Singapore

This article is about the city-state. For other uses, see Singapore (disambiguation).
"Singapore City" redirects here. For the historical city that was part of British Singapore, see Singapore City (historical entity).

Coordinates: 1°18′N 103°48′E / 1.3°N 103.8°E

Republic of Singapore
Republik Singapura  (Malay)
新加坡共和国 (Chinese)
சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு (Tamil)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: 
"Majulah Singapura" (Malay)
"Onward, Singapore"
Anthem: Majulah Singapura
"Onward, Singapore"
Location of  Singapore  (red)
Location of  Singapore  (red)
Location of  Singapore  (green)in ASEAN  (dark grey)  –  [Legend]
Location of  Singapore  (green)

in ASEAN  (dark grey)   [Legend]

CapitalSingapore
(Downtown Core, Central)[lower-alpha 1]
1°17′N 103°50′E / 1.283°N 103.833°E
Official languages
Official scripts
Demonym Singaporean
Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic
 -  President Tony Tan
 -  Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
 -  Speaker of Parliament Halimah Yacob
 -  Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon
Legislature Parliament
Formation
 -  Founding 6 February 1819[1] 
 -  Self-government 3 June 1959[2] 
 -  Independence from
the United Kingdom
31 August 1963[3] 
 -  Merger with Malaysia 16 September 1963[3] 
 -  Expulsion from Malaysia 9 August 1965[3] 
Area
 -  Total 718.3 km2[4] (190th)
277 sq mi
Population
 -  2014[4] estimate 5,469,700 (114th)
 -  Density 7,615/km2 (3rd)
19,725/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2013[5] estimate
 -  Total Int$425.251 billion
 -  Per capita Int$78,762 (3rd)
GDP (nominal) 2013[5] estimate
 -  Total US$297.941 billion (36th)
 -  Per capita US$55,182
Gini (2012)47.8[6]
high · 26th
HDI (2013)Increase 0.901[7]
very high · 9th
Currency Singapore dollar (SGD)
Time zone SST (UTC+8)
Date format dd/mm/yyyy
Drives on the left
Calling code +65
ISO 3166 code SG
Internet TLD .sg, .新加坡, .சிங்கப்பூர்
  1. Singapore is a city-state.

Singapore (i/ˈsɪŋəpɔr/ or /ˈsɪŋɡəpɔr/), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a modern city-state and island country in Southeast Asia. It lies off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula and is 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. The country's territory consists of the diamond-shaped main island, commonly referred to as Singapore Island in English and Pulau Ujong in Malay, and more than 60 significantly smaller islets.[8] Singapore is separated from Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to the north, and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to the south. The country is highly urbanised, and little of the original vegetation remains. The country's territory has consistently expanded through land reclamation.

The islands were settled in the second century AD and subsequently belonged to a series of local empires. Modern Singapore was founded in 1819 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles as a trading post of the East India Company with permission from the Johor Sultanate. The British obtained sovereignty over the island in 1824, and Singapore became one of the British Straits Settlements in 1826. Occupied by the Japanese during World War II, Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1963 and united with other former British territories to form Malaysia, from which it was expelled two years later through a unanimous act of parliament. Singapore has since developed rapidly, earning recognition as one of the Four Asian Tigers.

Singapore is one of nine countries with the top AAA rating from all credit rating agencies and the only Asian country on the list.[9] It is one of the world's major commercial hubs, the fourth-largest financial centre and one of the five busiest ports. Its globalised and diversified economy depends heavily on trade, especially manufacturing, which accounted for around 30 percent of Singapore's GDP in 2013.[10] In terms of purchasing power parity, Singapore has the third-highest per capita income in the world but the most severe income inequality among developed countries. It places highly in international rankings with regard to education, healthcare, and economic competitiveness. Nearly 5.5 million people live in Singapore (as of end-June 2014),[4] of which well over 2 million are foreign born.[11] While Singapore is ethnically diverse, ethnic Chinese Singaporeans predominate with about 74.1% of the resident population, followed by significant minorities of Malays (13.4%), Indians (9.2%), and Eurasians.[11] There are four official languages—English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil—and the country promotes multiculturalism through a range of official policies.

