Talbot Mundy

Talbot Mundy (born William Lancaster Gribbon, 23 April 1879 – 5 August 1940) was an English-born American writer of adventure fiction. Based for most of his life in the United States, he also wrote under the pseudonym of Walter Galt. Best known as the author of King of the Khyber Rifles and the Jimgrim series, much of his work was published in pulp magazines.

Mundy was born to a conservative middle-class family in Hammersmith, West London. Educated at Rugby College, he left with no qualifications and moved to British India, where he worked in administration and then journalism. He relocated to East Africa, where he worked as an ivory poacher and then as the town clerk of Kisumu. In 1909 he moved to New York City in the U.S., where he found himself living in poverty. A friend encouraged him to start writing about his life experiences, and he sold his first short story to Frank Munsey's magazine, The Scrap Book, in 1911. He soon began selling short stories and non-fiction articles to a variety of pulp magazines, such as Argosy, Cavalier, and Adventure. In 1914 Mundy published his first novel, Rung Ho!, soon followed by The Winds of the World and King of the Khyber Rifles, all of which were set in British India and drew upon his own experiences. Critically acclaimed, they were published in both the U.S. and U.K.

Becoming a U.S. citizen, in 1918 he joined the Christian Science new religious movement, and with them moved to Jerusalem to establish the city's first English-language newspaper. Returning to the U.S. in 1920 he began writing the Jimgrim series and saw the first film adaptations of his stories. Spending time at the Theosophical community of Lomaland in San Diego, California, he became a friend of Katherine Tingley and embraced Theosophy. Many of his novels produced in the coming years, most notably Om: The Secret of Ahbor Valley and The Devil's Guard, reflected his Theosophical beliefs. He also involved himself in various failed business ventures, including an oil drilling operation in Tijuana, Mexico. During the Great Depression he supplemented his career writing novels and short stories by authoring scripts for the radio series Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy. In later life he suffered from diabetes, eventually dying of complications arising from the disease.

During Mundy's career his work was often compared with that of his more commercially successful contemporaries, H. Rider Haggard and Rudyard Kipling, although unlike their work his adopted an anti-colonialist stance and expressed a positive interest in Eastern religion and philosophy. His work has been cited as an influence on a variety of later science-fiction and fantasy writers, and he has been the subject of two biographies.

Early life

Childhood: 1879–99

Mundy was born as William Lancaster Gribbon on 23 April 1879 at his parental home of 59 Milson Road, Hammersmith in West London.^[1] On 23 May he was baptised into the Anglican denomination of Christianity at the local St. Matthews Church.^[2] His father, Walter Galt Gribbon (1845–95) had been born in Leeds, Yorkshire as the son of a porcelain and glass merchant. After studying at Oxford University's St. John's College, Gribbon trained as a barrister before relocating to Swansea, first working as a school teacher and then an accountant. After his first wife's death, he married Mundy's mother, Margaret Lancaster, in Nantyglo in July 1878.^[3] A member of an English family based in Wales, Lancaster was the brother of the politician John Lancaster.^[4] After a honeymoon in Ilfracombe, Devon, the newly married couple moved to Hammersmith, where Mundy was their first child.^[5] They would have three further children: Walter Harold (b. 1881), Agnes Margaret (b. 1882), and Florence Mary (c.1883), although the latter died in infancy.^[6] In 1883 the family moved to nearby Norbiton, although within a few years had moved out of London to Kingston Hill, Surrey.^[7]

Mundy was educated at Rugby School, pictured

Mundy was raised into a conservative middle-class Victorian milieu.^[8] His father owned a successful accountancy business and was director of the Woking Water and Gas Company, as well as being an active member of the Conservative Party and Primrose League. He was also a devout Anglican, serving as warden at St. Luke's Church.^[9] The family went on summer holidays to southern coastal towns such as Hythe, Sandgate, and Charmouth, with Mundy also spending time visiting relatives in Bardney, Lincolnshire.^[8] He attended Grove House, a preparatory school in Guildford, Surrey, before receiving a scholarship to attend Rugby School, where he arrived in September 1893.^[10]

