Solar power in Australia

Solar power in Australia is a relatively recent phenomenon. Currently, it has over 3,200 megawatts (MW) of installed photovoltaic (PV) solar power (February 2014),^[1] and 700 MW of PV was installed in the preceding 12 months. At a capacity factor of 14 percent, this would contribute 1.1 percent of Australia's electrical energy. The amount of installed PV capacity in Australia has increased 10-fold between 2009 and 2011. Feed-in tariffs and mandatory renewable energy targets designed to assist renewable energy commercialisation in Australia have largely been responsible for the rapid increase.

In South Australia, Premier Mike Rann introduced a solar feed in tariff for households and an educational program that involved installing photovoltaics on the roofs of major public buildings such as the Adelaide Airport, State Parliament, Museum, Art Gallery and several hundred public schools.^[2] In 2008 Premier Rann announced funding for $8 million worth of solar panels on the roof of the new Goyder Pavilion at the Royal Adelaide Showgrounds, the largest roof top solar installation in Australia, qualifying it for official "power station" status.^[3] South Australia has the highest per capita take up of household solar power in Australia.

The first commercial-scale PV power plant was opened in 2011, the Uterne Solar Power Station, a 1 MW capacity grid-connected solar photovoltaic system located 5 km south of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory.^[4] The second opened in 2012 at Greenough River Solar Farm with a capacity of 10 MW.^[5] The price of photovoltaics has been decreasing, and in January 2013, was less than half the cost of using grid electricity in Australia.^[6]

The country has been criticised for producing very little of its energy from solar power, despite its vast resources, extensive sunshine and thus high potential.^{[7][8][9][10]}

Potential

The combination of Australia's dry climate and latitude give it a high benefits and potential for solar energy production. Most of the Australian continent receives in excess of 4 kWh per square metre per day of insolation during winter months, with a region in the north exceeding 6 kWh/day.

Australia's insolation greatly exceeds the average values in Europe, Russia, and most of North America. Comparable levels are found in desert areas of northern and southern Africa, south western United States and adjacent area of Mexico, and regions on the Pacific coast of South America. However, the areas of highest insolation are distant to the country's population centers.

With an installed photovoltaic capacity of 3,300 megawatts by the end of 2013, Australia ranks among the world's top ten solar countries.

Incentives

Source:Australian PV Institute[11]

Rebates

The Australian Government provided a rebate program that offered up to A$8,000 rebates for installing solar panels on homes and community use buildings (other than schools), through the Solar Homes and Communities Plan.^[12] However, on 8 June 2009, this program was phased out, to be replaced by the Solar Credits Program, where an installation of a solar system would receive 5 times as many Renewable Energy Certificates for the first 1.5 kilowatts of capacity under the Renewable Energy Target (see below)^[13]

Schools were eligible to apply for grants of up to A$50,000 to install 2 kW solar panels and other measures through the National Solar Schools Program beginning 1 July 2008, which replaced the Green Vouchers for Schools program.^[14] Applications for the program ended 21 November 2012. A total of 2,870 schools have installed solar panels.^[15] The output of each array can be viewed, and compared with that of up to four other schools.^[16]

Feed-in tariffs

Feed in tariffs were introduced by a number of states to increase the amount of solar PV power generated. They can be classified by a number of factors including the price paid, whether it is on a net or gross export basis, the length of time payments are guaranteed, the maximum size of installation allowed and the type of customer allowed to participate. Many Australian state feed-in tariffs were net export tariffs, whereas conservation groups argued for gross feed-in tariffs. In March 2009, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) started a solar gross feed-in tariff. For systems up to 10 kW the payment was 50.05 cents per kWh. For systems from 10 kW to 30 kW the payment was 40.04 cents per kWh. The payment was revised downward once before an overall capacity cap was reached and the scheme closed. Payments are made quarterly based on energy generated and the payment rate is guaranteed for 20 years.^[17][18] In Germany, a guaranteed PV tariff means that Germany now has the highest PV capacity per capita – at 10 W for every person in Germany compared to Australia at 2.6 W per capita.^[19]

Mandatory renewable energy target

The Federal Government MRET will ensure renewable energy obtains a 20% share of electricity supply in Australia by 2020. The MRET will increase from 9,500 gigawatt-hours to 45,000 gigawatt-hours by 2020. The scheme lasts until 2030.^[20]

The MRET requires wholesale purchasers of electricity (such as electricity retailers or industrial operations) to purchase Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), created through the generation of electricity from renewable sources. These sources include Wind, Hydro, Landfill Gas and Geothermal, as well as Solar PV and Solar Thermal, providing a stimulus and additional revenue for these technologies.

