Soloheadbeg Ambush

The Soloheadbeg Ambush was an ambush of a gelignite transport at Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary, Ireland, on 21 January 1919 in which two policemen were killed. It is considered to be the first engagement of the Irish War of Independence.[1]

A proclamation offering a reward of 1000 pounds for information leading to the capture of those involved in the Soloheadbeg ambush

Background

In the Irish general election of December 1918, Sinn Féin won a landslide victory, gaining 73 out of 105 seats (25 of these unopposed) in the British Parliament. However, in its election manifesto the party had vowed to set up a separate government in Ireland rather than sit in the British Parliament. At a meeting in Dublin on 21 January 1919, Sinn Féin established an independent parliament called Dáil Éireann and declared independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

On that same day, an ambush was carried out by Irish Volunteers from the Third Tipperary Brigade: Seán Treacy, Dan Breen, Seán Hogan, Séamus Robinson, Tadhg Crowe, Paddy McCormack, Paddy O'Dwyer, Michael Ryan and Seán O'Meara (the latter two being cycle scouts). Robinson (who participated in the Easter Rising) was the organiser and Treacy (a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood since 1911) was the logistics expert. The action had not been ordered by the Dáil, the unit involved acted on its own initiative.

Attack

The planning for Soloheadbeg took place in the 'Tin Hut' on a dairy farm in Greenane. Treacy, Breen and Hogan had been undertaking experiments with explosives there and considering ways to attack the RIC. Treacy was keen to commence hostilities and believed a military confrontation with the RIC and the British authorities was the only way to establish the Republic that Ireland had proclaimed in 1916 and voted for in 1918. In December 1918, they received information that there were plans to move a consignment of gelignite from the Tipperary Town military barracks to the Soloheadbeg quarry. They commenced plans to intercept the consignment and Dan Breen's brother Lars, who worked at the quarry, received information that the consignment was to be moved around 16 January 1919. They anticipated that there would be between 2-6 armed escorts and they discussed different contingencies, such as where they would guard the RIC if they surrendered and that they would fire on the escort if they didn't immediately surrender.[2] Robinson, who had returned to the Brigade area after his release from jail, was briefed by Treacy about the plans to seize the gelignite. Robinson supported the plan and confirmed with Treacy that they would not request permission from GHQ, if they did they would be obliged to wait for a response and even if the response was affirmative it may come back after the gelignite was moved.[3]

'Those involved on the day of the operation were four officers of the 3rd Tipperary Brigade IRA; Sean Treacy, Dan Breen, Sean Hogan (then only 17) and Seamus Robinson. They were joined by five other Volunteers: Tadhg Crowe, Mick McCormack, Paddy O'Dwyer, Michael Ryan (Donohill) and Sean O'Meara (Tipperary) - the latter two being cycle scouts.[4]

On each day from 16 to 21 January, the men selected for the ambush took up their positions from early in the morning to late afternoon and then retired and spent the night at the 'Tin Hut'. On 21 January around noon, Patrick O'Dwyer noticed the convoy leaving the barracks. The consignment was on a horse drawn cart, led by two council men with two armed RIC constables guarding the consignment. O'Dwyer cycled quickly to where the ambush party was waiting and informed them of the details of the convoy. [5] Robinson and O'Dwyer hid about 30 metres in front of the main ambush party of six, in case they rushed through the main ambush position. After the convoy reached the position where the main ambush party was hiding, they were called onto surrender as masked men appeared in front of them with their guns drawn. The two constables took up firing positions and the volunteers immediately fired upon them. Both RIC constables, Patrick MacDonnell and James O'Connell, were killed.[6] As planned, Hogan, Breen and Treacy took the horse and cart with the explosives and sped off. They hid the explosives in a field in Greenane and threw a few sticks out on the roadside a few miles further on as a decoy. The explosives were moved several times and later divided up between the battalions of the brigade.[7] Tadhg Crowe and Patrick O'Dwyer took the guns and ammunition from the dead constables, while Robinson, McCormack and Ryan guarded the two council workers before releasing them once the gelignite was far enough away.[8]

Breen has left apparently conflicting accounts of their intentions that day. One implies that the purpose of the confrontation was merely to capture explosives and detonators being escorted to a nearby quarry.[9] The other, that the group intended killing the police escort to provoke a military response.

"Treacy had stated to me that the only way of starting a war was to kill someone, and we wanted to start a war, so we intended to kill some of the police whom we looked upon as the foremost and most important branch of the enemy forces ... The only regret that we had following the ambush was that there were only two policemen in it, instead of the six we had expected."[10]

Aftermath

A wanted poster for Dan Breen.

This is widely regarded as the beginning of the Irish War of Independence, and the men acted on their own initiative to try to start a war.[11][12][13][14] The British government declared South Tipperary a Special Military Area under the Defence of the Realm Act two days later.[15][16]

A meeting of the Executive of the Irish Volunteers took place shortly thereafter. On 31 January, An t-Óglach (the official publication of the Irish Volunteers) stated that the formation of Dáil Éireann "justifies Irish Volunteers in treating the armed forces of the enemy – whether soldiers or policemen – exactly as a National Army would treat the members of an invading army".[17]

There was strong condemnation from the Catholic churchmen, as both of the dead were their parishoners. Arthur, Canon Ryan, of Tipperary declared them to be "martyrs to duty". And the "Curse of Cain" was upon the parish.

Commemoration

A monument was erected at the site of the ambush, and each year a ceremony of remembrance is held there.

Footnotes and References

  1. ↑ English, Richard (1998), Ernie O'Malley: IRA Intellectual, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  2. ↑ Irish Bureau of Military History, Witness Statement 1432 Patrick O'Dwyer
  3. ↑ Irish Bureau of Military History, Witness Statement 1721, Seamus Robinson
  4. ↑ Aengus O Snodaigh (21 January 1999)'. "Gearing up for war: Soloheadbeg 1919
  5. ↑ Aengus O Snodaigh (21 January 1999)'. "Gearing up for war: Soloheadbeg 1919
  6. ↑ Irish Bureau of Military History, Witness Statement 1432 Patrick O'Dwyer
  7. ↑ Irish Bureau of Military History, Witness Statement 1450, John Ryan
  8. ↑ Irish Bureau of Military History, Witness Statement 1432 Patrick O'Dwyer
  9. ↑ Peter Berresford Ellis (2007). Eyewitness to Irish History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-0-470-05312-6.
  10. ↑ History Ireland, May 2007, p.56.
  11. ↑ Irish Freedom by Richard English (ISBN 978-0-330-42759-3), page 287
  12. ↑ The Irish War of Independence by Michael Hopkinson (ISBN 978-0773528406), page 115
  13. ↑ A Military History of Ireland by Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (ISBN 978-0521629898), page 407
  14. ↑ Michael Collins: A Life by James Mackay (ISBN 1-85158-857-4), page 106
  15. ↑ Sean Treacy and the 3rd. Tipperary Brigade by Desmond Ryan (Tralee 1945), p.74
  16. ↑ Police Casualties in Ireland, 1919-1922 by Richard Abbott (ISBN 978-1856353144), p.49
  17. ↑

Bibliography