Singapore is a unitary multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The People's Action Party has won every election since self-government began in 1959. Singapore is classified as a flawed democracy in the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index. One of the five founding members of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Singapore is also the host of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Secretariat, and a member of the East Asia Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations. Singapore's rapid development has given it significant influence in global affairs, leading some analysts to identify it as a middle power.[12][13]

Etymology

Main article: Names of Singapore

The English name of Singapore is derived from the Malay word, Singapura, itself derived from (Sanskrit: सिंहपुर Sinha=Lion, pura=City, literally Lion City), hence the customary reference to the nation as the Lion City. However, it is most likely that lions never lived on the island; hence, the animal seen by Sang Nila Utama, who founded and named Singapore, was most likely a Malayan tiger.[14]

History

Main article: History of Singapore
A parade of Japanese soldiers in a street of Singapore
Victorious Japanese troops marching through Singapore City after British capitulation at the Battle of Singapore

Temasek ('Sea Town' in the Malay language), a second century outpost of the Sumatran Srivijaya empire, is the earliest known settlement on Singapore. The island was part of the Sri Vijaya Empire until it was invaded by the south Indian Emperor Rajendra Chola I, of the Chola Empire, in the 11th century.[15][16] In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement and the island sank into obscurity for the next two centuries.[17] Nominally, it belonged to the Johor Sultanate during this period, while the maritime region and trade was under Dutch control.

In 1819, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles arrived and signed a treaty with Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor, on behalf of the British East India Company, to develop the southern part of Singapore as a British trading post. In 1824, the entire island became a British possession under a further treaty with the Sultan, as well as the Temenggong.[18] In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, becoming the regional capital in 1836.[19] Prior to Raffles' arrival, there were approximately 1,000 people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese.[20] By 1860, the population exceeded 80,000 and more than half were Chinese. Many immigrants came to work at rubber plantations and, after the 1870s, the island became a global centre for rubber exports.[18] After World War I, the British built the large Singapore Naval Base.

World War II and Japanese occupation

During World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded British Malaya, culminating in the Battle of Singapore. The British surrendered on 15 February 1942. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the defeat "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history".[21] Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent Sook Ching massacre.[22] From November 1944 to May 1945, the Allies conducted an intensive bombing of Singapore. The Japanese occupied Singapore until the British repossessed it in September 1945, after the Surrender of Japan.[23] David Marshall, pro-independence leader of the Labour Front, won Singapore's first general election in 1955. He led a delegation to London, but Britain rejected his demand for complete self-rule. He subsequently resigned to be replaced by Lim Yew Hock, whose policies convinced Britain to grant Singapore full internal self-government for all matters except defence and foreign affairs.[24]

A cheering crowd welcome the return of British forces, 1945

During the May 1959 elections, the People's Action Party won a landslide victory. Singapore became an internally self-governing state within the Commonwealth and Lee Kuan Yew became the country's first Prime Minister.[25] Governor Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode served as the first Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State), and was succeeded by Yusof bin Ishak, who became the first President of Singapore in 1965.[26] During the 1950s, Chinese Communists with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools carried out an armed uprising against the government, leading to the Malayan Emergency and later, the Communist Insurgency War. The 1954 National Service Riots, Chinese middle schools riots, and Hock Lee bus riots in Singapore were all linked to these events.[27]

Merger with Malaysia

As a result of the 1962 Merger Referendum, on 31 August 1963 Singapore joined with the Federation of Malaya, the Crown Colony of Sarawak and Crown Colony of North Borneo to form the new federation of Malaysia under the terms of the Malaysia Agreement. Singaporean leaders chose to join Malaysia primarily due to concerns regarding their limited land size and scarcity of land, water, markets and natural resources. Some Singaporean and Malaysian politicians were also concerned that Singapore might form a communist government, a possibility perceived as an internal threat to Singapore and an external threat to the Federation of Malaya.

However, the Singapore state government and the Malaysian central government disagreed on many political and economics issues, leading to discontent that culminated in the 1964 race riots in Singapore. After much heated ideological conflicts between the two governments, on 9 August 1965, the Malaysian Parliament voted 126 to 0 to expel Singapore from Malaysia with Singaporean delegates not present.[3][28][29]

Independence, 1965

Singapore gained independence as the Republic of Singapore (remaining within the Commonwealth) on 9 August 1965.[3] Race riots broke out once more in 1969. In 1967, the country co-founded ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations,[30] and in 1970 it joined the Non-Aligned Movement. Lee Kuan Yew became Prime Minister. His emphasis on rapid economic growth, support for business entrepreneurship, limitations on internal democracy, and close relationships with China set the new nation's policies for the next half-century.[31]

In 1990, Goh Chok Tong succeeded Lee Kuan Yew as Prime Minister, while Lee continued serving as a Cabinet Minister by being appointed as Senior Minister until 2004, and then Minister Mentor until May 2011. During his tenure, the country faced the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the 2003 SARS outbreak and terrorist threats posed by Jemaah Islamiyah. In 2004, Lee Hsien Loong, the eldest son of Lee Kuan Yew, became the country's third Prime Minister.[32]

In 2011, the ruling PAP suffered the worst election results since independence.

