Sun Microsystems

Public
Industry Computer systems
Computer software
Fate Acquired by Oracle
Successor Oracle America, Inc.
Founded February 24, 1982
Founders Andy Bechtolsheim
Bill Joy
Scott McNealy
Vinod Khosla
Defunct January 27, 2010
Headquarters Santa Clara, California, U.S.
Products Servers
Workstations
Storage
Services
Owner Oracle Corporation
Number of employees
 38,600 (near peak, 2006)[1]
Slogan The Network is the Computer[2]
Website www.oracle.com/us/sun/index.htm

Sun Microsystems, Inc. was a company that sold computers, computer components, computer software, and information technology services and that created the Java programming language and the Network File System (NFS). Sun significantly evolved several key computing technologies, among them Unix, RISC processors, thin client computing, and virtualized computing. Sun was founded on February 24, 1982.[3] At its height, Sun headquarters were in Santa Clara, California (part of Silicon Valley), on the former west campus of the Agnews Developmental Center.

On January 27, 2010, Sun was acquired by Oracle Corporation for US $7.4 billion, based on an agreement signed on April 20, 2009.[4] The following month, Sun Microsystems, Inc. was merged with Oracle USA, Inc. to become Oracle America, Inc.[5]

Sun products included computer servers and workstations built on its own RISC-based SPARC processor architecture as well as on x86-based AMD's Opteron and Intel's Xeon processors; storage systems; and a suite of software products including the Solaris operating system, developer tools, Web infrastructure software, and identity management applications. Other technologies include the Java platform, MySQL, and NFS. Sun was a proponent of open systems in general and Unix in particular, and a major contributor to open source software.[6] Sun's main manufacturing facilities were located in Hillsboro, Oregon, and Linlithgow, Scotland.

History

Sun Microsystems logo history
Logo Years
 Original Sun Microsystems 1982-1986 logo, as used on the nameplate of the Sun-1 workstation
 Revised logo, used from 1986 until 1996
 From the 1996 until 2010/acquisition by Oracle Corporation

The initial design for what became Sun's first Unix workstation, the Sun-1, was conceived by Andy Bechtolsheim when he was a graduate student at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. Bechtolsheim originally designed the SUN workstation for the Stanford University Network communications project as a personal CAD workstation. It was designed around the Motorola 68000 processor with an advanced memory management unit (MMU) to support the Unix operating system with virtual memory support.[7] He built the first ones from spare parts obtained from Stanford's Department of Computer Science and Silicon Valley supply houses.[8]

On February 24, 1982, Vinod Khosla, Andy Bechtolsheim, and Scott McNealy, all Stanford graduate students, founded Sun Microsystems. Bill Joy of Berkeley, a primary developer of the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), joined soon after and is counted as one of the original founders.[9] The Sun name is derived from the initials of the Stanford University Network.[10][11][12] Sun was profitable from its first quarter in July 1982.

By 1983 Sun was known for producing 68000-based systems with high-quality graphics that were the only computers other than DEC's VAX to run 4.2BSD. It licensed the computer design to other manufacturers, which typically used it to build Multibus-based systems running Unix from UniSoft.[13] Sun's initial public offering was in 1986 under the stock symbol SUNW, for Sun Workstations (later Sun Worldwide).[14][15] The symbol was changed in 2007 to JAVA; Sun stated that the brand awareness associated with its Java platform better represented the company's current strategy.[16]

Sun's logo, which features four interleaved copies of the word sun, was designed by professor Vaughan Pratt, also of Stanford. The initial version of the logo was orange and had the sides oriented horizontally and vertically, but it was subsequently rotated to stand on one corner and re-colored purple, and later blue.

The "Bubble" and its aftermath

In the dot-com bubble, Sun began making much more money, and its shares rose dramatically. It also began spending much more, hiring workers and building itself out. Some of this was because of genuine demand, but much was from web start-up companies anticipating business that would never happen. In 2000, the bubble burst.[17] Sales in Sun's important hardware division went into free-fall as customers closed shop and auctioned off high-end servers.

Several quarters of steep losses led to executive departures, rounds of layoffs,[18][19][20] and other cost cutting. In December 2001, the stock fell to the 1998, pre-bubble level of about $100. But it kept falling, faster than many other tech companies. A year later it had dipped below $10 (a tenth of what it was even in 1990) but bounced back to $20. In mid-2004, Sun closed their Newark, California factory and consolidated all manufacturing to Hillsboro, Oregon.[21] In 2006, that factory also closed.[22]

Post-crash focus

Aerial photograph of the Sun headquarters campus in Santa Clara, California
Buildings 21 and 22 at Sun's headquarters campus in Santa Clara
Sun in Markham, Ontario, Canada

In 2004, Sun canceled two major processor projects which emphasized high instruction level parallelism and operating frequency. Instead, the company chose to concentrate on processors optimized for multi-threading and multiprocessing, such as the UltraSPARC T1 processor (codenamed "Niagara"). The company also announced a collaboration with Fujitsu to use the Japanese company's processor chips in mid-range and high-end Sun servers. These servers were announced on April 17, 2007 as the M-Series, part of the SPARC Enterprise series.

