Spanish cruiser Tornado

Painting of CSS Alabama, sister-ship of the Tornado, on display at the US Navy's Naval Historical Center
Career (Confederate States Navy)
Name: CSS Texas
Launched: 1863
Commissioned: 1865
Decommissioned: Purchased by Chile for 75,000 Pounds.
Career (Chile)
Owner: Chilean Navy
Acquired: February 1866
Renamed: Pampero
Fate: Captured off Madeira by the Spanish frigate Gerona.
Career (Spain)
Acquired: 1870
Commissioned: 1870
Decommissioned: 1938
Renamed: Tornado
Captured: 28 October 1873
Fate: Sunk by aircraft in 1938
Hull broken up in 1939
General characteristics
Displacement:2,100 tons[1]
Length:231 feet (70,4m)[1]
Beam:33 feet (10m)[1]
Propulsion:Steam, Sail
Speed:13 knots[1]
Range:1700 miles[1]
Armament:1x 7.8" muzzleloading Parrott gun[1]
2x 160/15 cal gun
2x 120 mm bronze gun[1]
2x 87 mm/24 cal Hontoria breechloading guns[1]

The Tornado was a 2100-ton and maneuverable at 13 knots bark-rigged screw steam cruiser of the Spanish Navy, first launched at Clydebank, Scotland in 1863, as the Confederate raider CSS Texas. She is most famous for having captured the North American filibustering ship Virginius, which led to the "Virginius Affair" and to the Spanish-American Crisis of 1873.

Design and construction

She was built as the Confederate raider CSS Texas but was seized by the British Government in 1863 and acquired in 1865.[2] She was purchased by the Chilean government for 75,000 Pounds, through Isaac Campbell & Co, in February 1866.[3] Being officially known as both the Texas and the Canton, she was later given the name Pampero in an attempt to conceal her true identity.[3]

Body plan of CSS Alabama.

In early 1862, Lt. George T. Sinclair was sent to England, with orders to build a clipper propellor for cruising purposes, and to take command of her when she was ready for sea.[3] His instructions were to confer with Commander Bulloch in Liverpool, as to the design of the vessel, and the building, fitting out and arming of her.[3] Bulloch received orders to help Sinclair with funds and advice. He showed Sinclair the drawings and specifications for the CSS Alabama, also the contract with Lairds, and they both decided to use these as a basis for the new cruiser.[3]

What Sinclair did was to arrange, with the help of the Southern diplomat James M. Mason, for an issue of bonds, each equal to 25 bales of cotton, weight 12,500 pounds. Seven individuals took up these bonds, and were effectively the owners of this new vessel.[3] The new cruiser was contracted by James and George Thomson of Glasgow, in October 1862. The same firm that was contracted to build an ironclad ram for Lt. North. The Pampero was modelled on the Alabama, even though she was somewhat larger.[4]

A plan showing body plan, upper deck, hold and platforms of the CSS Alabama, sister ship of the Tornado.

The Pampero was to be 231 feet in length, 33 feet in breadth, powered by both sail and steam. Bark rigged, she was equipped for cruising under canvas or steam, with telescopic funnels, and a raiseable screw.[4] Similar, but larger engines to the Alabama were placed below the waterline for protection. Her frame was iron, with a mixture of iron and wood for the planking.[4] Her armament was to be three 8-inch pivot guns, and a broadside battery of four or more guns. The original contract called for the Pampero to be ready for sea by July 1863, but the schedule could not be maintained. Guns and gun carriages were ordered, and Sinclair received £10,000 ($40,000) from Bulloch, and perhaps more. For his crew, Sinclair made arrangements for some men to come out from Baltimore.[5] By the spring of 1863 Sinclair was becoming very concerned about the Pampero, and feared that the British Government would not permit the departure of any vessel suspected to be Confederate.[5]

He visited Paris to discuss with John Slidell the possibility of transferring the vessel to France. Slidell suggested Hamburg in Germany would be a better alternative. However, Sinclair investigated this, but did not proceed with it.[3] Meanwhile the completion of the Pampero was further delayed by labour troubles, and the seizure of the Alexandria, another Confederate vessel in production at Lairds, by the British Government. The Alexandria trial was indecisive, and Mason put off the launching of the Pampero until a final verdict was reached.[3]

The Pampero herself first came to the attention of Thomas H. Dudley, United States Consul in Liverpool, in the spring of 1863, when he made an investigative tour of Northern England and Scotland, looking for any warships being built for the Confederates.[3] He learned that Thomsons were building a screw steamer "of about 1500 tons," designed for great speed.[3] He was told that she was to have an angle-iron frame and teak planking, and he found that among the workmen it was generally believed that she was for the South.