Government and politics

Singapore's Parliament House

Singapore is a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government representing constituencies. The country's constitution establishes a representative democracy as the political system.[33] Freedom House ranks Singapore as "partly free" in its Freedom in the World report,[34] and The Economist ranks Singapore as a "flawed democracy", the second best rank of four, in its "Democracy Index".[35]

Executive power rests with the Cabinet of Singapore, led by the Prime Minister and, to a much lesser extent, the President.[26] The President is elected through a popular vote, and has veto powers over a specific set of executive decisions, such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of judges, but otherwise occupies a largely ceremonial post.[36]

The Parliament serves as the legislative branch of the government.[26] Members of Parliament (MPs) consist of elected, non-constituency and nominated members. Elected MPs are voted into the Parliament on a "first-past-the-post" (plurality) basis and represent either single-member or group representation constituencies.[37] The People's Action Party has won control of Parliament with large majorities in every election since self-governance was secured in 1959.[34] Although the elections are clean, there is no independent electoral authority and the political process is dominated by the PAP, which has strong influence on the media and the courts hampering opposition campaigning. This has led Freedom House to regard Singapore as not a proper electoral democracy.[38] Despite this, in the most recent Parliamentary elections in 2011, the opposition, led by the Workers' Party, increased its representation to six elected MPs.[39]

The legal system of Singapore is based on English common law, but with substantial local differences. Trial by jury was abolished in 1970 so that judicial decisions would rest entirely in the hands of appointed judges.[40] Singapore has penalties that include judicial corporal punishment in the form of caning, which may be imposed for such offenses as rape, rioting, vandalism, and certain immigration offenses.[41][42] There is a mandatory death penalty for murder, as well as certain aggravated drug-trafficking and firearms offenses.[43] Amnesty International has said that some legal provisions of the Singapore system conflict with the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and that Singapore has "... possibly the highest execution rate in the world relative to its population".[44] The government has disputed Amnesty's claims.[45] In a 2008 survey of international business executives, Singapore and Hong Kong received the top ranking with regard to judicial system quality in Asia.[46] Singapore has been consistently rated among the least corrupt countries in the world by Transparency International.[47]

In 2011, the World Justice Project's Rule of Law Index ranked Singapore among the top countries surveyed with regard to "Order and Security", "Absence of Corruption", and "Effective Criminal Justice". However, the country received a much lower ranking for "Freedom of Speech" and "Freedom of Assembly".[48] All public gatherings of five or more people require police permits, and protests may legally be held only at the Speakers' Corner.[49]

Geography

Map showing Singapore's island and the territories belonging Singapore and its neighbours
Outline of Singapore and the surrounding islands and waterways

Singapore consists of 63 islands, including the main island, widely known as Singapore Island or Pulau Ujong in Malay.[50] There are two man-made connections to Johor, Malaysia: the Johor–Singapore Causeway in the north and the Tuas Second Link in the west. Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the largest of Singapore's smaller islands. The highest natural point is Bukit Timah Hill at 163.63 m (537 ft).[51]

On-going land reclamation projects have increased Singapore's land area from 581.5 km2 (224.5 sq mi) in the 1960s to 718.3 km2 (277.3 sq mi) presently.[4] The country is projected to grow by another 100 km2 (40 sq mi) by 2030.[52] Some projects involve merging smaller islands through land reclamation to form larger, more functional islands, as has been done with Jurong Island.[53]

Close to 10 percent of Singapore's land has been set aside for parks and nature reserves. The network of nature reserves, parks, park connectors, nature ways, tree-lined roads and other natural areas have also enhanced the sense of green space in the city.[54] This is a result of five decades of greening efforts, which began in 1963, when Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew launched Singapore’s first tree-planting campaign by planting a mempat tree (cratoxylum formosum). The aim was to soften the harshness of urbanisation and improve the quality of life.[55] This initiative was carried through into the 1970s and 1980s under the Parks and Recreation Department (PRD), which was renamed the National Parks Board (abbreviation: NParks) in July 1996.

