Subglacial channel

A subglacial meltwater channel is a channel beneath an ice mass, like ice sheets and valley glaciers, roughly parallel to the main ice direction. These meltwater channels can have different sizes, ranging from very small channels of a metre deep and wide to big valleys which can be up to a kilometres wide. The dimensions of these channels are regulated by several factors, like: temperature, meltwater volume, debris content in the water, ice wall closure rates and squeezing of fluidized sediment (Menzies, 2002). In the scientific literature three forms of sub glacial melt water channels are commonly mentioned. The first type of channels is the R-channels (Röthlisberger, 1972). These are semi-circular channels cut upward into the ice. The balance between channel enlargement by viscous heating and closure by ice deformation when the channels are water-filled reflects their size and water pressure. The second type mentioned is the H-channels. These channels are broad, flat channels cut upward into the ice that tends to follow local bed slope. Such channels form where water flows at atmospheric pressure beneath thin ice and on steep downglacier bedslopes.

The last type, the N-channels (Nye, 1973), are incised into bedrock, perhaps suggesting long-term channel stability under some alpine glaciers.