Subsidy funding

The Solar Flagships program sets aside $1.6 billion for solar power over a period of six years.^[21] The government funding is for 4 new solar plants that produce coal plant scale power (in total up to 1000 MW - coal plants typically produce 500 to 2,000 MW). This subsidy would need additional funding from the plant builders and/or operators. As a comparison Abengoa Solar, a company currently constructing solar thermal plants, put the cost of a 300 MW plant at 1.2 billion euros in 2007. In 2009, the Arizona state government announced a 200 MW plant for 1 billion US dollars.^[22][23]

Projects

Status by state

The list of solar power projects below is not complete as there are many more sites that have solar power or hybrid solar/wind systems to generate their own power needs. Projects with a power rating less than 30 kW are not listed.

State	Project/Location	Coordinates	Capacity kW	Status	LGA	Company	Notes
NSW	Sydney Markets Limited	33°51′36″S 151°04′08″E / 33.86°S 151.069°E / -33.86; 151.069	170	Commissioned 2014	Sydney	Autonomous Energy	Pioneering the construction of solar car ports in Australia.[24] Finalist nomination for 2014 Clean Energy Week Awards in the over 100 kW category[25]
VIC	Toyota Altona North	37°49′48″S 144°49′44″E / 37.83°S 144.829°E / -37.83; 144.829	500	Commissioned 2013-2014	Melbourne	Autonomous Energy	Largest rooftop system in Victoria[26]
VIC	Hilton Manufacturing	38°01′48″S 145°11′49″E / 38.03°S 145.197°E / -38.03; 145.197	100	Commissioned 2015	Melbourne	Metpro Green Energy	Photovoltaic[27]
NSW	Newington College	33°53′24″S 151°09′43″E / 33.89°S 151.162°E / -33.89; 151.162	108	Commissioned 2014	Sydney	Autonomous Energy	Leading private school adopting solar photovoltaics[28]
NSW	Pymble Ladies' College	33°46′48″S 151°08′02″E / 33.78°S 151.134°E / -33.78; 151.134	145	Commissioned 2012-2014	Sydney	Autonomous Energy	3 stage implementation 145 kW photovoltaic modules, another leading private school[29]
NSW	Methodist Ladies' College	33°52′12″S 151°06′04″E / 33.87°S 151.101°E / -33.87; 151.101	113	Commissioned 2013-2014	Sydney	Autonomous Energy	2 stage implementation of photovoltaic modules, another leading private school[30]
NSW	Sydney Corporate Park, Alexandria	33°54′36″S 151°11′31″E / 33.91°S 151.192°E / -33.91; 151.192	120	Commissioned 2013	Sydney	Autonomous Energy	Custom designed steel frames[31]
NSW	Ace Gutters	33°57′36″S 151°04′05″E / 33.96°S 151.068°E / -33.96; 151.068	225	Commissioned 2013	Sydney	Autonomous Energy	Specifically designed mounting structures due to unique wind loading factors[32]
NSW	Blacktown Workers and Sports Clubs	33°46′12″S 150°54′29″E / 33.77°S 150.908°E / -33.77; 150.908 33°47′24″S 150°53′46″E / 33.79°S 150.896°E / -33.79; 150.896	200	Commissioned 2012-2013	Sydney	Autonomous Energy	Nomination and collection of Clean Energy Week Award 2013 "Best Grid-Connected Solar PV Power System Design and Installation Award" (15 kW - 100 kW category)[33][34][35]
NSW	Southern Cross Care	31°58′12″S 141°27′43″E / 31.97°S 141.462°E / -31.97; 141.462	150	Commissioned 2012	Sydney	Autonomous Energy	Large system to provide power needs for aged care facility[36]
NSW	Various Residential		1-10	Ongoing venture	Sydney	Autonomous Energy	Equipping residential properties with lighting and solar to become independent of grid-sourced energy[37]
QLD	Coorparoo DC	27°18′S 153°02′E / 27.30°S 153.03°E / -27.30; 153.03	100	Completed December 2012		SEQ Energy Solutions Pty Ltd	Photovoltaic
NSW	Johnson & Johnson Medical	33°45′S 151°01′E / 33.75°S 151.01°E / -33.75; 151.01	200	Commissioned September 2010		Energy Matters	Photovoltaic
NSW	Dubbo	32°15′S 148°37′E / 32.25°S 148.62°E / -32.25; 148.62	50	Commissioned 1998		Country Energy	Photovoltaic
NSW	GPG Solar	32°15′S 148°37′E / 32.25°S 148.62°E / -32.25; 148.62	45	commissioned 2008		GPG[38]	Photovoltaic