In February 2005, Sun announced the Sun Grid, a grid computing deployment on which it offered utility computing services priced at US$1 per CPU/hour for processing and per GB/month for storage. This offering built upon an existing 3,000-CPU server farm used for internal R&D for over 10 years, which Sun marketed as being able to achieve 97% utilization. In August 2005, the first commercial use of this grid was announced for financial risk simulations which was later launched as its first software as a service product.[23]

In January 2005, Sun reported a net profit of $19 million for fiscal 2005 second quarter, for the first time in three years. This was followed by net loss of $9 million on GAAP basis for the third quarter 2005, as reported on April 14, 2005. In January 2007, Sun reported a net GAAP profit of $126 million on revenue of $3.337 billion for its fiscal second quarter. Shortly following that news, it was announced that Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) would invest $700 million in the company.[24]

Sun had engineering groups in Bangalore, Beijing, Dublin, Grenoble, Hamburg, Prague, St. Petersburg, Tel Aviv, Tokyo, and Trondheim.[25]

In 2007–2008, Sun posted revenue of $13.8 billion and had $2 billion in cash. First-quarter 2008 losses were $1.68 billion; revenue fell 7% to $12.99 billion. Sun's stock lost 80% of its value November 2007 to November 2008, reducing the company's market value to $3 billion. With falling sales to large corporate clients, Sun announced plans to lay off 5,000 to 6,000 workers, or 15–18% of its work force. It expected to save $700 million to $800 million a year as a result of the moves, while also taking up to $600 million in charges.[26]

Sun acquisitions

Sun server racks at Seneca College (York Campus)
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Major stockholders

As of May 11, 2009, the following shareholders held over 100,000 common shares of Sun:[66] and at $9.40 per share offered by Oracle they received the amounts indicated when the acquisition closed.

Major Investors in Sun
Investor Common Shares Value at Merger
Barclays Global Investors37,606,708$353,500,180
Scott G. McNealy 14,566,433$136,924,470
M. Kenneth Oshman584,985$5,498,860
Jonathan I. Schwartz536,109$5,039,425
James L. Barksdale231,785$2,178,780
Michael E. Lehman106,684$1,002,830

Hardware

For the first decade of Sun's history, the company positioned its products as technical workstations, competing successfully as a low-cost vendor during the Workstation Wars of the 1980s. It then shifted its hardware product line to emphasize servers and storage. High-level telecom control systems such as Operational Support Systems service predominantly used Sun equipment. This use is due mainly to the company basing its products around a mature and very stable version of the Unix operating system and the support service that Sun provides.

Motorola-based systems

Sun originally used Motorola 68000 family central processing units for the Sun-1 through Sun-3 computer series. The Sun-1 employed a 68000 CPU, the Sun-2 series, a 68010. The Sun-3 series was based on the 68020, with the later Sun-3x using the 68030.[67]

SPARC-based systems

See also: SPARC
SPARCstation 1+

In 1987, the company began using SPARC, a RISC processor architecture of its own design, in its computer systems, starting with the Sun-4 line. SPARC was initially a 32-bit architecture (SPARC V7) until the introduction of the SPARC V9 architecture in 1995, which added 64-bit extensions.

Sun has developed several generations of SPARC-based computer systems, including the SPARCstation, Ultra and Sun Blade series of workstations, and the SPARCserver, Netra, Enterprise and Sun Fire line of servers.

In the early 1990s the company began to extend its product line to include large-scale symmetric multiprocessing servers, starting with the four-processor SPARCserver 600MP. This was followed by the 8-processor SPARCserver 1000 and 20-processor SPARCcenter 2000, which were based on work done in conjunction with Xerox PARC. In 1995 the company introduced Sun Ultra series machines that were equipped with the first 64-bit implementation of SPARC processors (UltraSPARC). In the late 1990s the transformation of product line in favor of large 64-bit SMP systems was accelerated by the acquisition of Cray Business Systems Division from Silicon Graphics.[32] Their 32-bit, 64-processor Cray Superserver 6400, related to the SPARCcenter, led to the 64-bit Sun Enterprise 10000 high-end server (otherwise known as Starfire).

In September 2004 Sun made available systems with UltraSPARC IV[68] which was the first multi-core SPARC processor. It was followed by UltraSPARC IV+ in September 2005[69] and its revisions with higher clock speeds in 2007.[70] These CPUs were used in the most powerful, enterprise class high-end CC-NUMA servers developed by Sun, such as Sun Fire E25K.

