South African general election, 1953

South African general election, 1953
South Africa
15 April 1953
All 156 general roll seats in the House of Assembly
  First party Second party
 
Leader D. F. Malan Koos Strauss
Party National United
Last election 70 seats 65 seats
Seats won 94 57
Seat change Increase24 Decrease8
Popular vote 598,718 576,474
Percentage 49.48% 47.65%
Swing Increase11.78% Decrease1.53%
Prime Minister before election

D. F. Malan
National

 Elected Prime Minister

D. F. Malan
National

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The 1953 South African general election, held on 15 April of that year, consolidated the position of the National Party under DF Malan, who won an absolute majority of the 156 seats in the House of Assembly. The United Party under JGN Strauss lost several seats, and suffered several splits after the election.

Changes in composition

Native representative members

The second term of the white MPs elected to represent black voters, from special electoral districts in Cape Province under the Representation of Natives Act 1936, expired on 30 June 1948 (just over a month after the National Party came to power in the 1948 general election). These seats were not vacated by a dissolution of Parliament, so they were not contested at either the 1948 or 1953 general elections.

The three representative seats were filled by elections on 17 November 1948. Two Independent MPs (W.H. Stuart of Transkeian Territories and Mrs V.M.L. Ballinger of Cape Eastern) were returned. The third seat was taken by Sam Kahn, a South African Communist Party member, who gained the seat from an Independent.

The term of these members expired on 30 June 1954 (the first 30 June to fall after five years from the date of election).[1]

The Communist Party dissolved itself (at least as an open political party) when legislation to ban it was going through Parliament in 1950. Sam Kahn was ultimately banned from being a member of Parliament, in 1952, under the anti Communist legislation. Subsequently two successive by-elections were held in Cape Western, but the victors had similar views to Mr Kahn and were also excluded from Parliament. The seat was then left vacant for the remainder of the term.[2]

South-West Africa

The white electors of the territory of South-West Africa, were allocated six seats in the House of Assembly. These new electoral divisions were first filled at by-elections on 31 August 1950. The governing National Party won all the seats, which were additional to the 150 general roll seats allocated to the Union of South Africa.[3]

Delimitation of electoral divisions

The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation commission to define the boundaries for each electoral division. The representation by province, under the tenth delimitation report of 1953, is set out in the table below. The figures in brackets are the number of electoral divisions in the previous (1947) delimitation. If there is no figure in brackets then the number was unchanged.[4]

Provinces Cape Natal Orange Free State Transvaal Total
Divisions 54 (55) 15 (16) 13 68 (66) 150

The above table does not include the three native representative seats in Cape Province nor the six South-West African divisions, which were not included in the delimitation of the general roll seats for the Union under the South Africa Act 1909.

Position at the dissolution

At the end of the 10th Union Parliament, when it was dissolved in 1953, the House of Assembly consisted of two groups of members. General roll voters (white voters from the whole Union and South-West Africa and coloured electors in Cape Province and Natal) were represented by 156 members. Black voters in Cape Province were represented by three white MPs, known at the time as Native Representative Members (NRM).

The general election, on 15 April 1953, only affected the representatives of general roll voters. From 1938 the Native Representative Members had fixed terms and were elected on a different date.[5] The overall composition of the House, set out by province before the general election, was as below.[6]

Province National United Labour Independent Total
Cape (general) 28 27 - - 55
Cape (NRM) - - - 3 3
Natal 3 11 2 - 16
Orange FS 12 1 - - 13
SW Africa 6 - - - 6
Transvaal 37 25 4 - 66
Total 86 64 6 3 159

Abbreviations in the province list.

Note: The NRM seat, formerly held by the Communist Party, is listed as Independent in the above table. Sam Kahn and his two successors, after the Communist Party dissolved its public organisation and went underground, all claimed to be Independents.

Campaign

Since the 1948 general election Dr Malan's Reunited National Party had merged with its coalition partner, the Afrikaner Party. The merged party was named the National Party (NP). The government had also strengthened its political position, by conferring six parliamentary seats upon the white population of the territory of South West Africa.

The principal opposition party was the United Party (UP). Since the previous general election, in 1948, the UPs veteran leader Field Marshal Jan Smuts had died. The new Leader of the Opposition was J.G.N. Strauss.

The other parliamentary opposition party was the Labour Party. In 1953, the United Party and the Labour Party had an electoral pact, for the third successive general election.

During the campaign, the Labour leader John Christie died. His seat was consequently contested at a by election after the normal day of the general election poll. It was retained by a new Labour candidate and is included in the totals for the results section of this article,

The NP promoted its policy of apartheid' Dr Malan suggested that the white voters could unite around the Nationalist programme. The UP criticised the idea of apartheid as impractical. Mr Strauss campaigned alleging that the first task of a South African government should be the suppression of Native criminals, who created insecurity in the cities. United Party supporters were optimistic on the eve of the poll.[7]

Results

The vote totals in the table below may not give a complete picture of the balance of political opinion, because of unopposed elections (where no votes were cast) and because contested seats may not have been fought by a candidate from all major parties.

The total registered electorate was 1,385,591. The votes cast were 1,218,631 (including 8,709 spoilt votes).[8]

Party Seats[9] Seats % Votes[10] Votes % Leader
National 94 60.26 598,718 49.48 Dr D. F. Malan
United 57 36.54 576,474 47.65 Koos Strauss
Labour 5 3.21 34,730 2.87 John Christie
Total 156

The overall composition of the House, set out by province after the general election, was as below. There were boundary changes, from the delimitation of seats in the previous Parliament, so no attempt is made to identify changes.[11]

Province National United Labour Independent Total
Cape (general) 30 24 - - 54
Cape (NRM) - - - 3 3
Natal 2 11 2 - 15
Orange FS 13 - - - 13
SW Africe 6 - - - 6
Transvaal 43 22 3 - 68
Total 94 57 5 3 159

References

  1. ↑ Keesing's Contemporary Archives 1946-1948, page 9752 (election); The South African Constitution, pp 101-109 (for the details of the native representative seats)
  2. ↑ Keesing's Contemporary Archives 1950-1952, page 12245
  3. ↑ Keesing's Contemporary Archives 1950-1952, page 11076
  4. ↑ South Africa 1982, page 129 (table setting out delimitations of seats by province, the relevant one being that of 1953)
  5. ↑ Smuts: A Reappraisal, page 122
  6. ↑ Keesing's Contemporary Archives 1952-1954
  7. ↑ The Times, edition of 14 April 1953
  8. ↑ South Africa 1982, page 176
  9. ↑ South Africa 1982, page 174 (seats by party)
  10. ↑ South Africa 1982, page 176 (votes by party)
  11. ↑ Keesing's Contemporary Archives 1952-1954