Spaceflight participant

Spaceflight participant (Russian: Участник космического полёта, uchastnik kosmicheskogo polyota) is the term used by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA) for people who travel aboard space missions coordinated by those agencies, but are not professional astronauts.

While the term gained new prominence with the rise of space tourism, it has also been used for participants in programs like NASA's Teacher in Space and astronauts designated by inter-government agreements like the Angkasawan program and the Korean Astronaut Program.

Other terms used for space travelers who are not career astronauts include NASA's Payload Specialist and the RKA's Researcher-Cosmonaut.

Background

The Soviet Intercosmos program included participants selected from Warsaw Pact members and later from allies of the USSR and non-aligned countries. Most of these people received full training for their missions and were treated as equals, but especially after the Mir program began, were generally given shorter flights than Soviet cosmonauts. The European Space Agency took advantage of the program as well.

The United States Space Shuttle program included payload specialist positions which were usually filled by representatives of companies or institutions managing a specific payload on that mission. These individuals did not receive the same level of training as career NASA astronauts and were not employed by NASA, so they were essentially private astronauts.

In the early days of the Shuttle program, NASA was also eager to prove its capability to Congressional sponsors, and Senator Jake Garn and (then-Representative, now Senator) Bill Nelson were both given opportunities to fly on a Shuttle mission.

As the Shuttle program expanded, the Teacher in Space program was developed as a way to expand publicity and educational opportunities for NASA. Christa McAuliffe would have been the first Teacher in Space, but she was killed in the Challenger disaster and the program was canceled. During the same period a Journalist in Space program was frequently discussed, with individuals such as Walter Cronkite and Miles O'Brien considered front-runners, but no formal program was ever developed.^[1][2]

With the realities of the post-perestroika economy in Russia, its space industry was especially starved for cash. The Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) offered to pay for one of its reporters to fly on a mission. For $28 million, Toyohiro Akiyama, was flown in 1990 to Mir with the eighth crew and returned a week later with the seventh crew. Akiyama gave a daily television broadcast from orbit and also performed scientific experiments for Russian and Japanese companies.

Since then, the Russian Federal Space Agency has also sold seats to a consortium of British companies for Project Juno, to seven self-funded space tourists, to the Malaysian government as part of a contract to sell military planes, and to the South Korean government as part of the Korean Astronaut Program.

List of spaceflight participants

Name	Nationality	Program/Sponsor	Flight	Date	Comments
Christa McAuliffe[3]	United States	Teacher in Space Project	STS-51-L	28 January 1986	Killed alongside six fellow crew members in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Back-up was Barbara Morgan, who was selected in 1998 to train as a Mission Specialist. Morgan finally flew to space aboard STS-118 in 2007, but as a "teacher-turned-astronaut", not a spaceflight participant.
Dennis Tito	United States	Self-funded space tourist	Soyuz TM-32 / Soyuz TM-31	April 28 - May 6, 2001	First space tourist
Mark Shuttleworth	South Africa	Self-funded space tourist	Soyuz TM-34 / Soyuz TM-33	April 25 - May 5, 2002	Shuttleworth was the first person with South African citizenship to fly in space.
Lance Bass	United States	Corporate-funded space tourist			Completed training but seat on Soyuz TMA-1 in 2002 was cancelled after funding fell through.
Gregory Olsen	United States	Self-funded space tourist	Soyuz TMA-7 / Soyuz TMA-6	October 1–11, 2005
Daisuke Enomoto	Japan	Self-funded space tourist			Expected to fly on Soyuz TMA-9 in September 2006, but was grounded for medical reasons and seat was given to Ansari.
Anousheh Ansari	Iran /  United States	Self-funded space tourist	Soyuz TMA-9 / Soyuz TMA-8	September 18–29, 2006	Trained as back-up to Enomoto. Was the first person with Iranian citizenship to fly in space.
Charles Simonyi	Hungary /  United States	Self-funded space tourist	Soyuz TMA-10 / Soyuz TMA-9	April 7–21, 2007
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor	Malaysia	Angkasawan program	Soyuz TMA-11 / Soyuz TMA-10	10–21 October 2007	Back-up was Faiz Khaleed.
Yi So-yeon	South Korea	Korean Astronaut Program	Soyuz TMA-12 / Soyuz TMA-11	8–19 April 2008	Back-up was Ko San.
Richard Garriott	United States	Self-funded space tourist	Soyuz TMA-13 / Soyuz TMA-12	12 October 2008 - 23 October 2008	Back-up was Nik Halik.[4][5]
Charles Simonyi	Hungary /  United States	Self-funded space tourist	Soyuz TMA-14 / Soyuz TMA-13	26 March 2009 - 8 April 2009	Backup was Esther Dyson.[6] Simonyi was the first repeat space tourist.
Guy Laliberté	Canada	Self-funded space tourist	Soyuz TMA-16 / Soyuz TMA-14	30 September 2009 - 11 October 2009	First Canadian space tourist.[7] Backup was Barbara Barrett[8]
Upcoming
Sarah Brightman	United Kingdom	Self-funded space tourist	Soyuz TMA-18M / Soyuz TMA-16M	Scheduled for 1 September 2015 - 11 September 2015[9]	Space Adventures announced on Oct. 10, 2012, that Sarah Brightman would fly to the International Space Station on an upcoming Soyuz flight. Backup will be Satoshi Takamatsu.[10]
Vladimir Gruzdev	Russia	Political party-sponsored trip			Was expected to fly in 2009. The United Russia political party may pay the estimated $25 million for the flight from the party funds.[11]

All eight space tourism trips went to and from the International Space Station on Soyuz spacecraft and were arranged through the space tourism company, Space Adventures.^[12]

Other missions

While not labeled as "spaceflight participants", the following people participated in spaceflight missions under the auspices of special programs outside the professional astronaut corps.

Name	Nationality	Program/Sponsor	Flight	Date	Comments
Jake Garn	United States	US Government	STS-51-D	12–19 April 1985	To demonstrate the capabilities of the Space Shuttle, NASA offered a seat to Garn, a member of the Senate Appropriations Committee.[13]
Bill Nelson	United States	US Government	STS-61-C	12–18 January 1986	NASA also provided a seat to Nelson, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.[14] He was originally scheduled to be aboard STS-51-L.
Edward C. Aldridge, Jr.	United States	US Government	STS-62-A		NASA assigned a seat to Aldridge, the Secretary of the Air Force, on mission STS-62-A, the first Shuttle mission scheduled to launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base.[15] After the Challenger disaster, the mission was cancelled and Aldridge never flew.
Toyohiro Akiyama	Japan	Tokyo Broadcasting System	Soyuz TM-11 / Soyuz TM-10	2–10 December 1990	As an employee of TBS, Akiyama could be considered the first space business traveler.
Helen Sharman	United Kingdom	Project Juno	Soyuz TM-12 / Soyuz TM-11	18–26 May 1991	Through Project Juno, a consortium of British companies partially funded a seat on a Soyuz flight to Mir (the Soviet Union covered the rest of the cost) in order to put the first Briton into space.[16]

See also

• Space tourism
• Intercosmos program
• Commercial astronaut

References

External links

• Charles in Space Charles Simonyi's blog and video blog about his trip to the ISS.