In November 2005 Sun launched the UltraSPARC T1, notable for its ability to concurrently run 32 threads of execution on 8 processor cores. Its intent was to drive more efficient use of CPU resources, which is of particular importance in data centers, where there is an increasing need to reduce power and air conditioning demands, much of which comes from the heat generated by CPUs. The T1 was followed in 2007 by the UltraSPARC T2, which extended the number of threads per core from 4 to 8. Sun has open sourced the design specifications of both the T1 and T2 processors via the OpenSPARC project.

In 2006, Sun has also ventured into the blade server (high density rack-mounted systems) market with the Sun Blade (distinct from the Sun Blade workstation).

In April 2007 Sun released the SPARC Enterprise server products, jointly designed by Sun and Fujitsu and based on Fujitsu SPARC64 VI and later processors. The M-class SPARC Enterprise systems include high-end reliability and availability features. Later T-series servers have also been badged SPARC Enterprise rather than Sun Fire.

In April 2008 Sun released servers with UltraSPARC T2 Plus, which is an SMP capable version of UltraSPARC T2, available in 2 or 4 processor configurations. It was the first CoolThreads CPU with multi-processor capability and it made possible to build standard rack-mounted servers that could simultaneously process up to massive 256 CPU threads in hardware (Sun SPARC Enterprise T5440),[71][72] which is considered a record in the industry.

Since 2010, all further development of Sun machines based on SPARC architecture (including new SPARC T-Series servers, SPARC T3 and T4 chips) is done as a part of Oracle Corporation hardware division.

x86-based systems

In the late 1980s, Sun also marketed an Intel 80386-based machine, the Sun386i; this was designed to be a hybrid system, running SunOS but at the same time supporting DOS applications. This only remained on the market for a brief time. A follow-up "486i" upgrade was announced but only a few prototype units were ever manufactured.

Sun's brief first foray into x86 systems ended in the early 1990s, as it decided to concentrate on SPARC and retire the last Motorola systems and 386i products, a move dubbed by McNealy as "all the wood behind one arrowhead". Even so, Sun kept its hand in the x86 world, as a release of Solaris for PC compatibles began shipping in 1993.

In 1997 Sun acquired Diba, Inc., followed later by the acquisition of Cobalt Networks in 2000, with the aim of building network appliances (single function computers meant for consumers). Sun also marketed a network computer (a term popularized and eventually trademarked by Oracle); the JavaStation was a diskless system designed to run Java applications.

Although none of these business initiatives were particularly successful, the Cobalt purchase gave Sun a toehold for its return to the x86 hardware market. In 2002, Sun introduced its first general purpose x86 system, the LX50, based in part on previous Cobalt system expertise. This was also Sun's first system announced to support Linux as well as Solaris.

In 2003, Sun announced a strategic alliance with AMD to produce x86/x64 servers based on AMD's Opteron processor; this was followed shortly by Sun's acquisition of Kealia, a startup founded by original Sun founder Andy Bechtolsheim, which had been focusing on high-performance AMD-based servers.

The following year, Sun launched the Opteron-based Sun Fire V20z and V40z servers, and the Java Workstation W1100z and W2100z workstations.

On September 12, 2005, Sun unveiled a new range of Opteron-based servers: the Sun Fire X2100, X4100 and X4200 servers.[73] These were designed from scratch by a team led by Bechtolsheim to address heat and power consumption issues commonly faced in data centers. In July 2006, the Sun Fire X4500 and X4600 systems were introduced, extending a line of x64 systems that support not only Solaris, but also Linux and Microsoft Windows.

On January 22, 2007, Sun announced a broad strategic alliance with Intel.[74] Intel endorsed Solaris as a mainstream operating system and as its mission critical Unix for its Xeon processor-based systems, and contributed engineering resources to OpenSolaris.[75] Sun began using the Intel Xeon processor in its x64 server line, starting with the Sun Blade X6250 server module introduced in June 2007.

On May 5, 2008, AMD announced its Operating System Research Center (OSRC) expanded its focus to include optimization to Sun's OpenSolaris and xVM virtualization products for AMD based processors.[76]

Software

Although Sun was initially known as a hardware company, its software history began with its founding in 1982; co-founder Bill Joy was one of the leading Unix developers of the time, having contributed the vi editor, the C shell, and significant work developing TCP/IP and the BSD Unix OS. Sun later developed software such as the Java programming language and acquired software such as StarOffice, VirtualBox and MySQL.

Sun used community-based and open-source licensing of its major technologies, and for its support of its products with other open source technologies. GNOME-based desktop software called Java Desktop System (originally code-named "Madhatter") was first distributed as a Linux implementation then offered as part of the Solaris operating system. Sun supported its Java Enterprise System (a middleware stack) on Linux. It released the source code for Solaris under the open-source Common Development and Distribution License, via the OpenSolaris community. Sun's positioning includes a commitment to indemnify users of some software from intellectual property disputes concerning that software. It offers support services on a variety of pricing bases, including per-employee and per-socket.

A 2006 report prepared for the EU by UNU-MERIT stated that Sun was the largest corporate contributor to open source movements in the world.[77] According to this report, Sun's open source contributions exceed the combined total of the next five largest commercial contributors.

