Sir John Perceval, 1st Baronet

Sir John Perceval, 1st Baronet (1629–1665) by I Faber Fecit (1743).

Sir John Perceval, 1st Baronet (17 September 1629 – 1 November 1665) was a substantial land owner in Ireland. He was knighted by Henry Cromwell for his services to the Commonwealth government of Ireland during the Interregnum. Shortly before the Restoration he held the offices of Chief Prothonotary of the Common Pleas and Clerk of the Crown. After the Restoration he was granted a baronetcy and given a full pardon for his activities during the Interregnum. He was appointed Privy Councillor to King Charles II, a Knight of the Shire for County Cork, and was a member of the Council of Trade.

Early life

John Perceval was born on 17 September 1629 in Dublin. He was the eldest son and heir of Sir Philip Perceval (1605–1647) (the son of Richard Perceval) and of Catherine, the daughter of Arthur Usher of Dublin, and grandson to George Perceval. ^[1] He was tutored in the home counties of England alongside Lord Inchequin's eldest son who had been placed under the guardianship of Sir Philip Perceval while his father was engaged in the Civil War in Ireland. John Perceval went to Cambridge University in February 1646 when he was sixteen.^[2]

While at Cambridge he met and befriended Henry Cromwell.^[3] His father died the following year, and John Perceval decided that with wars raging in both England and Ireland he would remain at university and so remain out of public life to avoid choosing sides in the wars.^[4] In 1649 after the execution of Charles I, the rebellion in Ireland was crushed by the New Model Army under the command of Oliver Cromwell. Given Perceval's large holdings in Ireland he thought it politic to return to protect his interests. This was difficult because his father had opposed the English Independents who were now in the ascendency.^[5]

Further to protecting his lands, Perceval proposed to marry the daughter of the Speaker of the Rump Parliament William Lenthall. Lenthall then protected Perceval's estates for the benefit of his daughter. ^[4] However, with the diminution of Lenthall's influence within the Commonwealth, the marriage fell through.^[5]

Perceval's father Sir Philip Perceval, was in the Irish government and originally supported Cromwell. However he later opposed the New Model Army. On his death, Cromwell calculated that his son could be of use and he protected Perceval's interests in the short term, hoping to use him as an ally in the longer term.^[5] The first example of this support occurred in England in 1650 when the Somerset sequestration committee proposed that Perceval's holdings in Somerset should be sequestrated. The matter was taken up in London and, through Cromwell's intervention, settled in favour of Perceval.^[6]

In Ireland, the Commonwealth sequestered all of Perceval's estates. Perceval prevented absolute confiscation and as his interests improved, this severity relaxed. However he was obliged to pay large sums to the Commonwealth. For example, £1,965 in the year 1 May 1650, to 1 May 1651 for his Munster estate,^[7] and and in the following year his contribution amounted to £200 more than the estate produced.^[8]

First Commonwealth

Once Sir John Perceval was of age, he laid claim to all his father's estates in Ireland, amounting to seventy-eight and a half "Knights Fees", containing 101,000 acres, of some of the best land in Ireland.^{[lower-alpha 1]} There were holdings in the counties of Cork, Tipperary, Catherlogh, Waterford, Kerry, Mayo, Kildare, and Dublin.^[10] There were some other estates over which he had control, some of which were already in his possession, some of which belonged to his mother and a small amount of rent from housing in Dublin City. Oliver Cromwell who was in Ireland finishing his campaign against the Irish confederates and Royalists, supported Perceval in his claim.^[11]

When Cromwell left Ireland in the middle of May 1650, to take the war to Scotland (and on to the Commonwealth's ultimate victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651), Henry Ireton, Cromwell's son in law, remained in Ireland as Lord Deputy in Cromwell's place. Militarily he met little further resistance was left with a mopping up operation. After his death his successor, Edmund Ludlow, was faced with even less effective military opposition, and after Charles Fleetwood arrived in Ireland with supreme command, the English establishment was confident enough of their hold on Ireland that the English Parliament on 26 September 1651 declared the rebellion totally subdued.^{[11][lower-alpha 2]}

The next issue facing the English Parliament was what sort of settlement to impose on Ireland. This included the High Commission to try those who had been in arms against the Commonwealth many of whom were transported and their lands sequestrated, and the banishing of known Roman Catholics to Cannaught and the confiscation of their lands. Oliver Cromwell sent Sir John Perceval to assist General Charles Fleetwood with this task. Fleetwood was impressed with the service, and wrote to England saying as much. In recognition of this service Perceval was granted the office of King's Bench, which had been sequestrated with his estate from the time of his father's death, and on 6 July 1653 the office of Commissioners of Revenue were told to allow him to receive the entire income from his estates - though to provide a suitable living for himself, to pay off some of his father's debts and to form a dowry for his sister he sold 15,000 acres of his best land in a depressed market.^[12]

Protectorate

In December 1653 the Council of Officers introduced a written constitution into the Commonwealth called the Instrument of Government and under its provisions declared Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector. Perceval travelled to London in May 1654 and while there renewed his friendship with Henry Cromwell and had an audience with Oliver. He was invited to sit in the First Protectorate Parliament but declined because he thought that his public and private commitments in Ireland should take priority.^[13]