As a result of these efforts, Singapore was ranked fourth in the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, which measures the effectiveness of state policies for environmental sustainability.[56]

Climate

Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af ) with no distinctive seasons, uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. Temperatures usually range from 22 to 35 °C (72 to 95 °F). Relative humidity averages around 79% in the morning and 73% in the afternoon.[57] April and May are the hottest months, with the wetter monsoon season from November to January.[58] From July to October, there is often haze caused by bush fires in neighbouring Indonesia.[59] Although Singapore does not observe daylight saving time (DST), it follows the GMT+8 time zone, one hour ahead of the typical zone for its geographical location.[60]

Climate data for Singapore
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.3
(93.7)
35.2
(95.4)
36.0
(96.8)
35.8
(96.4)
35.4
(95.7)
35.0
(95)
34.0
(93.2)
34.2
(93.6)
34.3
(93.7)
34.6
(94.3)
34.2
(93.6)
33.8
(92.8)
36.0
(96.8)
Average high °C (°F) 30.1
(86.2)
31.2
(88.2)
31.6
(88.9)
31.7
(89.1)
31.6
(88.9)
31.3
(88.3)
30.9
(87.6)
30.9
(87.6)
30.9
(87.6)
31.1
(88)
30.6
(87.1)
30.0
(86)
31.0
(87.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.0
(78.8)
26.5
(79.7)
27.0
(80.6)
27.4
(81.3)
27.7
(81.9)
27.7
(81.9)
27.4
(81.3)
27.3
(81.1)
27.2
(81)
27.0
(80.6)
26.5
(79.7)
26.0
(78.8)
26.98
(80.56)
Average low °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9)
23.6
(74.5)
23.9
(75)
24.4
(75.9)
24.8
(76.6)
24.8
(76.6)
24.6
(76.3)
24.5
(76.1)
24.2
(75.6)
24.1
(75.4)
23.7
(74.7)
23.5
(74.3)
24.1
(75.4)
Record low °C (°F) 19.4
(66.9)
19.7
(67.5)
20.2
(68.4)
20.7
(69.3)
21.2
(70.2)
20.8
(69.4)
19.7
(67.5)
20.2
(68.4)
20.7
(69.3)
20.6
(69.1)
21.1
(70)
20.6
(69.1)
19.4
(66.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 243.2
(9.575)
159.9
(6.295)
185.7
(7.311)
178.9
(7.043)
171.3
(6.744)
162.1
(6.382)
158.7
(6.248)
175.4
(6.906)
169.2
(6.661)
193.8
(7.63)
256.9
(10.114)
287.4
(11.315)
2,342.5
(92.224)
Avg. rainy days 15 11 14 15 15 13 13 14 14 16 19 19 178
Average relative humidity (%) 84.7 82.8 83.8 84.8 84.4 83.0 82.8 83.0 83.4 84.1 86.4 86.9 84.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 172.4 183.2 192.7 173.6 179.8 177.7 187.9 180.6 156.2 155.2 129.6 133.5 2,022.4
Source #1: National Environment Agency (Temp 1929–1941 and 1948–2011, Rainfall 1869–2011, Humidity 1929–1941 and 1948–2011, Rain days 1891–2011) [61]
Source #2: NOAA (sun only, 1961—1990)[62]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Singapore

Pre-independence economy

Before independence in 1965, Singapore was the capital of the British Straits Settlements, a Crown Colony. It was also the main British naval base in East Asia.[63] Because it was the main British naval base in the region and held the Singapore Naval Base, the largest dry dock of its time, Singapore was commonly described in the press as the 'Gibraltar of the East'.[64] The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 caused a major increase in trade between Europe and Asia, helping Singapore become a major world trade center, and turning the Port of Singapore into one of the largest and busiest ports in the world.[65] Prior to 1965, Singapore had a GDP per capita of $511, then the third-highest in East Asia.[66] After independence, the combination of foreign direct investment and a state-led drive for industrialisation, based on plans by Goh Keng Swee and Albert Winsemius, started the expansion of the country's economy.[67]

Modern-day economy

The port of Singapore with a large number of shipping containers with the skyline of the city visible in the background
The Port of Singapore, one of the world's five busiest,[68] with the skyline of Singapore in the background

Today, Singapore has a highly developed market economy, based historically on extended entrepôt trade. Along with Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan, Singapore is one of the original Four Asian Tigers. The Singaporean economy is known as one of the freest,[69] most innovative,[70] most competitive,[71] and most business-friendly.[72] The 2013 Index of Economic Freedom ranks Singapore as the second freest economy in the world, behind Hong Kong. According to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Singapore is consistently ranked as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, along with New Zealand and the Scandinavian countries.