Operating systems

Sun is best known for its Unix systems, which have a reputation for system stability and a consistent design philosophy.

Sun's first workstation shipped with UniSoft V7 Unix. Later in 1982 Sun began providing SunOS, a customized 4.1BSD Unix, as the operating system for its workstations.

In the late 1980s, AT&T tapped Sun to help them develop the next release of their branded UNIX, and in 1988 announced they would purchase up to a 20% stake in Sun.[78] UNIX System V Release 4 (SVR4) was jointly developed by AT&T and Sun; Sun used SVR4 as the foundation for Solaris 2.x, which became the successor to SunOS 4.1.x (later retrospectively named Solaris 1.x). By the mid-1990s, the ensuing Unix wars had largely subsided, AT&T had sold off their Unix interests, and the relationship between the two companies was significantly reduced.

From 1992 Sun also sold Interactive Unix, an operating system it acquired when it bought Interactive Systems Corporation from Eastman Kodak Company. This was a popular Unix variant for the PC platform and a major competitor to market leader SCO UNIX. Sun's focus on Interactive Unix diminished in favor of Solaris on both SPARC and x86 systems; it was dropped as a product in 2001.

Sun dropped the Solaris 2.x version numbering scheme after the Solaris 2.6 release (1997); the following version was branded Solaris 7. This was the first 64-bit release, intended for the new UltraSPARC CPUs based on the SPARC V9 architecture. Within the next four years, the successors Solaris 8 and Solaris 9 were released in 2000 and 2002 respectively.

Following several years of difficult competition and loss of server market share to competitors' Linux-based systems, Sun began to include Linux as part of its strategy in 2002. Sun supported both Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server on its x64 systems; companies such as Canonical Ltd., Wind River Systems and MontaVista also supported their versions of Linux on Sun's SPARC-based systems.

In 2004, after having cultivated a reputation as one of Microsoft's most vocal antagonists, Sun entered into a joint relationship with them, resolving various legal entanglements between the two companies and receiving US$1.95 billion in settlement payments from them.[79] Sun supported Microsoft Windows on its x64 systems, and announced other collaborative agreements with Microsoft, including plans to support each other's virtualization environments.[80]

In 2005, the company released Solaris 10. The new version included a large number of enhancements to the operating system, as well as very novel features, previously unseen in the industry. Solaris 10 update releases continued through the next 8 years, the last release from Sun Microsystems being Solaris 10 10/09. The following updates were released by Oracle under the new license agreement; the final release is Solaris 10 1/13.[81]

Previously, Sun offered a separate variant of Solaris called Trusted Solaris, which included augmented security features such as multilevel security and a least privilege access model. Solaris 10 included many of the same capabilities as Trusted Solaris at the time of its initial release; Solaris 10 11/06 included Solaris Trusted Extensions, which give it the remaining capabilities needed to make it the functional successor to Trusted Solaris.

Following acquisition of Sun, Oracle Corporation continued to develop Solaris operating system, and released Oracle Solaris 11 in November 2011.

Java platform

The Java platform was developed at Sun in the early 1990s with the objective of allowing programs to function regardless of the device they were used on, sparking the slogan "Write once, run anywhere" (WORA). While this objective was not entirely achieved (prompting the riposte "Write once, debug everywhere"), Java is regarded as being largely hardware- and operating system-independent.

Java was initially promoted as a platform for client-side applets running inside web browsers. Early examples of Java applications were the HotJava web browser and the HotJava Views suite. However, since then Java has been more successful on the server side of the Internet.

The platform consists of three major parts: the Java programming language, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and several Java Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). The design of the Java platform is controlled by the vendor and user community through the Java Community Process (JCP).

Java is an object-oriented programming language. Since its introduction in late 1995, it became one of the world's most popular programming languages.[82]

Java programs are compiled to byte code, which can be executed by any JVM, regardless of the environment.

The Java APIs provide an extensive set of library routines. These APIs evolved into the Standard Edition (Java SE), which provides basic infrastructure and GUI functionality; the Enterprise Edition (Java EE), aimed at large software companies implementing enterprise-class application servers; and the Micro Edition (Java ME), used to build software for devices with limited resources, such as mobile devices.

On November 13, 2006, Sun announced it would be licensing its Java implementation under the GNU General Public License; it released its Java compiler and JVM at that time.[83]

In February 2009 Sun entered a battle with Microsoft and Adobe Systems, which promoted rival platforms to build software applications for the Internet.[84] JavaFX was a development platform for music, video and other applications that builds on the Java programming language.[84]

Office suite

In 1999, Sun acquired the German software company StarDivision and with it the office suite StarOffice, which Sun later released as OpenOffice.org under both GNU LGPL and the SISSL (Sun Industry Standards Source License). OpenOffice.org supported Microsoft Office file formats (though not perfectly), was available on many platforms (primarily Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Solaris) and was used in the open source community.