In 1895 his father died of a brain hemorrhage, and Mundy henceforth became increasingly rebellious.^[11] He left Rugby School without any qualifications in December 1895; in later years he expressed bad memories of the institution, comparing it to "prisons run by sadists".^[12] With Mundy unable to go to university, his mother hoped that he might enter the Anglican clergy.^[12] He worked briefly for a newspaper in London, although the firm closed shortly after.^[13] He left England and moved to Quedlinburg in northern Germany with his pet fox terrier. He didn't speak German but secured work as an assistant driver towing vans for a circus; after a colleague drunkenly killed his dog he left the job.^[14] Back in England, he worked in farming and estate management for his uncle in Lincolnshire,^[15] describing this lifestyle as "'High Farming,' high church and old port and all that went with that life – pheasant shooting, fox-hunting and so on."^[16]

India and East Africa: 1899–1909

Talbot's accounts of the following years are unreliable, tainted by his own fictionalised claims about his activities.^[17] In March 1899 he sailed aboard the Caledonia to Bombay in British India, where he had secured an administrative job in a famine relief program based in the native state of Baroda.^[18] There he purchased a horse and became a fan of pig-sticking, a form of boar hunting.^[19] After suffering a bout of malaria he returned to Britain in April 1900.^[20] In later years he claimed that during this period he had fought for the British Army in the Second Boer War, although this was untrue, for chronologically it conflicted with his documented activities in Britain;^[21] he did however have relatives who fought in the conflict.^[22] Another of his later claims was that while visiting Brighton in summer 1900 he ran into his favourite writer, Rudyard Kipling, while walking in the street, and that they had a conversation about India.^[23]

Securing a job as a reporter for the Daily Mail, in March 1901 he returned to India aboard the Caledonia. His assignment was to report on the Mahsud uprising against the British administration led by Mulla Pawindah. On this assignment, he accompanied British troops although only reached as far as Peshawar, not entering the Khyber Pass which he would use as a setting for later stories.^[24] While in Rajputana he had his first experience with an Indian guru,^[25] and after his assignment he went tiger hunting.^[26] In Bombay in 1901 he met Englishwoman Kathleen Steele, and they had returned to Britain by late 1902, where he gained work for the Walton and Company merchant firm in Holborn.^[27] The couple married in Westminster in January 1903.^[28] By this point he had amassed large debts, and with his wife fled to Cape Town, South Africa to evade his debtors; in his absence he was declared bankrupt. He wife returned to London, and they never saw each other again.^[29] From there, he claimed to have boarded a merchant sailing vessel to Australia, where he spent time in Sydney and Brisbane before sailing back to Africa and disembarking in Laurenço Marques, Portuguese East Africa.^[30]

Mundy was active in the East African ivory trade

In February 1904 he arrived in Mombasa, British East Africa, later claiming that he initially worked as a hunter.^[31] He also claimed that while near Shirati, he was shot in the leg with a poison spear by a Masai who was stealing his cattle.^[32] He travelled to Muanza in German East Africa, where he was afflicted with blackwater fever.^[33] Mundy then worked as an elephant hunter, collecting and selling ivory.^[34] His later novel, The Ivory Trail, was inspired largely by his own experiences at this time.^[35] In later years he alleged that he met Frederick Selous at this juncture, although Mundy's biographer has pointed out that Selous was not in East Africa at this time.^[36]

Mundy secured employment as the town clerk of Kisumu, a frontier town where he was stationed during a number of indigenous tribal insurgencies against British imperial rule; the Kisii rebelled in the winter of 1904–05, followed by the Sotik and the Nandi in summer 1905. On each occasion the rebels were defeated by the British Army.^[37] Christian missionaries pressured Mundy into overseeing a program of providing clothes for the native population, who often went naked; he thought this unnecessary, although designed a goat-skin apron for them to wear.^[38] He made the acquaintance of a magico-religious specialist, Oketch, of the Kakamega Kavirondo tribe, who healed him after a hunting accident.^[39] He had sexual relationships with a variety of indigenous women, and was dismissed from his job as a result.^[40] He informed his wife of these activities, thus suggesting that she sue him for divorce; the divorce was granted in May 1908.^[41]