Singapore is the 14th largest exporter and the 15th largest importer in the world. The country has the highest trade-to-GDP ratio in the world at 407.9 percent, signifying the importance of trade to its economy. The country is currently the only Asian country to receive AAA credit ratings from all three major credit rating agencies: Standard & Poor's, Moody's, Fitch.[73][74] Singapore attracts a large amount of foreign investment as a result of its location, corruption-free environment, skilled workforce, low tax rates and advanced infrastructure. There are more than 7,000 multinational corporations from the United States, Japan, and Europe in Singapore. There are also approximately 1,500 companies from China and a similar number from India. Foreign firms are found in almost all sectors of the country's economy. Singapore is also the second-largest foreign investor in India.[75] Roughly 44 percent of the Singaporean workforce is made up of non-Singaporeans.[76] Over ten free-trade agreements have been signed with other countries and regions.[77] Despite market freedom, Singapore's government operations have a significant stake in the economy, contributing 22% of the GDP.[78]

Singapore also possesses the world's eleventh largest foreign reserves,[79] and has one of the highest net international investment position per capita.[80][81] The currency of Singapore is the Singapore dollar, issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.[82] It is interchangeable with the Brunei dollar.[83]

In recent years, the country has been identified as an increasingly popular tax haven for the wealthy due to the low tax rate on personal income and tax exemptions on foreign-based income and capital gains. Australian millionaire retailer Brett Blundy, with an estimated personal wealth worth AU$835 million, and multi-billionaire Facebook co-founder Eduardo Saverin are two examples of wealthy individuals who have settled in Singapore (Blundy in 2013 and Saverin in 2012).[84] Singapore ranked fifth on the Tax Justice Network's 2013 Financial Secrecy Index of the world's top tax havens, scoring narrowly ahead of the United States.[85]

Sectors

Skyline of Singapore's Central Business District from the Esplanade

Singapore is a world leader in several economic areas: The country is the world's fourth leading financial centre,[86] the world's second largest casino gambling market,[87] one of the world's top three oil-refining centres, the world's largest oil-rig producer, and a major hub for ship repair services.[88][89][90] The port is one of the five busiest ports in the world.[87] The World Bank has named Singapore as the easiest place in the world to do business,[87] and ranks Singapore the world's top logistics hub.[91]

In April 2013, for the first time, Singapore surpassed Japan in average daily foreign-exchange trading volume with $383 billion per day. So the rank became: the United Kingdom (41%), the United States (19%), Singapore (5.7)%, Japan (5.6%) and Hong Kong (4.1%).[92]

Singapore's economy depends heavily on exports and refining imported goods, especially in manufacturing,[93] which constituted 27% of the country's GDP in 2010, and includes significant electronics, petroleum refining, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences sectors. In 2006, Singapore produced about 10% of the world's foundry wafer output.[94] Singapore has a diversified economy, a strategy that the government considers vital for its growth and stability despite its size.[95]

Jurong Island hosts the bulk of Singapore's petrochemical industry

Tourism also forms a large part of the economy, with over 15 million tourists visiting the city-state in 2014.[96] To attract more tourists, the government legalised gambling in 2005 and allowed two casino resorts (called Integrated Resorts) to be developed.[97] Singapore also promotes itself as a medical tourism hub: about 200,000 foreigners seek medical care there each year. Singapore medical services aim to serve at least one million foreign patients annually and generate USD 3 billion in revenue.[98]

Singapore is an education hub, and many foreign students study in Singapore. More than 80,000 international students studied in Singapore in 2006.[99] Every morning, more than 5,000 Malaysian students cross the Johor–Singapore Causeway for education in Singapore.[100] In 2009, 20% of all students in Singaporean universities were international students. The students were mainly from ASEAN, China and India.[101]

As a result of the recession in the early 2000s and a slump in the technology sector, Singapore's GDP contracted by 2.2% in 2001. The Economic Review Committee was set up in December 2001 and recommended several policy changes to revitalise the economy. Singapore has since recovered, due largely to improvements in the world economy; the economy grew by 8.3% in 2004, 6.4% in 2005,[102] and 7.9% in 2006.[103] After a contraction of 0.8% in 2009, the economy recovered in 2010, with GDP growth of 14.5%. Most work in Singapore is in the service sector, which employed 2,151,400 people out of 3,102,500 jobs in December 2010. The percentage of unemployed economically active people above age 15 is about 2%.[104]