On his next trip to Scotland in August 1863, his suspicions increased as new details on the vessel came to light. The builders insisted that the boat was for the Turkish Government, but Dudley`s informants in the yard insisted the boat was for the South, being supervised by the same men as those who supervised the building of the ironclad ram. Dudley left behind a spy in Thomsons yard, who soon reported that the vessel was rigged in the same manner as the Alabama, the drawings of which, he was told, were in Glasgow.[3]

The Pampero by a Mrs. Galbraith, the vessel finally slid down the slipway on October 29, 1863. On November 10, the American consul in Glasgow, W. L. Underwood formally requested that the Pampero be detained.[3] Although the British Government did not make any immediate legal moves, in late November a British warship was moored abreast of the Pampero, and she was placed under a 24 hour scrutiny by customs officers. Court proceedings against the Pampero commenced on March 18, 1864, and were never satisfactorily concluded.

Capture

Spanish frigate Gerona chasing the British-built Chilean steamer Tornado
Main article: Chincha Islands War

During the Chincha Islands War, the South American allies sent agents to European shipyards in search of unsold warships originally laid down for the Confederate states; Peru purchased two screw corvettes in France and Chile, purchased two in Britain, the Tornado and the Chilean corvette Abtao[6] She set sail from Leith with a British register, British flag, with a British crew, after having been duly examined by the Custom-house authorities, on 19 August 1866.[7][8] Bound for a neutral destination, she had no Chilean men on board.[9]

She should have been in rendezvous with the British filibustering ship steamer Greathem Hall, aiming to interfere against the Spanish trade. But the latter was captured by HMS Caledonia and taken into Portland. The Pampero (now named the Tornado) waited patiently in the rendezvous point, until the crew were ordered to re-coal and head for the desolate islands of Fernando de Noronha, an old pirate haunt off the Brazilian coast, in order to collect unpaid wages and bonuses offered for the delivery of the vessel.[10]

The Spanish frigate, brought strict orders from the Spanish government to capture these ships.[11] However, the Peruvian vessels made it to Latin American waters but the Chilean Pampero was about to be captured. The Gerona sailed from Cadiz in the early morning of the 20th instant, arriving at Madeira, Portugal on the 22nd instant. At 6'15 in the evening; before arriving at the anchoring ground, she discovered a suspicious steamer weighing anchor and apparently getting ready to put to sea, for which reason the Commander of the Gerona, Don Benito Escalera, thought fit to proceed towards her to see if he could obtains news, and to be at the same time in readiness to follow in her track, should she turn out to be ither of the vessels indicated to him by the Spanish government.[12]

At 8 o'clock at night the frigate, thinking that she perceived that the Tornado was putting herself in motion, and having been confirmed in that opinion by the showing of the signal agreed upon on board the Spanish schooner, commenced to move in pursuit.[12] The course which the Tornado took was in every way suspicious, for she kept as close into the north-west shore of this island as she could, coasting along it at a very short distance as far as Cape Tristão, where she put to sea steering towards the north.[12]

Notwithstanding that the Tornado was some distance off at 10-30 at night, and at a distance of more than four miles from the coast, the Captain of the Gerona, a slower ship,[13] resolved to call her attention by discharging at her a cannon loaded with blank cartridge, but seeing that she kept on her course, he fired another shotted cannon at her, and this he repeated three times, the Tornado then stopped.[12]