The principal differences between StarOffice and OpenOffice.org were that StarOffice was supported by Sun, was available as either a single-user retail box kit or as per-user blocks of licensing for the enterprise, and included a wider range of fonts and document templates and a commercial quality spellchecker.[85] StarOffice also contained commercially licensed functions and add-ons; in OpenOffice.org these were either replaced by open-source or free variants, or are not present at all. Both packages had native support for the OpenDocument format.

Virtualization and datacenter automation software

VirtualBox, purchased by Sun

In 2007, Sun announced the Sun xVM virtualization and datacenter automation product suite for commodity hardware. Sun also acquired VirtualBox in 2008. Earlier virtualization technologies from Sun like Dynamic System Domains and Dynamic Reconfiguration were specifically designed for high-end SPARC servers, and Logical Domains only supports the UltraSPARC T1/T2/T2 Plus server platforms. Sun marketed Sun Ops Center provisioning software for datacenter automation.

On the client side, Sun offered virtual desktop solutions. Desktop environments and applications could be hosted in a datacenter, with users accessing these environments from a wide range of client devices, including Microsoft Windows PCs, Sun Ray virtual display clients, Apple Macintoshes, PDAs or any combination of supported devices. A variety of networks were supported, from LAN to WAN or the public Internet. Virtual desktop products included Sun Ray Server Software, Sun Secure Global Desktop and Sun Virtual Desktop Infrastructure.

Database management systems

Sun acquired MySQL AB, the developer of the MySQL database in 2008 for US$1 billion.[86] CEO Jonathan Schwartz mentioned in his blog that optimizing the performance of MySQL was one of the priorities of the acquisition.[87] In February 2008, Sun began to publish results of the MySQL performance optimization work.[88] Sun contributed to the PostgreSQL project. On the Java platform, Sun contributed to and supported Java DB.

Other software

Sun offered other software products for software development and infrastructure services. Many were developed in house; others came from acquisitions, including Tarantella, Waveset Technologies,[50] SeeBeyond, and Vaau. Sun acquired many of the Netscape non-browser software products as part a deal involving Netscape's merger with AOL.[89] These software products were initially offered under the "iPlanet" brand; once the Sun-Netscape alliance ended, they were re-branded as "Sun ONE" (Sun Open Network Environment), and then the "Sun Java System".

Sun's middleware product was branded as the Java Enterprise System (or JES), and marketed for web and application serving, communication, calendaring, directory, identity management and service-oriented architecture. Sun's Open ESB and other software suites were available free of charge on systems running Solaris, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, HP-UX, and Windows, with support available optionally.

Sun developed data center management software products, which included the Solaris Cluster high availability software, and a grid management package called Sun Grid Engine and firewall software such as SunScreen. For Network Equipment Providers and telecommunications customers, Sun developed the Sun Netra High-Availability Suite.

Sun produced compilers and development tools under the Sun Studio brand, for building and developing Solaris and Linux applications. Sun entered the software as a service (SaaS) market with zembly, a social cloud-based computing platform and Project Kenai, an open-source project hosting service.

Storage

Sun sold its own storage systems to complement its system offerings; it has also made several storage-related acquisitions. On June 2, 2005, Sun announced it would purchase Storage Technology Corporation (StorageTek) for US$4.1 billion in cash, or $37.00 per share, a deal completed in August 2005.

In 2006, Sun introduced the Sun StorageTek 5800 System, the first application-aware programmable storage solution. In 2008, Sun contributed the source code of the StorageTek 5800 System under the BSD license.[90]

Sun announced the Sun Open Storage platform in 2008 built with open source technologies. In late 2008 Sun announced the Sun Storage 7000 Unified Storage systems (codenamed Amber Road). Transparent placement of data in the systems' solid-state drives (SSD) and conventional hard drives was managed by ZFS to take advantage of the speed of SSDs and the economy of conventional hard disks.[91]

Other storage products included Sun Fire X4500 storage server and SAM-QFS filesystem and storage management software.

HPC solutions

Sun marketed the Sun Constellation System for High-Performance Computing (HPC). Even before the introduction of the Sun Constellation System in 2007, Sun's products were in use in many of the TOP500 systems and supercomputing centers:

The Sun HPC ClusterTools product was a set of Message Passing Interface (MPI) libraries and tools for running parallel jobs on Solaris HPC clusters. Beginning with version 7.0, Sun switched from its own implementation of MPI to Open MPI, and donated engineering resources to the Open MPI project.

Sun was a participant in the OpenMP language committee. Sun Studio compilers and tools implemented the OpenMP specification for shared memory parallelization.