Unemployed, he moved to Nairobi, where he met a married woman, Inez Craven (née Broom). Together they eloped, and she divorced her husband in November 1908.^[42] The couple moved to an island on Lake Victoria, where they lived from February to June, although were subsequently arrested under the Distressed British Subjects Act; under this, they faced imprisoned for six months in Mombasa before deportation to Bombay, although this eventuality did not occur.^[43] In November, the couple married at Mombasa Registry Office; here, he first used the name of "Talbot Mundy", erroneously claiming to the son of Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 20th Earl of Shrewsbury.^[44] That month, they left Mombasa aboard the SS Natal, stopping in Djibouti and Port Said on their way to Marseilles, from where they made their way to England.^[45] There they visited Mundy's mother in Lee-on-Solent, Hampshire, and she agreed to give Mundy a substantial sum of money; it would be the last time Mundy saw her.^[46] Mundy and his wife spent most of the money while staying in London, before leaving from Southampton aboard the SS Teutonic in September 1909, headed for the United States.^[47]

United States and early literary career: 1909–18

Arriving in New York City, the couple moved into a hotel room in the Gashouse District. Soon after arrival, Mundy was mugged and suffered a fractured skull, being hospitalised in Bellevue Hospital. Doctors feared that he might not survive the injury, while the perpetrator, Joseph Cavill, was indicted with first degree robbery and sentenced to six months imprisonment.^[49] Throughout 1910, Mundy worked in a series of menial jobs, being fired from several of them.^[50] His hospitalisation and poverty put great strain on his marriage,^[51] as did legal charges filed by the United States Department of Commerce and Labor accusing the couple of entering the country using false information; the charges were soon dismissed.^[52]

In 1910, he ran into Jeff Hanley, a reporter who had covered his mugging incident; Hanley was impressed by Mundy's tales of India and Africa, and lent him a typewriter, suggesting that he write some of his stories down for potential publication.^[53] Mundy did so, and published his first short story, "A Transaction in Diamonds", in the February 1911 issue of Frank Munsey's magazine, The Scrap Book.^[53] His second publication was a non-fiction article, "Pig-sticking in India", which appeared in the April issue of a new pulp magazine, Adventure, which specialised in adventure fiction.^[48] Although he and Adventure's editor Arthur Sullivant Hoffman did not initially like each other,^[54] Mundy continued writing for the magazine, as well as for The Scrap Book, Argosy, and Cavalier.^[55] In 1912, Mundy published sixteen short stories and four articles in Adventure, seven of which were under the name "Walter Galt".^[56] Biographer Brian Taves suggested that these early short stories are notable "not so much for themselves as for how much they diverged from his later oeuvre", for instance dealing with subjects like boxing that are absent from his later work.^[57] In 1912, Adventure had also established The Adventurer's Club, of which Mundy became a chartered member.^[58]

The February 1912 issue of Adventure, where Mundy's "The Soul of a Regiment" first appeared. According to Taves, it was Mundy's first magazine story "to mark him as a writer to watch and to merit a cover illustration."

Mundy's story "The Soul of a Regiment" attracted particular praise and critical attention. Revolving around an Egyptian regiment who are taught to play music by their English Sergeant-Instructor in the buildup to the Somaliland Campaign, it was initially published by Adventure in February 1912, before becoming the first of Mundy's publications to be republished in Britain, appearing in the March 1912 issue of George Newnes' The Grand Magazine.^[59] Soon he would see his short stories published in a range of British publications, including The Strand Magazine, London Magazine, and Cassell's Magazine of Fiction as well as The Grand.^[58] 1912 also saw two cinematic adaptations of his short stories, For Valour and The Fire Cop – produced by the Edison Company and Selig Polyscope Company respectively – with both being fairly faithful to his original stories.^[60]

In June 1912, Inez sued for divorce on the grounds of Mundy's adultery; he did not challenge the accusation and the divorce was confirmed in October. As part of the divorce settlement, Mundy was forced to pay $20 a week alimony to Inez for the rest of her life.^[61] Mundy moved into an apartment in Greenwich Village, which for a short time he shared with Hoffman's assistant Sinclair Lewis.^[62] At this point he met the Kentucky-born portrait painter Harriette Rosemary Strafer, and after she agreed to marry him they wed in Stamford, Connecticut in August 1913.^[63] Strafer had been a practitioner of a Christian new religious movement, Christian Science, since 1904, and encouraged an interest her new husband to take an interest in the faith; studying the writings of its founder, Mary Baker Eddy, he converted to it in 1914.^[64] The couple then moved to the town of Norway in Maine, where Mundy's friend Hugh Pendexter was already resident.^[65] He involved himself in the activities of his new home, becoming chairman of the local agricultural committee and joining the Norway Committee on Public Safety.^[66] Following the outbreak of World War I, in which Britain went to war against Germany, Mundy sought to attain U.S. citizenship; applying in November 1914, his request was approved in March 1917.^[67]