Employment and poverty

Singapore has the world's highest percentage of millionaires, with one out of every six households having at least one million US dollars in disposable wealth. This excludes property, businesses, and luxury goods, which if included would increase the number of millionaires, especially as property in Singapore is among the world's most expensive.[105] Singapore does not have a minimum wage, believing that it would lower its competitiveness. It also has one of the highest income inequalities among developed countries, being below Hong Kong and above the United States.[106][107]

Acute poverty is rare in Singapore. The government has rejected the idea of a generous welfare system, stating that each generation must earn and save enough for its entire life cycle. There are, however, numerous means-tested assistance programmes provided by the Ministry of Social and Family Development. Some of the programmes include providing between SGD 400 and SGD 1000 per month to needy households, free medical care at government hospitals, money for children's school fees, rental of studio apartments and training grants for courses.[108][109][110]

Singapore traditionally has one of the lowest unemployment rates among developed countries. The Singaporean unemployment rate has not exceeded 4% in the past decade, hitting a high of 3% during the 2009 global financial crisis and falling to 1.9% in 2011.[111][112]

Although it has been recognised that foreign workers are crucial to the country's economy, the government is considering capping these workers,[113] as foreign workers make up 80% of the construction industry and up to 50% of the service industry.[114][115] In order to keep an effective tap on the issue of immigration and to also attract foreign talents at the same time, the Ministry of Manpower (MoM) issues employment pass under three categories viz: P1 Employment Pass for those individuals with monthly earning of $8,000 and up, P2 Employment Pass for individuals with monthly earning of $4,500 - $7,999 and Q1 Employment Pass individuals with at least a monthly earning of $3,000.[116]

Foreign relations

Ambassador to the USA Chan Heng Chee, Lee Kuan Yew, and US Secretary of Defense William Cohen in a room
Then Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew and Ambassador to the U.S. Chan Heng Chee meet with Secretary of Defense William Cohen during Lee's visit in 2000

Singapore's foreign policy is aimed at maintaining security in Southeast Asia and surrounding territories. An underlying principle is political and economic stability in the region.[77] It has diplomatic relations with more than 180 sovereign states.[117] As one of the five founding members of ASEAN,[118] it is a strong supporter of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the ASEAN Investment Area, because Singapore's economy is closely linked to that of the region as a whole. Former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong proposed the formation of an ASEAN Economic Community, a step beyond the current AFTA, bringing it closer to a common market. This was agreed to in 2007 for implementation by 2015. Other regional organisations are important to Singapore, and it is the host of the APEC Secretariat. Singapore maintains membership in other regional organisations, such as Asia–Europe Meeting, the Forum for East Asia-Latin American Cooperation, the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, and the East Asia Summit.[77] It is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement[119] and the Commonwealth.[120]

In general, bilateral relations with other ASEAN members are strong; however, disagreements have arisen,[77] and relations with neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia have sometimes been strained.[121] Malaysia and Singapore have clashed over the delivery of fresh water to Singapore,[122] and access by the Singapore Armed Forces to Malaysian airspace.[121] Border issues exist with Malaysia and Indonesia, and both have banned the sale of marine sand to Singapore over disputes about Singapore's land reclamation.[123] Some previous disputes have been resolved by the International Court of Justice. Piracy in the Strait of Malacca has been a cause of concern for all three countries.[122] Close economic ties exist with Brunei, and the two share a pegged currency value.[124]

The first diplomatic contact with China was made in the 1970s, with full diplomatic relations established in the 1990s. Since then the two countries have been major players in strengthening the ASEAN–China relationship.[125] Singapore and the United States share a long-standing close relationship, in particular in defence, the economy, health, and education. The United States was Singapore's third largest trading partner in 2010, behind China (2nd) and Malaysia (1st).[126] The two countries have a free-trade agreement, and Singapore views its relationship with the United States as an important counterbalance to China's influence.[127] A Strategic Framework Agreement between the two, signed in 2005, formalises security and defence cooperation.[128] Singapore has pushed regional counter-terrorism initiatives, with a strong resolve to deal with terrorists inside its borders. To this end it has given support to the US-led coalition to fight terrorism, with bilateral cooperation in counter-terrorism and counter-proliferation initiatives, and joint military exercises.[77]

Military

CARAT SINGAPORE 2010, Republic of Singapore Navy's RSS Steadfast and RSS Vigilance sailing line-abreast.