He sent on board of her tow boats manned and tow officers to examine her, which was done in due form, although it could not be affirmed positevely whether she carried munitions of war or not on account of the great quantity of coal with which she was stowed. The Commander made the captain come on board the Gerona, and this latter answered the questions that were put to him with insolent and insulting words so that he was obliged to be called to order. He then ordered the said captain to return to the Tornado, which was navigated to Cadiz by the 1st Lieutenant Don Manuel del Bustillo, 2nd Lieutenant, four midshipmen, one engineer, and 51 armed men, and the crew of the Tornado comprising 55 men, among whom were five Portuguese taken on board at Funchal, were transferred to the Gerona.[12]

Captain John MacPherson and the crew of the Tornado were treated with great severity, both on their way to Cádiz and after their arrival in that city. The case led to negotiations between the British and Spanish governments expressed the opinion that the Spanish Government had no right to treat the crew as prisoners of war, much less to chain them up.[14]

Spanish Service

Main article: Virginius Affair
U.S steamer Virginius surrenders to the Spanish corvette Tornado. Oil on Canvas 1873.

She was brought into Spanish service as Tornado,[11] and rated as screw corvette. During the Ten Years' War, she saw service in Cuban waters and had a notorious incident with the American filibustering steamer Virginius, that had been bought for the purpose of being used for landing military expeditions on Cuba in aid of the insurgents. Virginius had been engaged in this work for months, being even called by one of the Havana newspapers as the famous filibuster steamer Virginius.[15]

On October 31, 1873 she was bound from Kingston, Jamaica to some point in Cuba, flying the American flag, and carrying a cargo of war material. Having a crew of 52 (chiefly Americans and Britons) and 103 passengers (mostly Cubans),[15] the Virginius was sighted by theTornado, and she immediately fled in a northerly direction toward Jamaica, but was chased by her, captured and taken into Santiago de Cuba. Fifty-three of the crew and passengers were condemned to death by court-martial, and between November 4 and 8 were shot; among them were eight American citizens.[15]

The capture on the high seas of a vessel vearing the American flag, presents a very grave question, which will need investigation; ...and if it prove that an American citizen has been wrongfully executed, this government will require most ample reparation.[15]
Joseph Fry, captain of the Virginius.

Relations between Spain and the United States became strained, and war seemed imminent, but on December 8, the Spanish government agreed to surrender the Virginius to the U.S. on December 16, to deliver the survivors of the crew and passengers to an American warship at Santiago, and to salute the American flag at Santiago on December 25 if it was not proved before that date that the Virginius was not entitled to sail under American colors. The Virginius foundered off Cape Hatteras as she was being towed to the United States, by the Ossipee. George Henry Williams, the Attorney General of the United States decided before December 25 that the Virginius was the property of General Quesada and other Cubans, and had had no right to carry the American flag.

Under an agreement of the February 27, 1875, the Spanish government paid to the United States an indemnity of $80,000 for the execution of the Americans, and another indemnity to the British government.

Resumed service

Tornado was converted to a torpedo-training vessel in 1886. From 1898 until her destruction by the Nationalist aviation in 1938, she served as a hospice for poor children of sailors and fishermen killed or drowned in maritime accidents, in the port of Barcelona.[16] She was finally broken up in 1939.

The Tornado, serving as a depot ship, before being sunk by a Nationalist Air Raid during the Spanish Civil War

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Christian de Saint Hubert, "The Early Spanish Steam Warships 1834-1870". Warship International 1983.
  2. ↑ Jack Greene, Alessandro Massignani, p. 275
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 http://www.whenliverpoolwasdixie.co.uk/pamp.htm
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 McKenna, p. 163.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 McKenna, p. 164.
  6. ↑ Website of the Chilean Navy Abtao, corbeta (1º), retrieved on 6 December 2011
  7. ↑ Bentinck, p. 30.
  8. ↑ Bentinck p.9
  9. ↑ Urrutia, p. 320.
  10. ↑ Graham, p. 62.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sondhaus, p. 98.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 House of Commons, p. 18.
  13. ↑ Greene, p. 276.
  14. ↑ Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events, p. 688.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Rhodes, p. 93.
  16. ↑ Universitat de Barcelona. Centre d'Estudis Històrics Internacionals, p. 226.

Sources

External links