In 2006, Sun built the TSUBAME supercomputer, which was until June 2008 the fastest supercomputer in Asia. Sun built Ranger at the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) in 2007. Ranger had a peak performance of over 500 TFLOPS, and was the 6th most powerful supercomputer on the TOP500 list in November 2008. Sun announced an OpenSolaris distribution that integrated many of Sun's HPC products and other 3rd-party solutions.[93]

Staff

Notable Sun employees included John Gilmore, Josh Weiss, Whitfield Diffie, Radia Perlman, Marc Tremblay, and Charitha Jayasuriya. Sun was an early advocate of Unix-based networked computing, promoting TCP/IP and especially NFS, as reflected in the company's motto "The Network Is The Computer", coined by John Gage. James Gosling led the team which developed the Java programming language. Jon Bosak led the creation of the XML specification at W3C.

Sun staff published articles on the company's blog site.[94] Staff were encouraged to use the site to blog on any aspect of their work or personal life, with few restrictions placed on staff, other than commercially confidential material. Jonathan I. Schwartz was one of the first CEOs of large companies to regularly blog; his postings were frequently quoted and analyzed in the press.[95][96] In 2005, Sun Microsystems was one of the first Fortune 500 companies that instituted a formal Social Media program.

Acquisition by Oracle

Logo used on hardware products by Oracle

Sun was sold to Oracle Corporation in 2009.[66] Sun's staff were asked to share anecdotes about their experiences at Sun. A web site containing videos, stories, and photographs from 27 years at Sun was made available on September 2, 2009.[97] In October, Sun announced a second round of thousands of employees to be laid off, blamed partially on delays in approval of the merger.[98] The transaction completed in early 2010.[4] In January 2011 Oracle agreed to pay $46 million to settle charges that it submitted false claims to US federal government agencies and paid "kickbacks" to systems integrators.[99] In February 2011 Sun's former Menlo Park, California campus of about 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) was sold, and it was announced that it would become headquarters for Facebook.[100][101] The sprawling facility built around an enclosed courtyard had been nicknamed "Sun Quentin".[102] On September 1, 2011, Sun India legally became part of Oracle. It had been delayed due to legal issues in Indian court.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Company Info". Sun Microsystems. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
  2. ↑ "The Network is the Computer (YouTube video uploaded by Sun Microsystems)". YouTube. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
  3. ↑ "Churchill Club Presents: Scott McNealy in Conversation With Ed Zander". news release (Market Wire). February 17, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Stephen Shankland (January 27, 2010). "Oracle buys Sun, becomes hardware company". CNET News. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  5. ↑ "Oracle has been renamed "Oracle America, Inc."". Oracle Corporation. February 15, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  6. ↑ Matt Lee (November 30, 2006). "Sun begins releasing Java under the GPL". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved June 14, 2011. FSF president and founder Richard Stallman said, "I think Sun has contributed more than any other company to the free software community in the form of software. It shows leadership. It's an example I hope others will follow."
  7. ↑ Andreas Bechtolsheim, Forest Baskett, Vaughan Pratt (March 1982). "The SUN Workstation Architecture" (PDF). Stanford University Computer systems Laboratory Technical Report No. 229. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  8. ↑ "Wellspring of Innovation: Sun Microsystems Spotlight". Stanford.edu. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  9. ↑ Amar Bhide (September 28, 1989). "Vinod Khosla and Sun Microsystems". Case study. Harvard Business School. Retrieved June 11, 2011.
  10. ↑ Vance, Ashlee (2007). Silicon Valley. Goulford, CT, USA: Globe Pequot Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7627-4239-4.
  11. ↑ "Mr. Scott McNealy". Sun Microsystems, Inc. April 24, 2005. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
  12. ↑ Jim McGuinness (August 27, 2007). "Jim McGuinness's Weblog". Retrieved February 22, 2009.
  13. ↑ Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). "The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace". BYTE. p. 132. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  14. ↑ "Sun goes back to the future with Metropolis". The Register. June 2, 2004. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  15. ↑ "Sun Microsystems — Investor Relations: FAQ". Sun Microsystems, Inc. Retrieved January 23, 2007.
  16. ↑ Alexei Oreskovic (August 23, 2007). "Sun to Switch Symbol to JAVA". Thestreet.com. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  17. ↑ "NASDAQ". Quotes.nasdaq.com. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  18. ↑ Shankland, Stephen (September 18, 2003). "Sun to lay off 1,000". CNet News.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2007.
  19. ↑ Vance, Ashlee (June 24, 2005). "Sun layoffs hit hundreds in US". The Register. Retrieved July 13, 2007.
  20. ↑ Shankland, Stephen (April 7, 2006). "Sun layoffs hit high-end server group". ZDNet. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2007.
  21. ↑ "Sun to add jobs in Hillsboro". Portland Business Journal. January 16, 2004. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