The Singaporean military is arguably the most technologically advanced in Southeast Asia.[129] It comprises the Singapore Army, Republic of Singapore Navy, and Republic of Singapore Air Force. It is seen as the guarantor of the country's independence.[130] The nation's philosophy of defence is one of diplomacy and deterrence.[131] This principle translates into the culture, involving all citizens in the country's defence.[132] The government spends 4.9% of the country's GDP on the military, and one out of every four dollars of government spending is spent on defence.[133]

After its independence, Singapore had two infantry regiments commanded by British officers. This force was considered too small to provide effective security for the new country, so the development of the military became a priority.[134] Britain pulled its military out of Singapore in October 1971, leaving behind only a small British, Australian and New Zealand force as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. New Zealand troops were the last to leave, in 1989.[135]

A great deal of initial support came from Israel,[134] a country that is not recognised by neighbouring Muslim-majority nations of Malaysia, Indonesia or Brunei.[136][137][138] The main fear after independence was an invasion by Malaysia. Israeli Defense Force (IDF) commanders were tasked with creating the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) from scratch, and Israeli instructors were brought in to train Singaporean soldiers. Military courses were conducted according to the IDF's format, and Singapore adopted a system of conscription and reserve service based on the Israeli model.[134] Singapore still maintains strong security ties with Israel and is one of the biggest buyers of Israeli arms and weapons systems.[139] The MATADOR is one example of recent Singapore-Israeli collaboration.[140]

The SAF is being developed to respond to a wide range of issues, in both conventional and unconventional warfare. The Defence Science and Technology Agency is responsible for procuring resources for the military.[131] The geographic restrictions of Singapore mean that the SAF must plan to fully repulse an attack, as they can not fall back and re-group. The small size of the population has also affected the way the SAF has been designed, with a small active force but a large number of reserves.[132]

Republic of Singapore Air Force's F-15SG Strike Eagle (Peace Carvin V) training detachment at Mountain Home Air Force Base.

Singapore has conscription for all able-bodied males at age 18, except those with a criminal record or who can prove that their loss would bring hardship to their families. Males who have yet to complete pre-university education or are awarded the Public Service Commission scholarship can opt to defer their draft. Though not required to perform military service, the number of women in the SAF has been increasing: since 1989 they have been allowed to fill military vocations formerly reserved for men. Before induction into a specific branch of the armed forces, recruits undergo at least 9 weeks of basic military training.[141]

Because of the scarcity of open land on the main island, training involving activities such as live firing and amphibious warfare is often carried out on smaller islands, typically barred to civilian access. This also avoids risk to the main island and the city. However, large-scale drills are considered too dangerous to be performed in the area, and since 1975 have been performed in Taiwan.[141] Training is also held in about a dozen other countries. In general, military exercises are held with foreign forces once or twice per week.[132]

Due to airspace and land constraints, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) maintains a number of overseas bases in Australia, the United States, and France. The RSAF's 130 Squadron is based in RAAF Base Pearce, Western Australia,[142] and its 126 Squadron is based in the Oakey Army Aviation Centre, Queensland.[143] The RSAF has one squadron – the 150 Squadron – based in Cazaux Air Base in southern France.[144][145] The RSAF also has a few overseas detachments in the United States, in San Diego, California, Marana, Arizona, Grand Prairie, Texas and Luke Air Force Base, among others.[146][147]

The SAF has sent forces to assist in operations outside the country, in areas such as Iraq[148] and Afghanistan,[149] in both military and civilian roles. In the region, it has helped stabilise East Timor and has provided aid to Aceh in Indonesia following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. The SAF also helped in relief efforts during Hurricane Katrina.[150] Singapore is part of the Five Power Defence Arrangements, a military alliance with Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.[132]

Demographics

High-rise HDB flats and condominiums overlooking Bishan Park

As of mid-2014, the estimated population of Singapore was 5,469,700 people, 3,343,000 (61.12%) of whom were citizens, while the remaining 2,126,700 (38.88%) were permanent residents (527,700) or foreign students/foreign workers/dependants (1,599,000).[4] And according to the census in 2010 (the most recent census), nearly 23% of Singaporean residents (i.e. citizens and permanent residents) are foreign born; if non-residents are counted, nearly 43% of the total population are foreign born.[11][151] The same census also reports that about 74.1% of residents were of Chinese descent, 13.4% of Malay descent, 9.2% of Indian descent, and 3.3% of other (including Eurasian) descent.[11] Prior to 2010, each person could register as a member of only one race, by default that of his or her father, therefore mixed-race persons were solely grouped under their father's race in government censuses. From 2010 onward, people may register using a multi-racial classification, in which they may choose one primary race and one secondary race, but no more than two.[152]

