Supreme commanders of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces

Battle and naval flag of Austria-Hungary
Insignia of the air force
Colours of the k.k. Landwehr
Colours of the Honvéd

This list of supreme commanders of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces covers the commanders-in-chief of the common Imperial and Royal Army, the Royal Hungarian Landwehr (Honvéd), the Imperial-Royal Landwehr and the Navy of Austria-Hungary.

Supreme commanders and high commands of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces

The commander-in-chief was the Emperor, the Allerhöchste Oberbefehl,[1] who ran his armed power (bewaffnete Macht) through the Military Chancellery of His Majesty the Emperor and King (Militärkanzlei Seiner Majesty des Kaisers and Königs) that was established on 11 July 1867. Amongst its heads, who usually bore the title Adjutant General (Generaladjutant), were:

In his old age Franz Joseph I only rarely exercised the function of supreme commander in person. Instead, in 1905 after the death of Field marshal Archduke Albert - who had taken over the post in 1866 from General Benedek and held in until his death in 1895[2] - he appointed Archduke Friedrich of Austria-Teschen as his representative using the style: At the disposal of the Supreme Commander - His Imperial and Royal Highness General of Infantry and Inspector of the Army Archduke Friedrich (Zur Disposition des Allerhöchsten Oberbefehls - se. k.u.k. Hoheit General der Infanterie und Armeeinspektor Erzherzog Friedrich).[3]

Besides Friedrich, whose duties were mainly ceremonial, Archduke Heir Apparent Franz Ferdinand had a great influence on the armed forces in the last years of the monarchy, and worked hard to keep them united and to expand them. In 1898, after a career as an officer, he was appointed "at the disposal of the Supreme Commander" (zur Disposition des Allerhöchsten Oberbefehles),[4] in order to oversee the army as a whole as well as the navy. To that end, from 1899, he maintained his own military chancellery (headed from Dec 1905 to autumn 1911 by Alexander Brosch von Aarenau and from autumn 1911 to June 1914 by Carl von Bardolff), at Belvedere Palace, which was successively expanded by Brosch into a secondary government (Nebenregierung). In 1913 the heir to the Emperor was appointed as Inspector General of the Armed Forces (Generalinspektor der gesamten bewaffneten Macht);[5] at his request Franz Joseph I appointed General Conrad as Chief of the General Staff (1906–1911 and 1912–1 Mar 1917). The CGS, since the reform of 1895 called the CGS of the Armed Forces (Chef des Generalstabs für die gesamte bewaffnete Macht), had the right to a personal audience with the monarch (without the presence of the Minister of War), whereby the CGS was superior to the Defence Ministry as well as the Imperial Chancellery, and the Inspector General of Troops was subordinated to him - only the heir apparent outranked him.

At the onset of the First World War, the Emperor appointed Friedrich as commander in chief, following the usual practice in times of crisis to appoint a serving officer to exercise high command of the army. Friedrich assumed this function until 2 Dec 1916, when the new Emperor, Charles I, took over supreme command himself.

Charles himself gave up the supreme command at the end of the war, in order not to have to sign the peace treaty and terms of surrender personally.[6]

List of commanders-in-chief

Their contemporary titles are given. Dates from 21 Dec 1867 to 11 Nov 1918 (demobilisation)

Supreme commanders

  • His k.u.k. Apostolic Majesty Franz Joseph I of Austria (born 18 Aug 1830, died 21 Sep 1916)
    (1848) − 1914 (transfer of command)
    Emperor and Apostolic King (Kaiser and apostol. König), etc., Supreme Commander (Allerhöchster Oberbefehl) (2 Dec 1848 Emperor; 27 Feb 1895 Prussian GFM)