In Norway, Mundy authored his first novel, For the Peace of India, which was set during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It was serialised in Adventure under the altered title of Rung Ho! before being published by Charles Scribner in the U.S., and Cassells in the U.K. Critically well received, the book sold well.^[68] In August 1914, Adventure published "The Sword of Iskander", the first of Mundy's eight novelettes revolving around the character of Dick Anthony of Arran, a Scotsman battling the Russians in Iran, which ran until March 1915.^[69] It was in his January 1914 short story "A Soldier and a Gentleman" that he introduced the character of Yasmini, a young Hindu woman who would reappear in many of his later stories.^[70] He then began work on a second novel, The Winds of the World, which told the story of a Sikh officer, Risaldar-Major Ranjoor Singh, who sets out to expose a German spy who is attempting to foment an uprising in British India; during the course of the story he introduced Yasmini as a character. Serialised in Adventure from July to September 1915, it was then published in Britain by Cassell; when Scribner declined to publish it, Mundy acquired a literary agent, Paul Reynolds.^[71] Upon publication, it received good reviews.^[72]

Mundy authored comparatively few short stories in 1916 as he focused on his third novel, King of the Khyber Rifles, which told the story of Captain Athelstan King of the British India Secret Service and his attempt to prevent a German-backed jihad break out against the British administration in the North-West Frontier. Again, it featured Yasmini as a core character.^[74] The novel was serialised in Everybody's from May 1916 to January 1917, accompanied by illustrations by Joseph Clement Coll, a man whom Mundy praised, declaring that "there never was a better illustrator in the history of the world!".^[75] The novel was then published by U.S.-based Bobbs-Merrill in November 1916 and by U.K.-based Constable in January 1917; it received critical acclaimed, with critics comparing it to the work of Kipling and H. Rider Haggard.^[76]

In 1917 only two of Mundy's short stories appeared in Adventure; the first was a reprint of "The Soul of a Regiment", while the second was a sequel, "The Damned Old Nigger"; in a 1918 readership survey, these were rated as the first and third most popular stories in Adventure, respectively.^[77] From October to December 1917 he serialised his fourth novel, Hira Singh's Tale, in Adventure, which was partly based upon real events. The story revolves around a regiment of Sikhs fighting on the Western Front for the British Empire who are then captured by the Germans; transferred to a Turkish prisoner of war camp, they attempt to escape and return overland to India. Casells published a British edition in June 1918, although for American publication in book form it was renamed Hira Singh. Talbot devoted the latter to his friend Elmer Davis, and gifted a copy to the British monarch George V, who was Commander-in-Chief of the 14th Ferozepore Sikhs.^[78]

The book received largely positive reviews in the U.S., although was criticised in the Times Literary Supplement.[79] Mundy felt that many reviewers had failed to understand the main reason for the book; he had meant it to represent a tribute to the Indian soldiers who had died fighting in Europe during World War I.[79]

In autumn 1918, Mundy and his wife moved to Fifth Avenue in New York City.^[80] That year he serialised On the Trail of Tippoo Tib, part of a series of novelettes which he termed "The Up and Down the Earth Tales". Set in British East Africa prior to the First World War, it dealt with an expedition of three Englishmen and an American who search for a hidden cache of ivory.^[81] When published in book form in June, Bobbs-Merrill renamed the story The Ivory Trail.^[82] The Ivory Trail was Mundy's most widely reviewed work, receiving a largely positive reception, and resulting in him being interviewed for the New York Evening World.^[83]

