Stratonice of Pergamon

Stratonice (Greek: Στρατονίκη; died about 135 BC) was a Princess of Cappadocia and through marriage a Queen of Pergamon.

Life

Stratonice was of Greek Macedonian and Persian ancestry. She was the first child born to the King Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and Queen Antiochis.[1] Her younger brothers were Ariarathes V of Cappadocia and Orophernes of Cappadocia. Her paternal grandparents were King Ariarathes III of Cappadocia and Queen Stratonice of Cappadocia, while her maternal grandparents were the Seleucid Monarchs Antiochus III the Great and Laodice III. She was born and raised in Cappadocia.

In 188 BC, Cappadocia was accepted as a Roman ally. Later that year, Stratonice married the Greek King Eumenes II of Pergamon, based on an arrangement between her father and Eumenes II.[2] The Kingdom of the Pergamon, like Cappadocia were allies to Rome.[3] Eumenes II and Stratonice were distantly related as they were direct descendants of Seleucus I Nicator.

Eumenes II visited Rome in 172 BC. During his visit, Eumenes II was being hostile to the King Perseus of Macedon. He informed the Roman Senate about Perseus’ presumed plans to gain influence in Greece.[4] On his return to Pergamon, Eumenes II was attacked near Cirrha and was believed to have died.[5] Eumenes's brother, Attalus II Philadelphus became king and married Stratonice. When Eumenes II returned, his brother ceded power and Stratonice returned to Eumenes II.[6]

Before 159 BC, Stratonice dedicated a statue of the goddess Athena in the library of Pergamon. In 159 BC, Eumenes II died. His brother, Attalus II Philadelphus succeeded him and remarried Stratonice. Eumenes II had children from a prior marriage and among them was his son Attalus III.[7]

Attalus III was too young to reign as King. Attalus II acted as a regent for Attalus III and Stratonice adopted her step son as her own. Attalus III accepted the honorific title Philometor, which means Mother Loving.[8] Attalus II appointed his nephew/step son as his successor. In 153 BC, the succession was confirmed by the Roman Senate. Stratonice and Attalus III had a very close relationship. During her reign with her second husband, her brother Ariarathes V of Cappadocia, was brought to their kingdom, because her other brother Orophernes of Cappadocia became King and Orophernes was supported by their first cousin the Seleucid King Demetrius I Soter.[9] In 138 BC, Attalus II died and Attalus III succeeded as King. Stratonice died about 135 BC. It is possible that Attalus III poisoned her.[10]

During her reign as Queen of Pergamon, two statues were dedicated to Stratonice. One was set up at Pergamon and the other on the Greek island of Delos.[11] The Pergamene statue was dedicated by Attalus III.[12] Most probably due to her family’s connections in Athens, the Demos of Athens honored Stratonice with a marble statue of herself on Delos. The Greek sculptor Damophon sculpted her statue free of charge.[13]

Both statues accompany inscriptions only state Stratonice as the daughter of Ariarathes IV. Her Delian statue states on a bronze plaque her virtue and goodwill toward it. Both statues of Stratonice present her as at the time the current Queen Pergamon and of the Attalid Dynasty. These two statues represented her political role in Pergamon and she was recognized at large by the Greeks.[14]

References

  1. ↑ http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/ariarathes/ariarathes_iv_eusebes
  2. ↑ http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/ariarathes/ariarathes_iv_eusebes.html
  3. ↑ http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/ariarathes/ariarathes_iv_eusebes.html
  4. ↑ http://www.livius.org/so-st/stratonice/stratonice_iv.html
  5. ↑ http://www.livius.org/so-st/stratonice/stratonice_iv.html
  6. ↑ http://www.livius.org/so-st/stratonice/stratonice_iv.html
  7. ↑ http://www.livius.org/as-at/attalus/attalus_iii_philometor.htm
  8. ↑ http://www.livius.org/as-at/attalus/attalus_iii_philometor.html
  9. ↑ http://www.livius.org/so-st/stratonice/stratonice_iv.html
  10. ↑ http://www.livius.org/as-at/attalus/attalus_iii_philometor.html
  11. ↑ Lin Foxhall, When men were men: masculinity, power and identity in classical antiquity p. 131
  12. ↑ Knight, Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volumes 3-4, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge p. 55
  13. ↑ Palagia, Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture p. 185
  14. ↑ Lin Foxhall, When men were men: masculinity, power and identity in classical antiquity p. 131

Sources