Terengganu Malay
| Terengganu Malay | |
|---|---|
|
Base Tranung بهاس ترڠݢانو | |
| Native to | Malaysia |
| Region | Terengganu, Mersing (Johor), Kuantan (Pahang) |
| Ethnicity | Terengganuan Malays |
Native speakers | 1.1 million (2010) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Linguist list |
zlm-coa |
zlm-inl | |
| Glottolog | None |
Terengganu Malay (Malay: Bahasa Terengganu, Terengganu Malay: Base Tranung/Ganu) is a variant of Malayan languages or dialect spoken in the state of Terengganu, Malaysia along the coastal areas of Terengganu all the way southward to coastal Pahang and Mersing, Johor and eastward towards Anambas Islands, Indonesia in the South China Sea. Highly localised Peranakan-like Chinese minority in Terengganu adopt Terengganu dialect as part of their mother tongues along with Hokkien. However, at the Terengganu–Kelantan border it is not the dominant language. For example, Kelantan Malay is more popular in the northern town of Besut, district of Terengganu. It is sometimes unintelligible to standard Malay speakers, although they share a lot of similarities. Terengganu Malay use the Latin alphabet and Jawi script - Arabic transliteration for its writing. Terengganu Malay is closely related to Kelantan-Pattani Malay and Pahang Malay due to its borders between these two states and more distantly related to Kedah Malay.
Recently, Terengganu Malay has experienced popularity in mainstream Malaysian media. Terengganu Malay was used in many local television dramas and movies.[1] Radio stations such as Terengganu FM and Hot FM Terengganu mainly used Terengganu Malay in its broadcast along with Malaysian.[2]
Vocabulary
Several comparisons between Standard Malay and Terengganu Malay with English translations:
| Standard Malay | Terengganu Malay | English |
|---|---|---|
| Saya | Ambe/aku/saye/kite/oghang | I/me |
| Anda/Kamu | Mung/Deme/Awok | You |
| Siapa | Piye | Who |
| Suka | Brehi | Like/interest |
| Ketawa | Suke/Gelekek | Laugh |
| Juga | Ghetek/Gok (pronounce as Gɔʔ) | Also |
| Kandang | Gok | Cage |
| Yang | Hok | That |
| Beritahu | Kabo/Royak | To tell |
| Tak nak | Tak Mboh | Do not want |
| Tidur | Tido/Jeretoh | Sleep |
| Apa | Nape/Mende/Gape | What |
| Degil | Babey/Gong | Stubborn |
| Selalu | Sokmo | Always |
| Duit/Wang | Pitih/Yya/Ghiya | Money |
| Kenapa | Bakpe | Why |
| Tidak | Dok | No |
| Ya | Ho/Ye | Yes |
| Jambatan | Getok | Bridge |
| Garang | Bekeng | Pugnacious |
| Apa Khabar | Ape Kabo/Guane Gamok | How are you? |
| Tangkap | Tagak/Igak | Catch |
| Ejek | Nyenyeh/Nganjing | Insulting |
| Naik angin | Mmusang | Angry |
| Dia | Ye/Nye | They |
| Leka | Ghalik | Preoccupied |
| Letih | Dok ghok | Tired |
| Beg Plastik | Supik/Jabir | Plastic Bag |
| Kawan | Saing | Friend |
| Sempat | Dang | Make it |
| Berani | Tebeng | Brave |
| Kerap | Keghek | Many times |
| Azan | Bang | Adhan (Islamic call to prayer) |
| Jangan | Doksoh/Soh Beng | Do not |
| Kedekut | Kupik | Stingy |
| Biar | Lok | Let |