  22. ↑ Sharon Simonson (May 11, 2006). "Sun to sell Newark campus, move 2,300 workers". Silicon Valley, San Jose Business Journal. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  23. ↑ "CDO2 Unlocks The Power of Sun Grid for Faster Financial Risk Simulation". August 24, 2005.
  24. ↑ "Sun Microsystems Welcomes Endorsement and Investment From KKR". January 23, 2007.
  25. ↑ "Offshoring Software Development presentation by Sun to the aECD" (PDF).
  26. ↑ Ashlee Vance, "Crisis Hits Tech Sector With Layoffs as Sales Slump", New York Times, Nov. 14, 2008
  27. ↑ "Trancept Systems". Retrieved May 12, 2007.
  28. ↑ "Sitka Corp". Retrieved April 20, 2012.
  29. ↑ "Sun Microsystems Acquires Folio, Inc." (Press release). Sun Microsystems. September 6, 1988. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
  30. ↑ "Sun's SunSelect Acquires Windows-Under-Unix Emulation Firm Praxsys". Computergram. September 18, 1992.
  31. ↑ "Sun pitches software savvy as it pushes past server identity". San Jose Business Journal. May 31, 2002.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Sun Microsystems announces intent to purchase Cray Business Systems Division" (Press release). Sun Microsystems. May 17, 1996. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  33. ↑ "Sun Microsystems, Inc. acquires Longview Technologies LLC". February 18, 1997.
  34. ↑ "Sun Microsystems completes acquisition of DIBA, pioneer in information appliance industry". August 25, 1997.
  35. ↑ "Sun expands network software business to embedded systems market; agrees to acquire Chorus Systems" (Press release). Sun Microsystems, Inc. September 10, 1997. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
  36. ↑ "Sun Microsystems signs definitive agreement to acquire Encore Computer's storage business". July 17, 1997.
  37. ↑ https://www.linkedin.com/pub/michael-boucher/0/bb9/597
  38. ↑ "Will a big company buy your startup?". San Francisco Business Times.
  39. ↑ "Sun buys NetDynamics". CNET. July 1, 1998. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11.
  40. ↑ "Sun buys Canadian firm Beduin". October 20, 1998.
  41. ↑ "Sun snaps up software company Gridware". CNET. July 24, 2000. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
  42. ↑ "Sun Takes a Shine to Cobalt". Internetnews.com. September 19, 2000. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
  43. ↑ "Sun snags storage company, software maker". CNET News.com. December 4, 2000. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
  44. ↑ "Sun buys Clustra for iPlanet". InformationAge. March 19, 2002. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
  45. ↑ "Sun buys start-up to boost UltraSparc". CNET News.com. June 25, 2002. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
  46. ↑ "Sun to buy start-up to boost "N1" plan". CNET News.com. September 19, 2002. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
  47. ↑ "Sun springs for software maker". CNET News.com. November 15, 2002. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
  48. ↑ "Sun Microsystems To Acquire Pixo". TechWeb. June 26, 2003. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
  49. ↑ "Sun Facts Acquisitions History". Sun Microsystems Inc. August 2003.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Sun completes acquisition of Waveset Technologies, Inc." (Press release). Sun Microsystems. December 10, 2003. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
  51. ↑ "Sun Microsystems enhances network services integration into blades platform; Signs agreement to acquire Nauticus Networks". January 2, 2004.
  52. ↑ "Sun to buy Opteron server maker, reclaim co-founder". CNET. February 10, 2004. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
  53. ↑ "Sun Completes Acquisition Of Sevenspace" (Press release). Sun Microsystems. January 11, 2005. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
  54. ↑ "Sun to buy Tarantella". CNET. May 10, 2005. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
  55. ↑ "Sun to buy integration outfit SeeBeyond". CNET. June 28, 2005. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
  56. ↑ "Sun Facts Acquisitions History". Sun Microsystems Inc. June 2005.
  57. ↑ "Sun Microsystems Completes Acquisition of StorageTek". August 31, 2005.
  58. ↑ "Sun to Acquire Aduva" (Press release). Sun Microsystems, Inc. February 22, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
  59. ↑ "Sun to Bolster Identity Management Leadership and Service Offerings With Acquisition of Neogent" (Press release). Sun Microsystems, Inc. September 27, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  60. ↑ "Sun Microsystems Expands High Performance Computing Portfolio with Definitive Agreement to Acquire Assets of Cluster File Systems, Including the Lustre File System" (Press release). Sun Microsystems, Inc. September 12, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  61. ↑ "Sun Microsystems Strengthens Market-Leading Identity Management Portfolio with Intent to Acquire Vaau". News release (Information Week). November 13, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  62. ↑ "Sun Microsystems Announces Completion of MySQL Acquisition; Paves Way for Secure, Open Source Platform to Power the Network Economy" (Press release). Sun Microsystems, Inc. February 26, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2008.
  63. ↑ "Sun Microsystems Announces Agreement to Acquire innotek, Expanding Sun xVM Reach to the Developer Desktop" (Press release). Sun Microsystems, Inc. February 12, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2008.
  64. ↑ "Sun Welcomes Innotek". Sun Microsystems, Inc. Retrieved February 26, 2008. On February 20 Sun completed the acquisition of innotek
