Symphoricarpos

"Snowberry" redirects here. It may also refer to members of the genus Chiococca.
Symphoricarpos
Common Snowberry (S. albus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Genus: Symphoricarpos
Duhamel[1][2]
Species

About 15 species; see text

Symphoricarpos, commonly known as the snowberry, waxberry or ghostberry, is a small genus of about 15 species of deciduous shrubs in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae. With the exception of the Chinese coralberry, S. sinensis, which is indigenous to western China, all species are native to North and Central America. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek words συμφορειν (symphorein), meaning "to bear together," and καρπος (karpos), meaning "fruit." It refers to the closely packed berries the species produce.[3]

Description

The Symphoricarpos leaves are 1.5–5 cm long, rounded, entire or with one or two lobes at the base. The flowers are small, greenish-white to pink, in small clusters of 5–15 together in most species, solitary or in pairs in some (e.g. S. microphyllus). The fruit is conspicuous, 1–2 cm in diameter, soft, varying from white (e.g. S. albus) to pink (S. microphyllus) to red (S. orbiculatus) and in one species (S. sinensis), blackish purple. When the white berries are broken open, the fruit inside looks like fine, sparkling granular snow. The flesh is spongy and contains two 2-5 mm long, whitish stone seeds. The seeds are egg-shaped and more or less flattened which contain endosperm and a small embryo . They have a very tough, hard, and impermeable covering so the seeds are very hard to germinate and may be dormant for up to 10 years.

The white berries create a small crack when they are stepped into firm ground.

Ecology

Common snowberry (S. albus) is an important winter food source for quail, pheasant, and grouse, but is considered poisonous to humans. The berries contain the isoquinoline alkaloid chelidonine, as well as other alkaloids. Ingesting the berries causes mild symptoms of vomiting, dizziness, and slight sedation in children.

Selected species

  • Symphoricarpos acutus (A.Gray) Dieck – Sharpleaf snowberry
  • Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F.Blake – Common snowberry
    • S. albus var. albus
    • S. albus var. laevigatus (Fernald) S.F.Blake
  • Symphoricarpos ×chenaultii Rehder – Chenault coralberry
  • Symphoricarpos ×doorenbosii Krüssm.
  • Symphoricarpos guadalupensis Correll – McKittrick's snowberry
  • Symphoricarpos hesperius G.N.Jones – Trailing snowberry
  • Symphoricarpos longiflorus A.Gray – Desert snowberry
  • Symphoricarpos mexicanus – Mexican snowberry

Cultivation and uses

Common snowberry is a popular ornamental shrub in gardens, grown for its decorative white fruit and wildlife gardening.

References

  1. ↑ "Genus: Symphoricarpos Duhamel". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1998-09-18. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Symphoricarpos". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
  3. ↑ Everett, Thomas H. (1982). The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Taylor & Francis. p. 3271. ISBN 978-0-8240-7240-7.
  4. ↑ "GRIN Species Records of Symphoricarpos". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-09-13.

External links

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