When he saw what a debacle the First Protectorate Parliament had become, Perceval decided to distance himself from the regime concluding that it could not last. Perceval had been working with Roger, Lord Broghill and one of his tenants Vincent Gookin in the interests of the Commonwealth but on his return from England in July 1655 he retired to his castle at Lifcarrol and tried to keep out of public affairs as much as possible. It was during this sojourn that he married and started a family (see below). He worked to improve his estates by inviting Protestant farmers to take up tenancies while retaining Roman Catholic tenants who had proved loyal to his family during the rebellion.^[3] When his friend Henry Cromwell arrived in Ireland as the New Deputy Governor, Perceval had no choice but to take a more active role in government as to do otherwise could arouse suspicion.^[14] In November 1656 he was appointed by Oliver Cromwell as one of the commissioners of the Security of his own Person and Continuation of the Nation in Peace and Safety. This meant that Royalist supporters saw Perceval as one of the stalwarts of the Protectorate. Cromwell invited Perceval to sit in Cromwell's Other House but Perceval declined.^[15] Despite this he was knighted by Henry Cromwell on 22 July 1658 for his services to the Commonwealth.^[16]

Second Commonwealth

It was largely due to the council of Perceval, that Henry Cromwell stayed out of the anarchy that engulfed England after the death of his father. In particular his passive behaviour over his elder brother Richard's removal from the office of Lord Protector.^[17] This political move by Perceval stood him in good stead during the brief return of the Long Parliament and the Convention Parliament. He was appointed in turn One of the four councillors to the President of Munster, and appointed by those commissioned by the President to manage the government of Ireland, Clerk of the Crown, Prothonotary of the Common-Pleas, and keeper of the Public accounts on 7 May preceding the return of the King on the 29 of the same month.^[18]

Restoration

Soon after the restoration of the monarchy he was sworn in as a member of the Privy-Council, and on 9 September 1661 created Baronet Perceval of Kanturk.^[18] To secure his position and so that his political enemies could not in the future use his conduct under the Commonwealth to attack him, Perceval obtained a Patent of Special Pardon for all treasons, rebellions, etc. and for all engagements, of which he might have been guilty, either under the Parliament of the Commonwealth, or the Protectorate, from the beginning of his life, to 29 December 1660. The Patent was dated Westminster, 22 April 1662 and was passed under the Great Seals of England and Ireland.^[19]

In 1661 Perceval was appointed Knight of the Shire for County Cork, and served in the Irish Parliament. In 1662 the parliament concluded the Act of Settlement in Ireland, which initiated the settling of outstanding constitutional issues for the next century or more.^[20]

In 1662 Perceval failed to prevent the passing of The Tenures Abolition Act^[21] which abolished feudalism in Ireland and the Court of Wards. This resulted in a loss to the Perceval family of £3,400 per annum. He received £5,000 as compensation.^[20]

In 1663 a plot by Colonel Jepson and some other former republican officers was discovered. Perceval was appointed foreman of the jury at their trial.^[20]

Council of Trade

Catherine (1 September 1637 – 17 August 1679) the only daughter of Sir Robert Southwell of Kinsale, wife of Sir John Perceval, 1st Baronet. Engraved by I Faber Fecit (1743).

In 1664 Perceval was appointed to a Council of Trade to explore how trade between Ireland, Scotland and England could be enlarged, as at that time the Irish economy was in recession.^[22] Since he held considerable properties in England as well as Ireland he was an energetic committee member and was considered to be less partisan than most.^[23]

Death

While in England following up trade issues in 1664, he fell ill and returned to Ireland to see his wife who was also very ill.^[24] He lived long enough to see her but died soon afterwards, aged 36 on 1 November 1665 in Dublin and was buried in St. Audoen's Church. Perceval had intended to build a church at Burton,County Cork, and a magnificent monument had been designed to be erected there so it was thought sufficient at that time to place a memorial stone over his grave.^[24]

Family

He married on 14 February 1655, Catherine the only daughter of Robert Southwell of Kinsale, and of Helena Gore.^[1] They had six children:

1. Philip (born 12 January 1656), in Kinsale.^[1] son and heir.
2. Robert, (born 8 February 1657) in Kinsale.^[1]
3. John, (born 22 August 1660) near Burton.^[1]
4. Charles, (born 4 November 1661 – died July 1662) born in London, died in Kinsale in July 1662.^[1]
5. Catherine, born 19 March 1662) at Dublin.^[1]
6. Helena, (born 17 February 1665) born at Kinsale after her father's death.^[1]

Notes

References

• Shaw, William Arthur (1906), The Knights of England: A complete record from the earliest time to the present day of the knights of all the orders of chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of knights bachelors, incorporating a complete list of knights bachelors dubbed in Ireland 2, London: Sherratt and Hughes 

Attribution

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Anderson, James (1742), "chapter IX", in Whiston, William, A genealogical history of the house of Yvery, in its different branches of Yvery, Luvel, Perceval and GournayGournay 2, London, pp. 330 

External links

• Portrait of Sir John Perceval
• Sir John Perceval, Baronet