South Picene language

South Picene
Old Sabellic
Native to Picenum
Region Marche, Italy
Era attested 6th–4th century BCE[1]
Picene alphabets
Language codes
ISO 639-3 spx
Linguist list
 spx
Glottolog sout2618[2]

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Approximate distribution of languages in Iron Age Italy during the 6th century BCE
South Picene country in Teramo.

South Picene is an extinct Italic language, belonging to the Sabellic subfamily. It is considered by SIL International to belong to the Umbrian Group although in the long history of its attempted classification it has been placed at a higher level, parallel to Oscan and Umbrian within Sabellic, or even higher, parallel to Sabellic within Italic. It is apparently unrelated to the as yet undeciphered North Picene language. South Picene texts were at first relatively inscrutable even though some words were clearly Indo-European. The discovery in 1983 that two of the apparently redundant punctuation marks were in reality simplified letters led to an incremental improvement in their understanding and a first translation in 1985. Difficulties remain.

Corpus

The corpus of South Picene inscriptions consists of 23 inscriptions on stone or bronze dating from as early as the 6th century BCE to as late as the 4th century BCE. The dating is estimated according to the features of the letters and in some cases the archaeological context. As the history of the Picentes does not begin until their subjugation by Rome in the 3rd century, the inscriptions open an earlier window onto their culture as far back as the late Roman Kingdom. Most are stelai or cippi of sandstone or limestone in whole or fragmentary condition sculpted for funerary contexts, but some are monumental statues.

On a typical gravestone is the representation of the face or figure of the deceased with the inscription in a spiral around it or under it reading in a clockwise direction, or boustrophedon, or vertically.[3] Stones have been found at Ascoli Piceno, Chieti, Teramo, Fano, Loro Piceno, Cures, the Abruzzi between the Tronto and the Aterno-Pescara, and Casteldieri and Crecchio south of the Aterno-Pescara.[4] To them are added inscriptions on a bronze bracelet in central Abruzzi and two 4th-century BCE helmets from Bologna in the Po Valley and Bari on the southeast coast.[5]

A complete inventory is as follows:[6]

Alphabet

The south Picene alphabet, known from the 6th century BCE, is most like the southern Etruscan alphabet in that it uses q for /k/ and k for /g/. It is:

⟨a b g d e v h i í j k l m n o p q r s t u ú f *⟩

⟨.⟩ is a reduced ⟨o⟩ and ⟨:⟩ is a reduced ⟨8⟩, used for /f/.[7]

Phonetics

For consonants South Picene had:[8]

voiceless plosives /p/, /t/, /k/ represented by ⟨p⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨k q⟩
voiced plosives /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ represented by ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨k⟩
fricatives /f/, /s/, /h/ represented by ⟨:⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨h⟩
liquids /l/, /r/ represented by ⟨l⟩, ⟨r⟩
nasals /m/, /n/ represented by ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩
glides /w/, /i/ represented by ⟨v u ú⟩, ⟨i⟩

In cases where there is a choice of grapheme the context determines which one applies. For the glides, ⟨v⟩ and ⟨u⟩ were used for word-initial /w/ and ⟨ú⟩ for intervocalic /w/ or in other special contexts. The list above omits special contexts.

Language sample

Inscription Sp TE 2 on a gravestone from Bellante was studied by a linguist of Indo-European studies, Calvert Watkins, as an example of the earliest Italic poetry and as possibly a reflex of a Proto-Indo-European poetic form.[3] In the inscription given below colons are used to separate words; in the original inscription, three vertical dots are used ("the triple interpunct").

postin : viam : videtas : tetis : tokam : alies : esmen : vepses : vepeten
"Along the road you see the 'toga' of Titus Alius? buried? in this tomb."[9]

The translation of the questioned items is unclear. For toga Fortson suggests "covering."

Note the alliteration: viam and videtas; tetis and tokam; alies and esmen; vepses and vepeten. The possibility of this and the other inscriptions being stanzas of verse (strophes) was considered from the time of their discovery. Watkins called them "the South Picene strophe," which he defines as three lines of seven syllables each, comparing them to a strophe of the Rig Veda containing three lines of eight syllables each.[10] Moreover, each line ends "in a trisyllable." The lines of this inscription are:

postin viam videtas
tetis tokam alies
esmen vepses vepeten

The first line would be syllabified and read:

po-stin vi-am vi-de-tas

References

  1. ↑ South Picene at MultiTree on the Linguist List
  2. ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "South Picene". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Watkins 1996, p. 131
  4. ↑ Salmon, Edward Togo (1988). "The Iron Age: the Peoples of Italy". In Boardman, John; Hammond, NGL; Lewis, DM et al. The Cambridge Ancient History. Volume IV: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c.525–479 BC. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 697.
  5. ↑ Stuart-Smith 2004, p. 65
  6. ↑ Calvelli, Alberto. "Lingua e Scrittura". I Piceni (in Italian). antiqui. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  7. ↑ Stuart-Smith 2004, p. 66
  8. ↑ Stuart-Smith 2004, p. 69
  9. ↑ Fortson, Benjamin W (2010). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Blackwell textbooks in linguistics, 19 (2nd ed.). Chichester, U.K.; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 301.
  10. ↑ Watkins 1996, p. 132

Bibliography