Later life

Christian Science and Palestine: 1918–22

In December 1918, Mundy and his wife had visited Indianapolis, there meeting with the team at Bobbs-Merrill, and it was here that he encountered Christian Science, a new religious movement founded by Mary Baker Eddy in the 19th century. He was convinced to advertise his books in the group's newspaper, the Christian Science Monitor.^[84] Becoming increasingly interested in the movement, he became close friends with William Denison McCrackan, who was the associated editor of both the Christian Science Journal and Christian Science Sentinel.^[82] Mundy agreed to become the president of The Anglo-American Society, a Christian Science group devoted to providing aid for Palestine, which had recently been conquered by the British from the Ottoman Empire.^[85] He also became vice president of the Society's magazine, New Earth News.^[85] Spending time at the Christian Science White Mountains Camp in Tamworth, New Hampshire, it was there that he wrote The Eye of Zeitun; it included the four protagonists who had appeared in The Ivory Trail experiencing a new adventure in Armenia, and reflected Turkish persecution of the Armenian people.^[86] It was serialised in Romance from February to March 1920 before being published by Bobbs-Merrill in March under the altered title of The Eyes of Zeitoon.^[87] The book received mixed reviews and did not sell well.^[88] Although pleased with the work of his agent Paul Reynolds, he switched to Howard Wheeler, with whom he felt more comfortable.^[89]

Talbot was present in Palestine during the Nebi Musa riots, 1920

In December 1919, Talbot decided to travel to Palestine, to aid the Society in establishing the Jerusalem News, the first-English language newspaper in the city.^[90] Departing the U.S. in January 1920 aboard the RMS Adriatic, he arrived in Southampton, before travelling to London, Rome, Alexandria, and then reaching Jerusalem in February.^[91] There he became the newspaper's editorial assistant, being involved in writing articles, reporting on current events, proof reading, and editing.^[92] In Jerusalem, he entered a relationship with Sally Ames, a fellow Christian Scientist whom he had first met in the U.S.^[93] It was also in the city that he later claimed he had met the English writer G. K. Chesterton on the latter's visit.^[94] Talbot witnessed the conflict between Arab and Jewish populations within the city, and was present during the Nebi Musa riots.^[95] Having identified itself as a wartime paper, the Jerusalem News ceased publication after the transition from British military rule to the British civilian rule of Mandatory Palestine.^[96]

Mundy returned to New York City in August, there informing Rosemary that he wanted a divorce, which she refused.^[96] Unable to live with her, he moved into an apartment in Huguenot Park, Staten Island.^[96] There he authored Guns of the Gods, a story set in Yasmini's youth; it was serialised in Adventure from March to May, and published in book form by Bobbs-Merrill in June.^[97] The Times Literary Supplement accused it of having a strong anti-English bias.^[97] He then wrote two novelettes for Adventure, each set in Palestine: "The Adventure of El Kerak", which appeared in November, and "Under the Dome of the Rock", which appeared in December.^[98] Bobbs-Merrill were nevertheless not keen on the Jimgrim stories, and urged Mundy to write something else.^[99] The company had repeatedly lent money to Mundy, who was now heavily in debt to them.^[100]

Mundy moved to Reno, where Ames joined him; he initiated divorce proceedings against Rosemary in a Reno course. The case was eventually heard in August 1923, with Mundy alleging that he wanted a divorce because Rosemary had deserted him. She denied the allegations, and the judge dismissed Talbot's case, adding that from the evidence Rosemary herself would be entitled to sue for divorce, which she nevertheless refused to do.^[101] He had continued writing, producing The Nine Unknown, a Jimgrim novel which included Mundy's first use of Indian religious ideas. Serialised in Adventure from March to April 1923, it was published by Bobbs-Merrill in March 1924 and then in Britain by Hutchinson in June.^[102]

Embracing Theosophy: 1922–29

Lomaland's Raja Yoga Academy and the Temple of Peace, c. 1915

In the winter of 1922 and 1923, Mundy made repeated visits to Lomaland, a Theosophical community established in San Diego under the leadership of Katherine Tingley, who became a friend of his.^[103] Tingley invited him to contribute to The Theosophical Path, with his first article in this magazine appearing in the February 1923 issue; it was devoted to Jerusalem.^[104] He would be a regular contributor to the magazine through 1924 and 1925, and would continue to do so with less frequency until 1929.^[105] He also wrote a preface for Tingley's book The Wine of Life.^[106] In late 1924, Mundy purchased a house at Lomaland for $25,000, naming it Tilgaun.^[107] In June 1924, he and Sally relocated to Mérida in Mexico, where Mundy was able to secure a divorce from his third wife in July; he and Sally married the following day.^[108]