NSW	Building 46, Newington Armoury	33°51′S 151°04′E / 33.85°S 151.07°E / -33.85; 151.07	64	Commissioned 1999, refurbished 2007		Sydney Olympic Park Authority	Photovoltaic
NSW	Liddell Power Station[39]	32°22′29″S 150°58′44″E / 32.374851°S 150.979013°E / -32.374851; 150.979013	1,000	Complete		Solar Heat and Power / Macquarie Generation	Solar thermal
NSW	Queanbeyan	35°21′00″S 149°13′48″E / 35.350°S 149.230°E / -35.350; 149.230	50	Commissioned 1999		Country Energy	Photovoltaic
NSW	Singleton Solar Farm	32°35′28″S 151°10′37″E / 32.591°S 151.177°E / -32.591; 151.177	407	Commissioned 1998		Built By Energy Australia Sold to XYZ Solar Pty Ltd in June 2014	Photovoltaic Polycrystalline 60W panels 200 kW ThinFilm 60W panels 207 kW Tweets: @singletonsolar
NSW	Sydney Superdome Solar Array	33°52′12″S 151°10′12″E / 33.870°S 151.170°E / -33.870; 151.170	70	Commissioned 1999		Built by Energy Australia Sold to XYZ Solar Pty Ltd in June 2014	Photovoltaic ThinFilm 60W panels Tweets: @Superdomesolar
NSW	White Cliffs Solar Power Station	30°51′22″S 143°05′20″E / 30.856°S 143.089°E / -30.856; 143.089	45	Constructed 1981 25 kW, upgraded 1996, decommissioned 2004		ANUTECH [40]	Originally steam piston then photovoltaic
VIC	Queen Victoria Market	37°48′25″S 144°57′36″E / 37.807°S 144.960°E / -37.807; 144.960	200	Commissioned 2003		Melbourne City Council	Photovoltaic
VIC	Ballarat Solar Park. Ballarat Aerodrome. Mitchell Park, Ballarat.	37°30′S 143°48′E / 37.50°S 143.80°E / -37.50; 143.80	300	Commissioned 2009	Ballarat	Origin Energy / Sharp Corporation	Photovoltaic. Victoria's first ground mounted, flat plate and grid-connected solar farm[41][42]
VIC	Bendigo Solar Park.	36°45′S 144°15′E / 36.75°S 144.25°E / -36.75; 144.25	300	Commissioned 2009	Bendigo	Origin Energy / Sharp Corporation	Photovoltaic. Victoria's first ground mounted, flat plate and grid-connected solar farm[41][42]
VIC	Bridgewater Solar Plant, Bridgewater, Victoria	36°35′S 143°55′E / 36.59°S 143.91°E / -36.59; 143.91	500	Commissioned 2010	Shire of Loddon	Silex Systems Ltd	Australia's largest concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) solar power station[43]
VIC	NextDC M1 Data Centre, Port Melbourne, Victoria		401	Completed December 2013		Energy Matters	Will be Australia's largest privately owned rooftop photovoltaic solar system[44]
QLD	University of Queensland St Lucia campus	27°29′52″S 153°00′46″E / 27.4978°S 153.0128°E / -27.4978; 153.0128	1,220	Completed July 2011		Ingenero, Trina Solar, RedFlow	Photovoltaic[45][46]
QLD	Fraser Coast Solar Farm	25°20′35″S 152°50′31″E / 25.343°S 152.842°E / -25.343; 152.842	401	Commissioned November 2012		Ingenero	Photovoltaic, 1,630x 250W Suntech monocrystalline
QLD	Queensland University of Technology (QUT)	27°28′41″S 153°01′44″E / 27.478°S 153.029°E / -27.478; 153.029	202	Completed November 2012	Brisbane	Ingenero	Photovoltaic, 250W Suntech and 328W SunPower polycrystalline
QLD	Jaques Coffee Plantation	16°57′43″S 145°26′17″E / 16.962°S 145.438°E / -16.962; 145.438	80.5	Commissioned May 2012		NSE Solar	Photovoltaic, 322 x 250w Xinyou XY250-96F/M5 [47]
QLD	Moorooka Shopping Centre	27°31′52″S 153°01′23″E / 27.531°S 153.023°E / -27.531; 153.023	60	Commissioned December 2010	Brisbane	Ingenero	Photovoltaic 300x 200W Suntech polycrystalline
QLD	Kogan Creek Solar Boost Project	26°54′00″S 150°43′59″E / 26.90°S 150.733°E / -26.90; 150.733	44,000	Under Construction Dec 2011		CS Energy	Solar thermal[48]
QLD	Windorah Solar Farm	26°24′50″S 142°39′38″E / 26.4139°S 142.6606°E / -26.4139; 142.6606	150	Completed October 2008		Ergon Energy, Solar Systems	Photovoltaic[49]
SA	Adelaide Showgrounds	34°56′43″S 138°35′12″E / 34.945355°S 138.586626°E / -34.945355; 138.586626	1,000	Completed 2009		Built Environs and Solar Shop Australia[50]	Photovoltaic[51][52]
SA	Jamestown Wastewater Treatment Plant		3,500	Under construction Mar 2015		Infratech Industries	Floating Photovolatic[53]
