Tangata manu

Motu Nui, with the smaller Motu Iti in front and the isolated sea stack of Motu Kau Kau between them and the viewer. Viewed from the top of a 250 meters (820 feet) sea cliff at Orongo.

The Tangata manu ("bird-man," from tangata "person, human being" + manu "bird") was the winner of a traditional competition on Rapa Nui (Easter Island). The ritual was an annual competition to collect the first Sooty Tern (manu tara) egg of the season from the islet of Motu Nui, swim back to Rapa Nui and climb the sea cliff of Rano Kau to the clifftop village of Orongo.

Birdmen (Tangata manu) paintings in the so-called "Cannibal Cave".
Petroglyphs on rocks at Orongo. Make-make at base and two birdmen higher up

Myth

In the Rapa Nui mythology, the deity Make-make was the chief god of the birdman cult, and the other three deities associated with it were Hawa-tuu-take-take (the Chief of the eggs, a male god), his wife Vie Hoa, and another female deity named Vie Kanatea. Each of these four also had a servant god who was associated with him/ her. The names of all eight would be chanted by contestants during the various rituals preceding the egg hunt.

Birdman religion

Contestants, all men of importance on the island, were revealed in dreams by ivi-attuas or prophets (who might be either men or women). Each contestant would then appoint one or sometimes two hopu (other adult men of lesser status) who would actually swim to Motu Nui carrying provisions in a bundle of reeds called a pora under one arm and await the arrival of the terns, hoping to return with the first egg, whilst their tribal sponsors, the contestants, waited at the stone village of Orongo. The race was very dangerous and many hopu were killed by sharks, by drowning, or by falling from cliff faces, though replacements were apparently easily available.[1]:262

Once the first egg was collected, the finder would go to the highest point on Motu Nui and call out to the shore of the main island, announcing his benefactor by that benefactor's new name and telling him, "Go shave your head, you have got the egg!" The cry would be taken up by listeners at the shoreline who would pass it up the cliff side to the contestants waiting in the stone village. The unsuccessful hopu would then collectively swim back to the main island while the egg-finder would remain on Motu Nui and would fast alone until he swam back, which he would do with the egg secured inside a reed basket tied to his forehead. On his reaching land, he would then climb the steep, rocky cliff face and, if he did not fall, present the egg to his patron, who would have already shaved his head and painted it either white or red. This successful contestant (not the hopu) would then be declared tangata-manu, would take the egg in his hand and lead a procession down the slope of Rano Kau to Anakena if he was from the western clans or Rano Raraku if he was from the eastern clans. The new tangata-manu was entitled to gifts of food and other tributes (including his clan having sole rights to collect that season's harvest of wild bird eggs and fledglings from Motu Nui), and went into seclusion for a year in a special ceremonial house. Once in residence there he was considered tapu (sacred) for the next five months of his year-long status, and allowed his nails to grow and wore a headdress of human hair. He would spend his time eating and sleeping, and would be expected to engage in no other activity.[1]:263

As many hopu died or broke or lost their eggs in the course of the contest, and as the ceremony demanded the final presentation of an undamaged Sooty Tern egg as proof— as the only proof— of which contestant was to be Bird-man that year, the complexities of "What if?" seem endless. What if, say, a winning hopu made it all the way up the cliff face but dropped the egg as he handed it to his sponsor? Presumably the entire contest would need to be performed a second time because the gods had caused the egg— that particular egg, to be dropped. What if the winning hopu was taken by a shark during his return? By rights, the game was back on and the remaining hopu would quickly return to the motu to find their own winning egg. What if two hopu found an egg at about the same time? Would they race to Orongo to present theirs first? Would they attempt to sabotage each other along the way? The concept of "fair play" appears to be all but unknown on the island, so all bets were likely off under such circumstances. Unfortunately, the recorded ethnographies seldom cover these kinds of detail, and we are left to conjecture.

The Birdman cult was suppressed by Christian missionaries in the 1860s. The origin of the cult and the time thereof are uncertain, as it is unknown whether the cult replaced the preceding Moai-based religion or had co-existed with it. Katherine Routledge was, however, able to collect the names of 86 tangata-manu.[1]

In Popular Culture

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Scoresby-Routledge, Katherine (1919). The Mystery of Easter Island. London: Hazell, Watson & Viney. ISBN 0-932813-48-8.