venules B cells: Primary follicle/Germinal center Mantle zone Marginal zone layers: Capsule/Trabeculae Subcapsular sinus Cortex Paracortex Medulla (Medullary cord) Hilum

MALT	GALT Peyer's patch Germinal center

Index of the lymphatic system

Description	Anatomy organs vessels Physiology Development

Disease	Vessels Organs congenital neoplasms and cancer

Treatment	Procedures

Anatomy of the globe of the eye

Fibrous tunic (outer)

Sclera	Episcleral layer Schlemm's canal Trabecular meshwork

Cornea	Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman's Stroma Descemet's Endothelium

1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina

Uvea/vascular tunic (middle)

Choroid	Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch's membrane Sattler's layer

Ciliary body	Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle

Iris	Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle

Retina (inner)

Layers	Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium

Cells	Photoreceptor cells (Cone cell, Rod cell) → (Horizontal cell) → Bipolar cell → (Amacrine cell) → Retina ganglion cell (Midget cell, Parasol cell, Bistratified cell, Giant retina ganglion cells, Photosensitive ganglion cell) → Diencephalon: P cell, M cell, K cell, Muller glia

Other	Macula Foveola Fovea centralis Parafovea Perifovea Optic disc Optic cup

Anterior segment

Posterior segment

Vitreous humour

Other

Index of the eye

Description	Anatomy orbit neural pathways Physiology Phenomena appearance visual optical illusions proteins Development

Disease	Congenital Corneal dystrophy Neoplasms and cancer Other Symptoms and signs

Treatment	Procedures Drugs infection glaucoma and miosis mydriatics vascular

The orbit of the eye

Bones

Muscles

Eyelid

Lacrimal apparatus

Other

Index of the eye

Description	Anatomy orbit neural pathways Physiology Phenomena appearance visual optical illusions proteins Development

Disease	Congenital Corneal dystrophy Neoplasms and cancer Other Symptoms and signs

Treatment	Procedures Drugs infection glaucoma and miosis mydriatics vascular

Anatomy of hearing and balance

Outer ear

Middle ear

Tympanic cavity	Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence

Ossicles	Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani

Eustachian tube	Torus tubarius

Inner ear/
(membranous labyrinth,
bony labyrinth)

Auditory system/
Cochlear labyrinth

General cochlea	Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula

Perilymphatic space	Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct

Cochlear duct / scala media	Reissner's/vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus

Cells	Claudius cell Boettcher cell

Vestibular system/
Vestibular labyrinth

Vestibule	Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Canalis reuniens

Semicircular canals	Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Horizontal semicircular canal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris

Index of the ear

Description	Anatomy neural pathways Physiology Development

Disease	Congenital Other motion sickness Symptoms and signs

Treatment	Procedures Drugs

Integumentary system

Skin

Epidermis	Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale

Basement membrane	Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa

Dermis	Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular

Root sheath	Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle's layer Huxley's layer

Hair shaft	Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle

Muscle	Arrector pili muscle

Pilosebaceous unit	Hair sebaceous gland

Nail

Index of skin

Description	Anatomy Physiology connective tissue Development

Disease	Infections by morphology Vesiculobullous Dermatitis and eczema factitial Papulosquamous Urticaria and erythema Radiation-related Pigmentation Mucinoses Keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis Vasculitis Fat Neutrophilic and eosinophilic Congenital Neoplasms and cancer nevi and melanomas epidermis dermis Symptoms and signs eponymous Terminology

Treatment	Procedures Drugs antibiotics disinfectants emollients and protectives itch psoriasis other Wound and ulcer

Index of skin appendages

Description	Anatomy Physiology Development

Disease	Congenital Neoplasms and cancer Other Symptoms and signs eponymous

Treatment	Procedures Acne drugs

Terminologia Histologica

Outline

References

See also