At the beginning of 1923, at the recommendation of director Fred Niblo, whom Mundy had known in Africa, Mundy was hired by producer Thomas H. Ince as a screenwriter. He was initially assigned to write a novelization of the upcoming film, Her Reputation. The book was published by Bobbs-Merrill, and in England by Hutchinson under the title The Bubble Reputation.^[109] Mundy biographer Peter Berresford Ellis described it as "the worst book that Talbot ever wrote".^[102] Mundy followed this with Om: The Secret of Ahbor Valley, which was serialised in Adventure from October to November, before publication by Bobbs-Merrill.^[110] The characters were based upon individuals that he knew at Lomaland,^[111] and the story expounded Theosophical ideas regarding the Masters and the existence of a universal "Ancient Wisdom". Adventure included a disclaimer at the start of the story stating that they did not endorse the esoteric movement.^[112] Ellis described the work as Mundy's "most significant novel",^[106] and his "literary masterpiece".^[113] Mundy received hundreds of letters praising the work, and it also received good critical reviews from press.^[114] It proved popular among Theosophists, with Tingley asking Mundy if he would adapt it for one of her theaters.^[115] The British edition underwent six reprints in quick succession, while Swedish and German translations were soon commissioned for publication.^[116]

His next main project was the "Tros Saga", a series of six novel-length stories which appeared in Adventure during 1925. Set in Europe during the first century BCE, it portrayed the Roman military leader Julius Caesar. This caused controversy, with various letters being published in Adventure's opinion section debating the accuracy of Mundy's proposal, which included contributions from historical specialists in the period.^[117] Adventure began serialisation of his next story, titled Ramsden, in June 1926; Bobbs-Merrill then published it under the new title of The Devil's Guard.^[118] Upon publication it received good reviews.^[119] Adventure then serialised The Falling Star in October; it would be published in book form as Caesar Dies.^[120] This was followed with W.H.: A Portion of the Record of Sir William Halifax, a novel set in Tudor England.^[121]

Turning his attention to new business ventures, he joined a syndicate, the Sindicato de Desarrollo Liafail, who were planning on drilling for oil in Tijuana, Mexico. Another key member of the group was General Abelardo L. Rodríguez, who was then Governor of Baja California. They obtained permission in September 1946 and began drilling in February 1927.^[122] The company closed in July 1931, having been a financial failure.^[123] In Autumn 1927 Connecticut he met Theda Conkey Webber, and the following summer he left his wife to begin a relationship with Theda, who shortly after legally changed her name to Dawn Allen.^[124]

In January 1929 he registered a new company, Jeff Ramsden Inc, with two comrades. The company engaged in a variety of activities, including purchasing real estate, copyright, and inventions, although had foundered within months. The state department officially dissolved it in December 1936 for not paying tax.^[125] One of his fellow members of the company had been the spirit medium George Wehner, with Mundy agreeing to write an introduction for Wehner's autobiography, A Curious Life, reflecting his own growing interest in Spiritualism.^[125]

Directed by John Ford, Fox Film had produced a cinematic adaptation of King of the Khyber Pass, titled The Black Watch. Mundy disliked it, thinking that the acting was bad and describing it as "a disagreeable waste of money and an insult to the public".^[126] However, it allowed him to pay off the many debts that he owed.^[127] In February 1929, Bobbs-Merrill published Queen Cleopatra; at the time, Mundy considered this to be his magnum opus, and was dismayed when it received mixed reviews.^[128] From October to December 1929 Adventure serialised Mundy's The Invisible Guns of Kabul, which was then published in book form as Cock O' the North.^[129] He then proceeded on a visit to Europe with Dawn, spending time in London, Paris, and Rome before returning to New York in September.^[130]

Final decade: 1930–40

In October 1930, Bobbs-Merrill published Mundy's novel, Black Light, which was received with mixed reviews.^[131] It was the last of Mundy's novels that the company produced as he left them shortly after; the company were upset, having felt that they had been badly treated.^[132] In the following year, Mundy focused on magazine work, producing King of the World, which was serialised in Adventure from November 1930 to February 1931; it was later published in book form as Jimgrim.^[133] He also produced the story Elephant Sahib for Argosy.^[133] In late 1930, Mundy visited London, where Hutchinson had begun to publish a string of his stories.^[134]

