Sinoceratops
| Sinoceratops Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 72–66Ma | |
|---|---|
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| Restored skeleton | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Order: | †Ornithischia |
| Family: | †Ceratopsidae |
| Subfamily: | †Centrosaurinae |
| Tribe: | †Pachyrhinosaurini |
| Genus: | †Sinoceratops Xu et al., 2010 |
| Type species | |
| S. zhuchengensis Xu et al., 2010 | |
Sinoceratops /ˌsaɪnoʊˈsɛrətɒps/ is a extinct genus of ceratopsian dinosaur that lived approximately 72 to 66 million years ago during the latter part of the Cretaceous Period in what is now Shandong province in China. It was named in 2010 by Xu Xing et al. for three skulls from Zhucheng, China. Its name means "Chinese horned face from Zhucheng", after the location of its discovery.
Sinoceratops was a medium sized, averagely-built, ground-dwelling, quadrupedal herbivore. It could grow up to an estimated 6 m (19.7 ft) long and 2 metres (6.6 ft) high, and weigh up to 2 tonnes (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons). It was the first ceratopsid dinosaur discovered in China, and the only ceratopsid known from Asia. All other centrosaurines, and all chasmosaurines, are known from fossils discovered in North America, except for possibly Turanoceratops. Sinoceratops is also significant because it is one of the largest known centrosaurines, and is much larger than any other known basal members of this group.
Sinoceratops existed in the Xingezhuang Formation during the late Cretaceous. It lived alongside leptoceratopsids, saurolophines, and tyrannosaurines. The most common creature in the formation was Shantungosaurus, to whom most of the material has been assigned to. The animals living alongside Sinoceratops and Shantungosaurus were Zhuchengceratops, Huaxiaosaurus, and Zhuchengtyrannus.
Etymology
The genus name Sinoceratops, means "Chinese horned face", and is derived from the word "Sino-" referring the China, the country of its discovery and the Greek words "keras" (κερας) meaning "horn", and "ops" (ωψ) meaning "face".[1] Sinoceratops was described and named by paleontologist Xu Xing and colleagues, in 2010. The type species is S. zhuchengensis, named for the location of its discovery.[2]
Description
Sinoceratops was a larger ceratopsian ornithischian, with an estimated length of about 6 metres (20 ft), weight of 2 tonnes (2.0 long tons; 2.2 short tons), and height of about 2 metres (6.6 ft).[3] Thomas R. Holtz Jr. estimated its length at 7 metres (23 ft) and weight at 2.3 tonnes (2.3 long tons; 2.5 short tons), the weight of a rhinoceros.[4] It has a short, hooked horn on its nose (called a nasal horn), no horns above its eyes (brow horns), and a short neck frill with a series of forward-curving hornlets that gave the frill a crown-like appearance. Inside this row of hornlets there is a series of low knobs on the top of the frill, which are not seen in any other horned dinosaur. Sinoceratops is a member of the short-frilled ceratopsids, the Centrosaurinae. Holotype specimen ZCDM V0010, consists of a partial skull with most elements of the skull roof and partial braincase. The skull of Sinoceratops is estimated to be 180 cm (5.9 ft) long making it one of the largest known centrosaurine skulls.[2]
Distinguishing anatomical features
Features that differentiate an animal from most or all others is a diagnosis. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism.[5]
According to Xu (2010), Sinoceratops can be distinguished based on the following diagnostic characteristics: the presence of at least 10 robust, strongly curved hornlike processes along the caudal margin of the parietals; the presence of at least four hornlike processes on the squamosals; a large accessory fenestra rostral to the antorbital fenestra (differing from all other known centrosaurines); the external margin of the parietals is weakly unadulterated (differing from all other known centrosaurines); and the presence of broadly based epoccipitals (differing from all other known centrosaurines).[2]
Discovery
The holotype specimen ZCDM V0010, consisting of a partial skull, including a braincase, was recovered at the Xingezhuang Formation of the Wangshi Group in Shandong, China.[2] The specimen was collected in fluvial sediments that were deposited during the Campanian stage of the Cretaceous period, approximately 72-66 million years ago.[4] Two other specimens have been recovered from the same formation. Specimen ZCDM V0011 is a partial skull that consists of the skull roof and most of the braincase, and ZCDM V0012 represents a partial braincase.[2]
The discovery was significant, because it represented the first ceratopsid known from China, and possibly the only ceratopsid from Asia. the only other possible Asia ceratopsid is Turanoceratops, but recently, its identification as a ceratopsid has been questioned.[2]
Classification
Sinoceratops was assigned to the taxon centrosaurinae, as a basal member by Xu et al. (2010) based on characteristics present in the skull.[2] Sinoceratops shares a number of features with advanced centrosaurines such as Centrosaurus and Styracosaurus that are not seen in primitive centrosaurines like Diabloceratops, including a well-developed nose horn and reduced brow horns. The implication is that this genus represents a lineage that invaded Asia from North America through Beringia. Sinoceratops also bears several characteristics that resemble features in chasmosaurines, blurring the distinction between the Centrosaurinae and Chasmosaurinae.[2][6]
The cladogram below follows the phylogenetic analysis performed by Sampson et al. (2013), and the clade names within Centrosaurinae follow Fiorillo & Tykoski (2012).[7]
| Ceratopsidae |
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Paleoecology
Sinoceratops is known from the Xingezhuang Formation of southern China. It is known from skull material. Alongside it, in the formation, lived Shantungosaurus, a very common hadrosaurid to which most of the material has been assigned,[2][8] Zhuchengtyrannus, an Asian tyrannosaurid related to Tarbosaurus,[2] Zhuchengceratops, an Asian leptoceratopsid,[9] and Huaxiaosaurus,[10] a possible older individual of Shantungosaurus.[10][4] Other possible remains have been assigned to Zhuchengosaurus,[9] a probable junior synonym of Shantungosaurus,[4] and material tentatively assigned to Tyrannosaurus.[8]
References
- ↑ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Xu, X., Wang, K., Zhao, X. & Li, D. (2010). "First ceratopsid dinosaur from China and its biogeographical implications". Chinese Science Bulletin 55 (16): 1631–1635. doi:10.1007/s11434-009-3614-5.
- ↑ "Saurian Database – Sinoceratops". Gabel Informations Technologie. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Holtz, T.R. Jr. (2012). Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages (PDF). Indiana University Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-375-82419-7.
- ↑ Futuyma, D.J. (2013). Evolutionary Biology (Third ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer Associaties Inc. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-60535-115-5.
- ↑ Glut, D.F. (2012). Dinosaurs, the Encyclopedia, Supplement 7. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 866. ISBN 0-7864-4859-8.
- ↑ Fiorillo, A. R.; Tykoski, R. S. (2012). "A new Maastrichtian species of the centrosaurine ceratopsid Pachyrhinosaurus from the North Slope of Alaska". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 (3): 561. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0033.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hu, C.C. (1973). "[A new hadrosaur from the Cretaceous of Chucheng, Shantung]". Acta Geologica Sinica 1973 (2): 179–206.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Zhao, X.; Li, D.; Han, G.; Zhao, H.; Liu, F.; Li, L. & Fang, X. (2007). "Zuchengosaurus maximus from Shandong Province". Acta Geoscientia Sinica 28 (2): 111–122. doi:10.1007/s10114-005-0808-x.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Zhao X.; Wang K. & Li D. (2011). "Huaxiaosaurus aigahtens". Geological Bulletin of China 30 (11): 1671–1688.
External links
- "Sinoceratop zhuchengensis". Paleobiology Database: Classic.