Switchboard operator

Telephone operators, 1952

In the early days of telephony, through roughly the 1960s, companies used manual telephone switchboards and switchboard operators connected calls by inserting a pair of phone plugs into the appropriate jacks. Each pair of plugs was part of a cord circuit with a switch associated that let the operator participate in the call. Each jack had a light above it that lit when the telephone receiver was lifted (the earliest systems required a generator on the phone to be cranked by hand). Lines from the central office were usually arranged along the bottom row. Before the advent of operator distance dialing and customer Direct Dial (DDD) calling, switchboard operators would work with their counterparts in the distant central office to complete long distance calls. With the development of computerized telephone dialing systems, many telephone calls which previously required a live operator can be placed automatically by the calling party without additional human intervention. Switchboard operators are typically required to have very strong communication skills.[1][2]

Before the advent of automatic exchanges, an operator's assistance was required for anything other than calling telephones across a shared party line. Callers spoke to an operator at a Central Office who then connected a cord to the proper circuit in order to complete the call. Being in complete control of the call, the operator was in a position to listen to private conversations. Automatic, or Dial systems were developed in the 1920s to reduce labor costs as usage increased, and to ensure privacy to the customer. As phone systems became more sophisticated, less direct intervention by the telephone operator was necessary to complete calls.

As well as those employed by the public networks, operators were required at private branch exchanges to answer incoming telephone calls and connect them to the correct extension. Today, most large organizations have direct-dial extensions. Smaller workplaces may have an automated system which allows callers to enter the extension of the called party, or a receptionist who answers calls and performs operator duties. Depending on the employment setting, the roles and level of responsibilities of a PBX operator can vary greatly, from performing wake-up calls in a hotel to coordinating emergency responses, dispatching, and overhead paging in hospitals. Operators employed in healthcare settings have other duties, such as data entry, greeting patients and visitors, taking messages, triaging, or acting as an after hours answering service. Experienced, well trained operators generally command a higher salary.

Paris telephone exchange, 1900

History

In January 1878 George Willard Croy became the world's first telephone operator when he started working for the Boston Telephone Dispatch company.[3]

Emma Nutt became the world's first female telephone operator on 1 September 1878 when she started working for the Boston Telephone Dispatch company, because the attitude and behaviour of the teenage boys previously employed as operators was unacceptable.[4] Emma was hired by Alexander Graham Bell,[3] and reportedly, could remember every number in the telephone directory of the New England Telephone Company.[3]

In the United States, any switchboard operator employed by an independently owned public telephone company which has not more than seven hundred and fifty stations was excluded from the Equal Pay Act of 1963.

Women as switchboard operators

United States phone operator, circa 1911

Emma Nutt became the first female telephone operator on 1 September 1878 when she started working for the Boston Telephone Dispatch company.[4] More women began to replace men within this sector of the workforce for several reasons. The companies observed that women were generally more courteous to callers. However, a contributing factor to women entering this workforce was because women's labour was cheap in comparison to men's. Specifically, women were paid from one half to one quarter of a man's salary.[5]

Furthermore, not all women were selected for the position of a switchboard operator. The majority of females that received this position were classified as young, attractive, and single to portray the appropriate image as "a weaver of speech" that society held of switchboard operators. Media portraying the workers through sexualized images of "All American Girls" was a popular media tactic deployed by telephone industry advertisers and public relations. These images and portrayal of women decreased and helped mend the gap between private and public sphere life; however, at the same time, degraded women in the process; whereas men were easily accepted into both spheres. Therefore, for advertisement reasons and acceptance of women into the public sphere, switchboard operators were perceived and constructed to be "innocent and efficient, desirable yet unattainable, businesslike but adept as soothing the harried and demanding captain of industry of the public sphere as well as the stereotypically portrayed petty and demanding matron of the private sphere." (214). Although the telephone provided opportunity and, some would argue liberation, into the work force, there were restrictions that disabled women to be themselves. For instance, their script was very strict and encouraged only a few statements that could be exchanged between operator and customer.[5]

Ultimately, from an outside perspective, analyzing women as switchboard operators at a 'surface level', their increase participation in the public work sphere is beneficial and liberating. However, after analysing the telephone and its implications we can understand how there are patriarchal, gendered associations that come with it that contribute to the hierarchy of society. For instance, the telephone was viewed as a gateway that separated individuals, the same way a front door separates. It was viewed that the 'servant' should be the one to screen intrusions in regards to a ringing door. Similarly, the telephone was a viewed as a device that should be answered by a servant. Having women act as switchboard operators, labelled them as servants and reorganized them within society's hierarchy.[5]

Women of the Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators Unit, American bilingual female switchboard operators in World War I, were known colloquially as Hello Girls and were not formally recognized for their military service until 1978.

Julia O'Connor, a former telephone operator, led the Telephone Operators' Strike of 1919 and the Telephone Operators' Strike of 1923 against New England Telephone Company on behalf of the IBEW Telephone Operators' Department for better wages and working conditions.[6][7][8]

In 1982, in Bryant Pond, Maine, Susan Glines became the last switchboard operator for a hand-crank phone when that exchange was converted;[9] manual central office switchboards continued in operation at rural points like Kerman, California[10] and Wanaaring, New South Wales as late as 1991, but these were central-battery systems with no hand-cranked magnetos.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Principles of Hotel Front Office Operations - Page 55, Sue Baker, Pam Bradley, Jeremy Huyton - 2001
  2. ↑ Kaplan Civil Service Exams - Page xii, Kaplan - 2008
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Julie K. Petersen, "The telecommunications illustrated dictionary" (2002), p. 696
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 AT&T, Media Info, SBC Michigan Recognizes 125 Years of Telephone Operators, Personal Service, Michigan, San Antonio, Texas, October 31, 2003
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Rakow, Lana. "Women and the Telephone: The Gendering of a Communications Technology". pp. 207–225.
  6. ↑ Norwood, Stephen H. (1990). Labor's Flaming Youth: Telephone Operators and Worker Militancy, 1878-1923. Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 180-193. ISBN 0-252-01633-5.
  7. ↑ "Telephone Strike Won by Workers". New York Times, April 21, 1919. April 21, 1919. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  8. ↑ Norwood, Labor's Flaming Youth, pp. 262-291
  9. ↑ "Goodbye, Central: Crank Phone Dies". New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  10. ↑ http://articles.latimes.com/1991-04-08/news/mn-130_1_manual-switchboard

External links

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