| Cuba | Ce/Tra | Try |
| Sekarang | Lening | Today |
| Keluar | Tubek | Out |
| Ais | Ping | Ice (refers to ice cubes in water) |
| Tolong | Tulong/Tapi | Help |
| Letak | Letok/Skung | Put |
| Buang | Tohok | Throw away |
| Panjat | Khabak | Climb |
| Lempar | Lepo/Plekong/Petong | Throw |
| Bau | Baung | Smell |
Intensifier
| Standard Malay | Terengganu Malay | English |
|---|---|---|
| Sangat Putih | Puteh Lepuk/Sepuk | Very White |
| Sangat Hitam | Itang Beletung/Belegang | Very Dark |
| Sangat Merah | Meroh Nyale/Merang | Very Red |
| Sangat Kuning | Kuning Sio | Very Yellow |
| Sangat Busuk | Busuk Kohong/Hapok | Very Smelly |
| Sangat Hancing | Hacing Pering | Very Stenchy |
| Sangat Hanyir | Hanyir Mekok | Very Fishy |
| Sangat Wangi | Wangi Mekok | Very Fragant |
| Sangat Tengik | Tengik Bango | Very Rancid |
| Sangat Masin | Masing Pekok | Very Salty |
| Sangat Manis | Manih Leting | Very Sweet |
| Sangat Tawar | Tawo Hebe | Very Tasteless |
| Sangat Pahit | Pahik Lepang | Very Bitter |
| Sangat Masam | Masang Rebang | Very Sour |
Numerals
Numerals in Terengganu Malay is closely related to those of neighbouring Kelantanese Malay, however it differs in terms of pronunciation especially the end letter.
| Standard Malay | Terengganu Malay | English |
|---|---|---|
| Satu | Se | One |
| Dua | Duwe | Two |
| Tiga | Tige | Three |
| Empat | Pak | Four |
| Lima | Lime | Five |
| Enam | Nang | Six |
| Tujuh | Tujoh | Seven |
| Lapan | Lapang | Eight |
| Sembilan | Smilang/Mmilang | Nine |
| Sepuluh | Spuloh/Ppuloh | Ten |
| Seratus | Sratoh | One Hundred |
| Seribu | Sribu | One Thousand |
| Sejuta | Sjuta | One Million |
Animals
Terengganu Malay also had distinct words for some animals, mostly in terms of pronunciation.
| Standard Malay | Terengganu Malay | English |
|---|---|---|
| Kerbau | Kuba | Buffalo |
| Ayam | Ayang | Chicken |
| Ular | Ulo | Snake |
| Ikan Tongkol | Ikang Aye | Euthynnus affinis |
| Ikan Cencaru | Ikang Kerah Ekor | Torpedo scad |
| Ikan Pelaga | Ikang Sekila/Skila | Fighting Fish |
| Labah-labah | Llabe | Spider |
| Ketam | Ketang | Crab |
| Kumbang | Kkabo | Beetle |
| Lintah | Litoh | Slug |
Names
People in Terengganu usually pronounce Terengganu as "Tranung" (with guttural r like Arabic "gh") and sometimes Teganung, Ganu, Ganung or Teganu.
In Standard Malay it is called Bahasa Terengganu, in Terengganu Malay it is called Base Tranung.
Distribution
Terengganu Malay is natively spoken in most parts of Terengganu (exclude Besut), all the way down to Kuantan and Cherating in Pahang and Mersing in Johor. Terengganuan Malay dialects are still spoken on the Indonesian islands of Anambas off the coast of Pahang and Sarawak. The Anambas people are culturally and linguistically closer to Terengganuan[3] but with more influences from Sundanese, Javanese, Buginese and Johor-Riau Malays which came from various parts of Indonesia. Terengganuan Malay are also spoken in big cities like Kuala Lumpur where there was a large Terengganuan communities.