Mundy and Dawn then proceeded to Mexico via Cuba, settling in Yucatan, where they visited Maya archaeological sites like Chichen Itza and Uxmal before Mundy secured a divorce there in July 1931. He and Dawn married shortly after in Campeche City.^[135] They subsequently visited Europe, spending time in Hamburg before driving to Mallorca to visit their friend Natacha Rambova.^[136] During this holiday, Mundy authored a non-fiction book and sent it to publishers under a pseudonym, but was rejected; it would be posthumously published as I Say Sunrise in 1947.^[137] There, Dawn discovered that she was pregnant with Mundy's child, with the couple heading to England, where she was hospitalised at the Theosophist-run Stonefield Hospital in Blackheath, Kent.^[138] Their daughter was born there in February, although died an hour later as a result of a heart malformation.^[139] To recover, the couple spent time with Mundy's cousins in Surrey, from where Mundy visited his brother in Hythe.^[140] They sailed back to the U.S. from Marseilles in late 1933.^[141]

Amid the economic problems of the Great Depression, Mundy began seeking out alternative forms of income to supplement his writing, beginning to give occasional lectures.^[142] He also began regularly writing scripts for the radio show Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy, which brought in a regular income until his death.^[143]

In November 1932, Century published Mundy's novel C.I.D., which revolved around the character of Chullunder Ghose. Unusually, it was only serialised after book publication, in Adventure during March and April 1933.^[144]

In 1939 Mundy and his wife moved to Anna Maria Island in Manatee County, Florida.^[145] There he was diagnosed with diabetes, a disease that had also afflicted many of his family members.^[146] Mundy retained an interest in political developments in Europe, characterising Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and Francisco Franco as the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.^[147] After World War II broke out in Europe in September 1939, Mundy advocated for the U.S. to join the conflict in support of the U.K. and France.^[148] Mundy died at home on 5 August 1940, aged 61. The certifying doctor attributed his death to myocardial insufficiency brought on by diabetes.^[149] His body was cremated on 6 August at Baynard Crematorium in St. Petersburg, Florida.^[150] Obituaries marking his passing appeared in both the American and British press.^[151]

Personal life

Mundy was married five times during his life.^[152] Mundy worked seven hours a day, six days a week, typically arising at three or four am in the morning.^[153] Mundy never produced a written outline of his stories prior to writing them.^[154] Very proud of his poetry, Mundy liked to insert a proverb or verb at the start of each chapter in his novels.^[153] He had been a heavy cigarette smoker throughout his life, although quit the habit in his later years.^[145] Ellis described Mundy as "a strange, enigmatic personality", noting that in early life he had been described as "a wastrel, confidence-trickster, barefaced liar and a womanizer" but that in later life he had changed his "philosophical approach to life... and become better for it".^[150]

Mundy was fascinated by mysticism, and explored various religions throughout his life; after a brief involvement in Christian Science he joined the Theosophical movement and became very interested in Buddhism.^[155] Critical of the British Empire, he expressed support for Indian independence.^[156] Ellis claimed that unlike many of his contemporaries, Mundy's work has not been accused of adopting a racialist attitude toward non-caucasian peoples.^[157] However, Taves believed that Mundy's depictions of indigenous Africans in The Ivory Tail were "hardly free of racism" from a contemporary perspective, but that they nevertheless were "certainly enlightened" for his time, adding that Mundy "unquestionably respected black humanity" and abhorred white supremacism.^[158]

Mundy believed in the equality of men and women.^[159] Biographer Brian Taves felt that Mundy exhibited feminist sympathies in his work, suggesting that Yasmini, the strong, independent Hindu character that he developed in 1914, was clear evidence of this.^[160] He further added that throughout the series, female characters are frequently "the leading players in his stories, ambitious, likeable, out-thinking and dominating men."^[159]

Reception and legacy

Mundy authored 45 novels and 156 serials, short stories, poems, and articles during his career.^[161] Mundy biographer Peter Berresford Ellis described him as "one of the bestselling writers of adventure-fiction of his day."^[162] Mundy was best known for King of the Khyber Pass although his most critically acclaimed book was Om, and he personally considered Old Ugly Face to be his magnum opus.^[163] His work has been translated into a variety of European and Asian languages.^[161]

