Syncword

In computer networks, a syncword, sync character or preamble is used to synchronize a transmission by indicating the end of header information and the start of data. It is a known sequence of data used to identify frame start, also called reference signal or midamble in wireless communications.

Examples

For example an audio receiver is receiving a bit stream of data. An example of a syncword is 0x0B77 for an AC-3 encoded stream. The Bisync protocol of the 1960s used a minimum of two ASCII "SYN" characters (0x16…0x16) to achieve character synchronization in an undifferentiated bit stream, then other special characters to synchronize to the beginning of a frame of characters.[1][2]

The syncwords can be seen as a kind of delimiter. Various techniques are used to avoid delimiter collision, or—​in other words—​to "disguise" bytes of data at the data link layer that might otherwise be incorrectly recognized as the syncword. For example, HDLC uses bit stuffing or "octet stuffing", while other systems use ASCII armor or Consistent Overhead Byte Stuffing (COBS).

Alternatives

In some communication systems, a receiver can achieve character synchronization from an undifferentiated bit stream, or start-of-header synchronization from a byte stream, without the overhead of an explicit syncword. For example, the FSK441 protocol achieves character synchronization by synchronizing on any "space" characters in the message -- in effect, every "space" character in the message does double duty as a syncword. For example, CRC-based framing achieves character and start-of-header synchronization.

In a self-synchronizing code, every character is, in effect, a syncword, and can be used to achieve character synchronization in an undifferentiated bit stream.

Preamble

In digital communication, preamble is a sequence of known bits are sent in each frame. It is used for both frame synchronization such as for Ethernet frames, as well as channel estimation.

References

  1. ↑ "BiSync, BSC". Connectivity Knowledge Platform. Made IT. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
  2. ↑ John R. Freer (1996). Computer communications and networks (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-85728-379-2.

See also