Stella Matutina (Jesuit school)

This article is about the Jesuit school. For the initiatory Order, see Stella Matutina.

Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria, was a Jesuit school that operated in 1651–1773, 1856–1938, and 1946–1979.

Short history

The “Kolleg” began in 1649 but opened formally in 1651. In 1773, when Pope Clement XIV discontinued the order of the Society of Jesus, the school closed.[1] It was reopened under Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1856 with the support of Pope Pius IX and operated until 1938, when the Nazis forced the closing of the school.[2] With the help of French occupation forces, headed by a former student, Stella Matutina reopened in 1946 and continued until 1979.

Scholarship

Before 1914, Stella Matutina was a truly international school with Jesuit Professors and Students from the United States, England, Ireland, Italy, France, many regions of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Switzerland.[3] The conversational language was Latin. The Jesuit professors were expected to publish in their respective fields, and not a few of them taught at the Gregorian University after or before they were at the Stella. A 1931 volume of twenty-six publications shows a wide range of topics from theology to law and natural sciences;[4]

Director Otto Faller (left (1924-1934)) and Augustin Rösch, Generalpräfekt (right, 1929-1935)) headed the Stella Matutina school

Many Stella Matutina scholars were recognized in their time. Achille Ratti (later known as Pope Pius XI) and Ludwig von Pastor went to Feldkirch to conduct joint research with Jesuit professors of the Stella.[5] After the outbreak of World War I, the Stella lost much of its international flair[3] and educated mainly students from German speaking counties, among them much of the Catholic aristocracy. The religious spirit of Stella Matutina manifested itself in the occupational choices after graduation. Over twenty of the graduates (1896–1938) entered the priesthood, many of them the order of the Jesuits.[6]

Stilts Game and Soccer

According to Feldkirch authorities, in the late 19th century, English students introduced soccer to the Stella and thus to Austria.[7] This is debatable. From 1856 on, sports at the Stella was dominated by the now defunct 'stilts game', "soccer on stilts". The stilts, usually made from wood, were relatively short. They reached "with a transverse grab handle up to the middle of the thigh ... where they were clasped with a firm grip". Arm and leg muscles were activated, by running on stilts and particularly by striking the ball with them.[8]

Since the stilt "was played with fanaticism", there were dangerous wounds – broken legs, lost teeth etc. – and there were always quarrels among the players, who had the habit of hitting each other with the stilts. Because of these violent consequences, the stilts game was forbidden at the Stella Matutina and the "entombment of the stilts did not take place without streams of tears". The students went on strike, and the Jesuits permitted the less violent soccer version to be played. Unlike today's soccer, the players were allowed to use hands and there was no referee.[9]

Not only soccer was popular. The pride of the school was a larger than Olympic size indoor pool, which was completed in 1912, the only one in Austria-Hungary at the time. A delegation from the ministry in Vienna complained in 1912, that there is no other school in Austria with an indoor pool, not to mention such a large one.[10] 120 years ago, ninety minutes were available in the afternoon on a daily basis for sports. The students had six large play grounds, which were converted for ice skating and hockey games in winter times.[11]

Famous alumni

Stella Matutina had a series of well known professors and educators;[12] among them, Franz Xavier Wernz, the General of the Jesuit Order; the Swiss theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar; Cardinal Franz Ehrle; Professor and Rector of Innsbruck University; Hugo Rahner; social reformer Pesch; Max Pribilla and Erich Przywara, liberal authors; Otto Faller, Papal advisor, scholar and superior; Johann Georg Hagen, Jesuit priest and astronomer; Niklaus Brantschen, Zen master, author, and founder of the Lassalle-Institute; Michael Czinkota, Professor of International Business Economics at Georgetown University (Washington D.C.);[13] Thomas Baumer, Swiss interculturalist and personality assessor; and Arthur Conan Doyle, the Scottish physician and writer.[14] Other notable characters include Alfred Delp and Alois Grimm, resistance fighters against the Nazis and martyrs; others survived concentration camps, including Friedrich Muckermann, Augustin Rösch, and professors Oswald von Nell-Breuning and Rudolf Cornely. Some professors and educators were previous students, such as Jesuit General Franz Xavier Wernz, Cardinal Franz Ehrle, and Professor Johann Baptist Singenberger.;[12]

Other Stella Matutina students include Aloys Prinz zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, President of the German Catholic Association; "The Lion of Münster", Blessed Cardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen, and Kurt Schuschnigg, last Chancellor of Austria before Hitler's take-over in 1938.

Literature

See also

References

  1. ↑ Josef Knünz SJ 100 Jahre Stella Matutina 1856-1956 J.N.Teutsch, Bregenz 1956; p.10
  2. ↑ Josef Knünz SJ 100 Jahre Stella Matutina 1856-1956 J.N.Teutsch, Bregenz 1956; p.149
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Josef Knünz SJ 100 Jahre Stella Matutina 1856-1956 J.N.Teutsch, Bregenz 1956; p.178
  4. ↑ Stella Matutina (Hrsg.), introduction Band I Abhandlungen von Mitgliedern des Lehrkörpers
  5. ↑ Stella Matutina (Hrsg.), introduction Band III: Stellazeiten und Stellaleben, geschildert von Zöglingen mit 103 Bildtafeln V;
  6. ↑ Josef Knünz SJ 100 Jahre Stella Matutina 1856-1956 J.N.Teutsch, Bregenz 1956; p.180
  7. ↑ de:Feldkirch#Wiege des .C3.B6sterreichischen Fu.C3.9Fballs
  8. ↑ Alois Koch Play and Sport at the Jesuit College "Stella Matutina" in Feldkirch, p.18
  9. ↑ Alois Koch, Play and Sport at the Jesuit College "Stella Matutina" in Feldkirch p.19
  10. ↑ Stella Matutina Jahresbericht 1912, 31
  11. ↑ Stella Matutina Jahresbericht, 1909, p. 29)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Index of Names, Stella Matutina (Hrsg.) 75 Jahre Stella Matutina Band III: Stellazeiten und Stellaleben, geschildert von Zöglingen mit 103 Bildtafeln
  13. ↑ Liechtenstein Embassy Newsletter (Fall 2007)
  14. ↑ Holmes at Stella Matutina. In: derstandard.at, 15. Mai 2009