During his lifetime, Mundy's work was often compared with that of H. Rider Haggard and Rudyard Kipling, both of whose careers overshadowed his own.^[164] Taves noted that while Kipling's work is typically seen as the model for colonial literature in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Talbot offers "a significant counter-example", for he was writing "for the same readers and within a similar framework, [but] he was not only overtly anti-colonial but also championed Eastern philosophy and culture."^[161] Taves believed that the "closest parallel" to Mundy was Joseph Conrad because both included philosophical concerns within their adventure fiction, however he added that Conrad's "bleaker currents of literary modernism" contrasted with Mundy's "hopeful conclusions".^[165]

Taves stated that through his literature, Mundy was "engaged in a lifelong discourse on philosophy and religion", including Eastern ideas on subjects like karma and reincarnation which would later be popularised by the New Age Movement.^[161]

Mundy's work has been very influential on later writers. Those who have cited him as an influence on their own work include Robert E. Howard, E. Hoffman Price, Robert A. Heinlein, Fritz Leiber, and H. Warner Munn.^[166] Other science-fiction and fantasy writers who cited Mundy as an influence included Andre Norton,^[167] H. Warner Munn, Marion Zimmer Bradley and Daniel Easterman.^[168] James Hilton's novel Lost Horizon was partly inspired by Mundy's work.^[169]

Bibliography

A bibliography of Mundy's published books was included by Ellis in his biography.^[170]

Jimgrim/Ramsden

• Hira Singh (1918)
• Jimgrim and Allah's Peace (1936)
• The Seventeen Thieves of El-Kalil (1935)
• The Lion of Petra (1932)
• The Woman Ayisha (1924)
• The King in Check (variant title Affair in Araby,1933)
• The Mystery of Khufu's Tomb (1935)
• The Red Flame of Erinpura (1934)
• Jimgrim, Moses, and Mrs. Aintree (first book publication of 1922 magazine story, 2008)

Tros

• Tros of Samothrace (1925)
• Queen Cleopatra (1929)
• Purple Pirate (1935)

Lobsang Pun

• The Thunder Dragon Gate (1937)
• Old Ugly Face (1940)

Non-series

• Her Reputation (1923)
• The Soul of a Regiment (Chapbook Reprint of Short story, 1924)
• Caesar Dies (1934)
• All Four Winds: Four Novels of India (omnibus, 1932)
• Full Moon (variant title, There Was a Door, 1935)
• Romances of India (omnibus, 1936)
• East and West (variant title Diamonds See in the Dark, 1935)
• The Valiant View (Short Stories, 1939)
• Winds from the East: A Talbot Mundy Reader (Fiction, Poems and Non-Fiction, 2006)
• A Transaction in Diamonds: Talbot Mundy in the Pulps, 1911 (The Talbot Mundy Library, volume 1)
• The Soul of a Regiment (The Talbot Mundy Library, volume 2, NYP)
• In a Righteous Cause: Talbot Mundy in Adventure, 1913 (The Talbot Mundy Library, volume 3)
• The Letter of His Orders—Three Short Novels from Adventure, 1913 (The Talbot Mundy Library, volume 4)
• A Soldier and a Gentleman (The Talbot Mundy Library, volume 7)

References

Footnotes

Sources

Further reading

• Donald M. Grant (compiler), Talbot Mundy: Messenger of Destiny (Donald M. Grant, publisher, Inc., 1983)
• Brian Taves (editor) Talbot Mundy, Winds From the East (Ariel Press, 2006) (an anthology of Mundy short stories and articles)
• Brian Taves, Thomas H. Ince, Hollywood's Independent Pioneer (University Press of Kentucky, 2011) (includes a chapter on Mundy's work at the Ince studio)
• Bleiler, Everett F. (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. pp. 205–206. 
• Clute, John; John Grant (1997). The Encyclopedia of Fantasy. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 669. ISBN 0-88184-708-9. 
• Tuck, Donald H. (1978). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Chicago: Advent. pp. 323–324. ISBN 0-911682-22-8. 

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Talbot Mundy

• Dustfall
• Works by Talbot Mundy at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Talbot Mundy at Internet Archive
• Works by Talbot Mundy at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Works by Talbot Mundy at Project Gutenberg Australia
• Materials Toward a Bibliography of the Works of Talbot Mundy at Project Gutenberg
• Talbot Mundy – Master of Mystical Adventure
• Talbot Mundy at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database