  65. ↑ "Sun Microsystems Expands Cloud Computing Offerings with Acquisition of Q-layer" (Press release). Sun Microsystems, Inc. January 6, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Sun Microsystems (June 8, 2009). "Definitive Merger Proxy". EDGAR. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  67. ↑ George Becker, Kathy Slatterly (1991). A System Administrator's Guide to Sun Workstations (First ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 10. ISBN 0-387-97250-1.
  68. ↑ "Sun plans to use UltraSparc IV chip to provide a superior server". TechSpot. September 13, 2004. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  69. ↑ "Sun revamps Unix servers with UltraSparc IV+". C-Net. September 20, 2005. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  70. ↑ "Sun breaks omerta for UltraSPARC IV+ speed bump". The Register. April 4, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  71. ↑ "Sun takes four-socket Victoria Falls Sparc plunge". The Register. October 13, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  72. ↑ "Sun T5440 Oracle BI EE World Record Performance" (Press release). Oracle BestPerf blog. July 21, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  73. ↑ Sun Microsystems
  74. ↑ "Sun And Intel Announce Landmark Agreement" (Press release). Sun Microsystems. January 22, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2007.
  75. ↑ "OpenSolaris & Intel Xeon Processors" (Press release). YouTube. April 30, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
  76. ↑ "AMD Expands Charter for the OpenSolaris OS and Sun xVM at the AMD Operating System Research Center" (Press release). AMD. May 5, 2008.
  77. ↑ Rishab Aiyer Ghosh (November 20, 2006). "Study on the: Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU" (PDF). European Union. p. 51. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
  78. ↑ John, Burgess (January 7, 1988). "AT&T to Buy Stake In Sun Microsystems". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 23, 2007. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. announced yesterday that it will buy up to a 20 percent stake in Sun Microsystems Inc., a Silicon Valley-based maker of powerful small computers known as workstations.
  79. ↑ "Microsoft and Sun Microsystems Enter Broad Cooperation Agreement; Settle Outstanding Litigation" (Press release). Microsoft Corporation, Sun Microsystems, Inc. April 2, 2004. Archived from the original on March 22, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  80. ↑ Mary Jo Foley (September 12, 2007). "Microsoft and Sun agree to support each other in virtualized environments". ZDNet. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
  81. ↑ Oracle Corporation (Feb 8, 2013). "Oracle Solaris 10 1/13". Oracle Web site. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
  82. ↑ "TIOBE Programming Community Index". TIOBE Software. June 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007. Java was ranked 1st as of June 2007, and has ranked 1st or 2nd in this index since its inception in 2001.
  83. ↑ "Sun Opens Java". Sun Microsystems Web site. November 13, 2006. Archived from the original on January 24, 2007. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Brandon Bailey (February 20, 2009). "Sun Microsystems, Adobe, Microsoft will battle for dominance in Internet software". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
  85. ↑ "Product Comparison". Sun Microsystems. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
  86. ↑ "Sun Microsystems to acquire Innotek". Forbes. February 12, 2008.
  87. ↑ "Helping Dolphins Fly". Sun Microsystems. January 16, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  88. ↑ "Optimize MySQL Server on Sun x64 Servers and Storage". Sun Microsystems. February 2006. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  89. ↑ "Sun-Netscape alliance targets e-commerce with new brand identity" (Press release). Sun Microsystems. January 25, 2000. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
  90. ↑ "OpenSolaris Project: HoneyComb Fixed Content Storage". Sun Microsystems. February 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  91. ↑ "Solaris ZFS Enables Hybrid Storage Pools: Shatters Economic and Performance Barriers" (PDF). Sun Microsystems. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
  92. ↑ Lustre File System presentation. Google Video.
  93. ↑ "OpenSolaris Project: HPC Stack". OpenSolaris Community. 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  94. ↑ "Blogs.sun.com". web site. Sun Microsystems. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010.
  95. ↑ Konrad, Rachel (September 16, 2006). "Sun CEO Among the Few Chiefs Who Blog". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  96. ↑ Jones, Del (June 26, 2006). "Sun CEO sees competitive advantage in blogging". USA Today. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  97. ↑ "A Tribute to Sun Microsystems". mysunw.com (previously thenetworkisthecomputer.com). 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  98. ↑ Steven Musil (October 20, 2009). "Sun to lay off another 3,000 employees". CNETNews. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  99. ↑ "Oracle to pay $46 million in false claims case". Reuters. January 31, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  100. ↑ Tom Kraz (February 8, 2011). "It's official: Facebook moving to Menlo Park". CNETNews. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  101. ↑ Benny Evangelista (February 9, 2011). "Facebook updates info: Menlo Park welcomes move Menlo Park opens arms to Facebook". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  102. ↑ Eric Savitz (January 2, 2011). "Facebook Staffers: Sentenced To Sun Quentin?". Forbes. Retrieved June 14, 2011.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sun Microsystems.