Soul Mountain

Soul Mountain (Chinese: 灵山; pinyin: língshān) is a novel by the Chinese writer Gao Xingjian. The novel is loosely based on the author's journey in rural China, which was inspired by a false diagnosis of lung cancer. The novel is a part autobiographical, part fictional account of a man's journey to find the fabled mountain Lingshan. It is a combination of story fragments, travel accounts, unnamed characters (referred to by the pronouns "I", "you", "she", etc.), and folk poetry/legends. An English version translated by Mabel Lee was published in the United States on December 5, 2000.

Plot

The first of the two characters to be introduced is "You". He is described as a local tourist – "not that sort of tourist" but a backpacking one "wearing strong sensible sports shoes and a backpack with shoulder straps".^[1] He seeks out the elusive Lingshan, a sacred mountain.

"You" has long lived in the city, but yearns for a rural existence from the past^[2] He shuns the idea of settling for "a peaceful and stable existence" where one wants to "find a not-too-demanding sort of a job, stay in a mediocre position, become a husband and a father, set up a comfortable home, put money in the bank and add to it every month so there'll be something for old age and a little left over for the next generation".^[3]

"You" meets up with another wanderer, a troubled and emotional "She". And so "You"'s journey also becomes a journey into an erotic relationship. "You" also travels inwards as he explores his powers as a storyteller. Later in "You"'s story, "She" departs^[4] "as if in a story, as if in a dream".^[5]

Meanwhile, "I" is a writer and academic who travels to Sichuan after having been misdiagnosed of a terminal lung cancer. He wants to take a break and start looking for an "authentic life"—meaning the opposite of that of the state's concept of real life.

The characters' sense of humanity is revealed during their quest. "I" realizes that he still craves the warmth of human society, despite its anxieties.^[6]

Structure

"Soul Mountain" is essentially a two-part novel featuring two main characters—known only as "You" and "I". The "You" character occupies the odd-numbered chapters 1–31 and the even-numbered chapters from 32–80, while the "I" character's includes even-numbered chapters 2–30 and odd-numbered chapters 33–81.

Writing process

Autobiographical influences

In the early 1980s, Gao Xingjian faced a great deal of criticism in the wake of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. It was during this time, in 1983, that the author was diagnosed with lung cancer during a regular health screening. With the memory of his father's death by the same cause just two years earlier still fresh in his memory, Xingjian resigned himself to death, which brought about a "transcendant tranquility".^[6] However, soon after this diagnosis, an x-ray revealed that his lung cancer was non-existent. At this time Xingjian heard rumors of plans to have him sent to the hellish prison farms of Qinghai province, and thus quickly made the decision to flee Beijing. This decision led him to begin the journey that forms much of the autobiographical portion of the novel. The journey commences in the forests of Sichuan province and continues along the Yangtze River to the coast. The protagonist ostensively searches for Lingshan (Soul Mountain), but in fact the novel describes "one man's quest for inner peace and freedom" ^[6] The journey, both in the author's life and in the narrative, include visits to the districts of Qiang, Miao and Yi, located on the fringes of Han Chinese civilization; excursions into several nature reserves; and stops at Buddhist and Daoist institutions.

Political and cultural influences

An important and critical aspect of, and influence on the novel was the political and cultural environment in which it was written. The novel was begun in 1982,^[7] shortly after the ending of the Cultural Revolution in 1976. Additionally, traditional Chinese culture promotes the Confucian ideology of dissolution of the self and promotion of subservience and conformity.^[8] The combination of traditional conformity and the "self-sacrificing" ideology of the Chinese Communist Revolution effectively silenced artists and writers who depended on their creativity of self-expression. Thus, under these circumstances, Gao Xingjian left his native country to finish Soul Mountain in 1989 in Paris, publishing it the following year in Taipei. Mabel Lee describes the novel as "a literary response to the devastation of the self".^[6]

Publication

Soul Mountain was first published as Lingshan by the Taipei-based press agency Lianjing Chubanshe (聯經出版社, Linking Publishing Company) in 1990. It was then published first in Swedish 1992 by Göran Malmqvist, member of the Swedish Academy and close friend of the author; in 1995 it was translated and published into French by Liliane and Noël Dutrait by the title of La Montagne de l'âme . In 2000 it was published, with an English translation by Mabel Lee, by Flamingo/HarperCollins in Australia.

Reception

In a review published in 2000, after Gao's Nobel win, The New York Times said, "His 81 chapters are an often bewildering and considerably uneven congeries of forms: vignettes, travel writing, ethnographic jottings, daydreams, nightmares, recollections, conversations, lists of dynasties and archeological artifacts, erotic encounters, legends, current history, folklore, political, social and ecological commentary, philosophical epigrams, vivid poetical evocation and much else."

The Times continues: "A novel in theory, Soul Mountain is more nearly a collection of the musings, memories and poetic, sometimes mystical fantasies of a gifted, angry writer." ^[9]

Publisher's Weekly called it Gao's "largest and perhaps most personal work."

The Yale Review of Books wrote: "Blazing a new trail for the Chinese novel, Gao Xinjian’s Soul Mountain combines autobiography, the supernatural, and social commentary." ^[10]

The entry on the novel in Enotes notes: "While many critics have found Gao's inventive storytelling techniques to be the novel's most remarkable feature, others have found the novel to be overly self-indulgent and alienating to the reader."^[11]

References

1. ↑ p. 4, 2001 Perennial edition
2. ↑ p. 8 and chapter 52, ibid.
3. ↑ p. 9, ibid.
4. ↑ ch. 50, ibid.
5. ↑ p. 35, ibid.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Lee, Mabel. Soul Mountain (Introduction). Sydney: HarperCollins. 2000.
7. ↑ Lee, Mabel. Soul Mountain (Introduction), p.iv. Sydney: HarperCollins. 2000.
8. ↑ Confucianism versus Individualism: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Nurturing and Schooling Between China and the United States. Ziyu Yang. Sino U.S. Teaching. December, 2005, Vol. 2, No. 12.
9. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/18/books/books-of-the-times-a-dreamlike-chinese-journey-haunted-by-past-and-present.html?scp=3&sq=soul+mountain&st=cse&pagewanted=print
10. ↑ http://www.yale.edu/yrb/summer01/review12.htm
11. ↑ http://www.enotes.com/contemporary-literary-criticism/xingjian-gao