SA	Kingscote Airport		50	Commissioned 2013	Kangaroo Island	Ingenero	Photovoltaic[54]
SA	Wilpena Pound	31°34′12″S 138°34′48″E / 31.570°S 138.580°E / -31.570; 138.580	100	Commenced 1998		AGL Energy	Photovoltaic[55]
WA	Australian Wool Testing Authority	32°06′01″S 115°48′22″E / 32.100314°S 115.806208°E / -32.100314; 115.806208	150	Commissioned 2013	City of Cockburn Perth	Infinite Energy	Photovoltaic 625 x 240W Conergy Power Plus polycrystalline
WA	Carnarvon	24°54′00″S 113°43′01″E / 24.900°S 113.717°E / -24.900; 113.717	51.1	Commissioned 2005 (15.8) 30.2 added 2007 5.1 added 2012	Shire of Carnarvon	Alexander Fullarton	Photovoltaic
WA	Greenough River Solar Farm	28°53′20″S 115°07′05″E / 28.889°S 115.118°E / -28.889; 115.118	10,000	Commissioned October 2012[5][56]	City of Greater Geraldton	Verve Energy and GE Financial Services	Photovoltaic
NT	Araluen Arts Centre	23°42′04″S 133°51′43″E / 23.701°S 133.862°E / -23.701; 133.862	162	Completed November 2012		Ingenero	Photovoltaic, 648x Q-Cells monocrystalline
NT	Bulman	13°39′36″S 134°19′48″E / 13.660°S 134.330°E / -13.660; 134.330	56	Commissioned 2002		NT PowerWater	Photovoltaic
NT	Hermannsburg	23°55′59″S 132°46′01″E / 23.933°S 132.767°E / -23.933; 132.767	192	Commissioned 2005		Solar Systems	Photovoltaic
NT	Kings Canyon Solar Power Station	24°15′00″S 131°34′12″E / 24.250°S 131.570°E / -24.250; 131.570	241	Commissioned 2003		NT PowerWater	Photovoltaic
NT	Lajamanu	18°20′17″S 130°37′59″E / 18.338°S 130.633°E / -18.338; 130.633	288	Commissioned 2005		Solar Systems	Photovoltaic
NT	Yuendumu	22°15′29″S 131°47′49″E / 22.258°S 131.797°E / -22.258; 131.797	192	Commissioned 2005		Solar Systems	Photovoltaic
NT	Crowne Plaza Alice Springs	23°43′09″S 133°52′39″E / 23.719060°S 133.877619°E / -23.719060; 133.877619	305	Commissioned 2009		SunPower / CAT Projects	Photovoltaic[57][58]
NT	Uterne Solar Power Station, Alice Springs	23°46′06″S 133°52′05″E / 23.768382°S 133.868033°E / -23.768382; 133.868033	1,000	Commissioned 2011		SunPower Corporation / Power and Water Corporation	Photovoltaic[4]
NT	Alice Springs Airport	23°47′45″S 133°53′47″E / 23.795840°S 133.896518°E / -23.795840; 133.896518	235	4 November 2010		Ingenero / CAT Projects	Concentrated photovoltaics[59][60]
NT	Desert Knowledge Australia Solar Centre, Alice Springs	23°45′43″S 133°52′30″E / 23.761852°S 133.874996°E / -23.761852; 133.874996	201	Commissioned 2008		Desert Knowledge Australia / CAT Projects	Various photovoltaic[61][62]
ACT	Parliament House Solar Power Pilot Project	35°18′29″S 149°07′26″E / 35.308°S 149.124°E / -35.308; 149.124	43	Commissioned 2011	Canberra	Todae Solar / Silex Systems Ltd	Photovoltaic[63][64]
ACT	Royalla solar farm	35°29′24″S 149°08′42″E / 35.490°S 149.145°E / -35.490; 149.145	20,000	Commissioned September 2014	Canberra	Fotowatio Renewable Ventures (FRV)	Photovoltaic[65]
QLD	Valdora Solar Farm	26°33′35″S 153°01′32″E / 26.5596°S 153.0256°E / -26.5596; 153.0256	15,000	Council DA Approval required early 2015. Tender due in first quarter 2015.[66]	Sunshine Coast	(Tender)	Photovoltaic [67]
VIC	SeaViews Manor		90	2013	Ocean Grove	Solar Sunwerx	Photovoltaic [68]
VIC	Fenning Timber		99	2013	Bairnsdale	Solar Sunwerx	Photovoltaic [69]
NSW	Nimbin Community Solar Farm		45	2011	Lismore	Rainbow Power Company & Nimbin Neighbourhood and Information Centre	Photovoltaic [70][71][72][73]
WA	Solar Farm Carnarvon		300	2011	Carnarvon	Energy Made Clean	First PPA Solar farm in WA with Horizon Power
NSW	Nyngan Solar Plant		102,000	Started January 2014. Expected completion June 2015.	Bogan Shire	AGL Energy	CdTe thin-film technology. Will be the largest solar PV plant in the Southern Hemisphere. Capacity: 102 MWAC.[74][75][76]
NSW	Broken Hill Solar Plant		53,000	Started July 2014. Expected completion November 2015.	Broken Hill	AGL Energy	CdTe thin-film techonology. Capacity given in AC (53 MWAC).[77]