Sub-Dialects
Terengganu Malay has two major sub-dialects that is Coastal (zlm-coa) and Inland (zlm-inl). The sub-dialect spoken in Kuala Terengganu district are the de facto standard sub-dialect of Terengganu Malay.[4] However, the most distinct of all sub-dialects is Hulu Terengganu Malay spoken in Hulu Terengganu district and is mostly unintelligible to Coastal Terengganu Malay speakers. People in Setiu mostly speak a mixed Kelantanese-Terengganuan Malay due to its border between Besut which predominantly use Kelantan-Pattani Malay[5][6] and Kuala Terengganu which use the more prestige form of Terengganu Malay. People in Dungun, Marang and Kemaman usually speak similar to those in Kuala Terengganu but with influences from Standard Malay and Pahang Malay as well.
Pronunciation
Terengganu Malay has a distinct pronunciation and grammar compared to Standard Malay. The Grammatical order and Pronunciation is similar but distinct to those of the neighbouring Pahang and Kelantanese Malay.[7]
Pronunciation /a/ followed by a nasal consonant changes to /ŋ/ ayam ايم ('chicken') becomes ayang; makan ماكن (to eat) becomes makang
/a/ at the end of syllables changes to /ɔʔ/ minta مينتا ('to ask') becomes mitok
/ah/ changes /ɔh/ rumah رومه ('house') becomes rumoh
/a/ changes to /ə/ saya ساي ('I') becomes saye, similar to Standard Malay language
/i/ changes to /iŋ/ sini سيني ('here') becomes sining
/ua/ changes to /ɔ/ buaya بوايا ('crocodile') becomes boye
/aj/ becomes /aː/ sungai سوڠاي ('river') becomes sunga
/aw/ becomes /a/ pisau ڤيساو ('knife') changes to pisa
/ia/ before a nasal vowel changes to = /ijaŋ/ siam سيام ('Siam') becomes siyang
/ia/ changes to /ɛ/ biasa بياسا ('once') becomes bese
/s/ and /f/ at the end of syllables changes to /h/ malas مالس ('lazy') changes to malah
/m/ and /n/ at the end of syllables changes to /ŋ/ hakim حاكيم (judge) changes to hakeng
/r/ changes to /ʀ/ orang اورڠ ('person') becomes oghang
final consonants are often only pronounced as a glottal stop. bukit بوكيت ('hill') becomes buke’ (bukiʔ) words are distinguished between lengthened initial consonant
final /l/ are silent. example: tinggal ('left') becomes tingga, tebal ('thick') becomes teba usually /l/ as in /lah/ are removed and became /ah/. example: Banyaklah ('so many') becomes banyok ah.
bulang ('moon') vs. bːulang ('many months'); katok ('to strike') vs. kːatok ('frog'); siku ('elbow') vs. sːiku ('hand tool')
Some Notable Terengganuan phrases
"starang baroh" means "really"... a popular phrase used when you want to show or express something that is really serious or true.
Example:
Ambe dok tau starang baroh
As opposed to Standard Malay or West coast Malay dialects:-
Saya memang tak tahu langsung
Another famous Terengganuan Malay phrases that have been used by Terengganu people is "Senyung sokmo" which mean "Senyum selalu" in standard Malay and "Smile always" in English. It is widely used by Terengganu people to wish other people well and to brighten their days.
External links
Ensiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, DBP Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
Loghat Terengganu | Terengganu
Bahasa Malaysia Simple Fun - Terengganu Malay Language
References
- ↑ http://www.slideshare.net/nazarinanawawi/kajian-dialek-trengganu
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_FM_(Malaysia)#Hot_FM_Kelate_.26_Hot_FM_T.27Ganu
- ↑ http://www.mstar.com.my/lain-lain/rencana/2013/12/07/kepulauan-natuna-bergeografikan-malaysia-berdaulatkan-indonesia/
- ↑ http://www.slideshare.net/nazarinanawawi/kajian-dialek-trengganu
- ↑ http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/rencana/article/orang-besut-anak-terengganu-kelantan-pelihara-mohd-izzuddin-ramli
- ↑ http://apps.water.gov.my/jpskomuniti/dokumen/BESUT_PROFIL_JUN_2012.pdf
- ↑ http://www.slideshare.net/nazarinanawawi/kajian-dialek-trengganu
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