Deputies

  • His k.u.k. Highness Field marshal Archduke Albert Friedrich Rudolf of Austria-Teschen (born 3 Aug 1817, died 18 Feb 1895)
    (1866)[2] – 18 Feb 1895 (death)
    Inspector General of the Armed Forces (Generalinspektor der gesamten bewaffneten Macht) (04 Apr 1863 FM; 3 Jul 1874 Russian GFM, 27 Nov 1893 Prussian GFM)
  • vacant
    Feb 1895 – 1898
  • His k.u.k. Highness General of Cavalry and Admiral Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este (born 18 Dec 1863, died 28 June 1914)
    1898[4] – 28 Jun 1914 died
    at the disposal of the Supreme Commander; from 1913 Inspector General of the Armed Forces (Generalinspektor der gesamten bewaffneten Macht)[7] (5 May Heir apparent; 26 Apr 1899 Gen of Cav; 4 Sep 1902 Adm)
  • His k.u.k. Highness General of Infantry and Inspector of the Army Archduke Friedrich Maria Albert of Austria-Teschen (born 4, died 30 Dec 1936)
    1905 – 1913 (at the disposal, then CinC)
    at the disposal of the supreme commander (08 Dec 1914 FM; 15 Nov 1908 Prussian GFM)
  • His k.u.k. Highness Field marshal Archduke Friedrich Maria Albert of Austria-Teschen (see above)
    1914 – 2 Dec 1916 (→ deputy)
    Supreme Commander of All Armed Forces (Oberkommandierender der gesamten bewaffneten Macht)
–
  • His k.u.k. Apostolic Majesty Grand Admiral and Colonel General Charles I Franz Joseph of Austria (born 17 Aug 1887, died 1 Apr 1922)
    2 Dec 1916[8] – 3 November 1918 (transfer of command and ceasefire with Italy/End of war)[6]
    Emperor and Apostolic King, etc., Supreme Commander (Kaiser and apostol. König, etc., Allerhöchster Oberbefehl) (Gen of Cav and Adm; 1 Nov 1916 Grand Adm and Col Gen; 21 Nov 1916 Emperor; 12 Feb 1917 Prussian GFM)
  • His k.u.k. Highness Field Marshal Archduke Friedrich Maria Albert of Austria-Teschen (see above)
    2 Dec 1916 – 11 Feb 1917 (at the disposal)
  • Field marshal Hermann Albin Josef Baron Kövess of Kövessháza (born 30 Mar 1854, died 22 Sep 1924)
    from 4 Nov 1918[6]
    Army commander (Armeeoberkommandant) (was commander of the army group in the western Balkans; 5 Aug 1917 FM)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Allerhöchsten Oberbefehl - Seine Majesty der Kaiser and König - Franz Joseph I ("Supreme Commander – His Majesty the Emperor and King – Franz Joseph I") was the official designation of the commander-in-chief until 1916
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 c.f Lit. Zeinar (2006), pp. 455 and footnote 336 //books.google.com/books?id=QGuQsTM8LCMC&pg=PA455 Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ Also the official designation
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lit. Zeinar (2006), pp. 416, footnote 251 //books.google.com/books?id=QGuQsTM8LCMC&pg=PA416 Missing or empty |title= (help) Franz Joseph already decided in 1908 that when the time came, he would assign the high command to his heir. Zeinar (2006), p. 455 //books.google.com/books?id=QGuQsTM8LCMC&pg=PA455 Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Friedrich Weissensteiner: Franz Ferdinand. Der verhinderte Herrscher, Österreichischer Bundesverlag, Vienna, 1983, ISBN 3-215-04828-0, pp. 200 ff.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 31 Oct: disbandment of the Common Army, 11 Nov: demobilisation, pensioning off the generals by 1 Dec 1818; detailed to command November 1918, see:
    Georg Reichlin-Meldegg, Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung and Sport/Österreichs Bundesheer, ed., "Field marshal Hermann Baron Kövess von Kövessháza", Truppendienst (Vienna), Folge 306 (Ausgabe 6/2008): o.A.
    Lit. Zeinar (2006), "Colonel General Arthur Albert Freiherr Arz von Straussenburg – Der letzte Generalstabschef of Austria-Hungary von 1917 bis 1918", (in German), pp. 292–298 //books.google.com/books?id=QGuQsTM8LCMC&pg=PA292 Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ c.f. Zeinar (2006), Bindung an den allerhöchsten Oberbefehl, p. 544
  8. ↑ "in exercise of his sovereign right", order of the day on 2 December 1916

Literature