Victoria

The 100 MW PV Mildura Solar Concentrator Power Station, formerly expected to be completed in 2017, is now cancelled.^[78] It was expected to be the biggest and most efficient solar photovoltaic power station in the world. The power station was expected to concentrate the sun by 500 times onto the solar cells for ultra high power output. The Victorian power station would have generated electricity directly from the sun to meet the annual needs of over 45,000 homes with on-going zero greenhouse gas emissions.^[79]

Western Australia

Western Australia now (Oct 2012) has one of the largest solar power farms in Australia, at Walkaway, 70 km SE of Geraldton. The Greenough River Solar farm was opened in October 2012. The 10MW field has 150,000 solar panels.

Northern Territory

There are 30 solar concentrator dishes at three locations in the Northern Territory: Hermannsburg, Yuendumu and Lajamanu. Solar Systems and the Federal government were involved in the projects.

The solar concentrator dish power stations together generate 720 kW and 1,555,000 kWh per year, representing a saving of 420,000 litres of diesel and 1,550 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions.^[80]

The solar power stations at these three remote indigenous communities in Australia's Northern Territory are constructed using Solar Systems' CS500 concentrator dish systems. The project cost A$7M, offset by a grant from the Australian and Northern Territory Governments under their Renewable Remote Power Generation Program.^[81]

The project won a prestigious Engineering Excellence award in 2005.^[81]

The Federal Government has funded over 120 innovative small-scale standalone solar systems in remote indigenous communities, designed by Bushlight, incorporating sophisticated demand side management systems with user-friendly interfaces.

Australian Capital Territory

A new 20 MWp solar power plant has been built on 50 hectares of land in Royalla, a rural part of the Australian Capital Territory south of Canberra. It is powered by 83,000 solar panels, and can power for 4,400 homes. It was officially opened on 3 September 2014. It is the first solar plant facility in the Australian capital, and at the time of building the largest such plant in Australia. The facility was built by a Spanish company, Fotowatio Renewable Ventures (FRV).^[65][82]

Solar cities program

Solar Cities is a demonstration programme designed to promote solar power, smart meters, and energy conservation in urban locations throughout Australia.^[83]

Renewable Energy Master Plan 2030

The Council of Sydney is attempting to make the city run 100% on renewable energy by 2030. This plan was announced earlier in 2014 with the blueprints made public on their website. ^[84]This ambitious plan was recently awarded the 2014 Eurosolar prize in the category of "Towns/municipalities, council districts and public utilities". ^[85]

See also

• Andrew Blakers
• Building-integrated photovoltaics
• Martin Green
• List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources
• Photovoltaic and renewable energy engineering in Australia
• Renewable energy in Australia
• Solar hot water in Australia
• Solar thermal energy in Australia
• Centre for Appropriate Technology (Australia)

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar power in Australia.

• Live Solar PV map of Australia
• A daily solar map of Australia from Bureau of Meteorology
• The Desert Knowledge Australia Solar Centre
• Brumby planning to plug Victoria into the sun. The Age. 17 June 2008.

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