90.3% of resident households (i.e. households headed by a Singapore citizen or permanent resident) own the homes they live in, and the average household size is 3.43 persons (which include dependants who are neither citizens nor permanent residents).[153] However, due to scarcity of land, 80.4% of resident households live in subsidised, high-rise, public housing apartments known as "HDB flats" because of the government board (Housing and Development Board) responsible for public housing in the country. Also, 75.9% of resident households live in properties that are equal to, or larger than, a four-room (i.e. three bedrooms plus one living room) HDB flat or in private housing.[153][154] Live-in foreign domestic workers are quite common in Singapore, with about 224,500 foreign domestic workers there, as of December 2013.[155]

The median age of Singaporean residents is 39.3,[156] and the total fertility rate is estimated to be 0.80 children per woman in 2014, the lowest in the world and well below the 2.1 needed to replace the population.[157] To overcome this problem, the Singapore government has been encouraging foreigners to immigrate to Singapore for the past few decades. The large number of immigrants has kept Singapore's population from declining.[158]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Singapore
Religion in Singapore (Pew Research)[159][160]
Religion Percent
Buddhist
 
33%
Christian
 
18%
None
 
17%
Muslim
 
15%
Other
(mostly Taoist)
 
11%
Hindu
 
5%
Folk
 
1%

Buddhism is the most widely practised religion in Singapore, with 33% of the resident population declaring themselves adherents at the most recent census. The next-most practised religion is Christianity, followed by Islam, Taoism, and Hinduism. 17% of the population did not have a religious affiliation. The proportion of Christians, Taoists, and non-religious people increased between 2000 and 2010 by about 3% each, whilst the proportion of Buddhists decreased. Other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population.[159] An analysis by the Pew Research Center found Singapore to be the world's most religiously diverse nation.[161]

There are monasteries and Dharma centres from all three major traditions of Buddhism in Singapore: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Most Buddhists in Singapore are Chinese and are of the Mahayana tradition,[162] with missionaries having come into the country from Taiwan and China for several decades. However, Thailand's Theravada Buddhism has seen growing popularity among the populace (not only the Chinese) during the past decade. Soka Gakkai International, a Japanese Buddhist organisation, is practised by many people in Singapore, but mostly by those of Chinese descent. Tibetan Buddhism has also made slow inroads into the country in recent years.[163]

Languages

Native languages (mother tongues) of Singaporeans[164]
Language Percent
Mandarin Chinese
 
50%
English
 
32%
Malay
 
12%
Tamil
 
3%

Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil.[165] English is the common language, and is the language of business, government, and the medium of instruction in schools.[166][167] Public bodies in Singapore, i.e. the Singapore Public Service (which includes the Singapore Civil Service and other agencies), conduct their businesses in English, and official documents written in a non-English official language such as Malay, Chinese or Tamil typically have to be translated into English to be accepted for submission. The Constitution of Singapore and all laws are written in English,[168] and translators are required if one wishes to address the Singaporean Courts in a language other than English.[169][170] However, English is the native tongue for only one-third of all Singaporeans, with roughly a third of all Singaporean Chinese, a quarter of all Singaporean Malays and half of all Singaporean Indians speaking it as their native tongue. Twenty percent of Singaporeans cannot read or write in English.[159][171]

Many, but not all, Singaporeans are bilingual in English and another official language, with vastly varying degrees of fluency. The official languages ranked in terms of literacy amongst Singaporeans are English (80% literacy), Mandarin (65% literacy), Malay (17% literacy), and Tamil (4% literacy).[159][172] Singapore English is based on British English,[173] and forms of English spoken in Singapore range from Standard Singapore English to a pidgin known as "Singlish". Singlish is heavily discouraged by the government.[174]

Mandarin is the language that is spoken as the native tongue by the greatest number of Singaporeans, half of them.[164] Singaporean Mandarin is the most common version of Chinese in the country,[175] with 1.2 million using it as their home language. Nearly half a million speak other Chinese dialects, mainly Hokkien, Teochew, and Cantonese, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin and English.[176]

Malay was chosen as a national language by the Singaporean government after independence from Britain in the 1960s to avoid friction with Singapore's neighbours — Malaysia and Indonesia — which are Malay-speaking.[177] It has a symbolic, rather than functional purpose.[165][178][179] It is used in the national anthem "Majulah Singapura",[180] in citations of Singaporean orders and decorations, and in military commands. Today, in general, Malay is spoken within the Singaporean Malay community, with only 17% of all Singaporeans literate in Malay[181] and only 12% using it as their native language.[164]

Around 100,000, or 3%, of Singaporeans speak Tamil as their native language.[164] Tamil has official status in Singapore and there have been no attempts to discourage the use of other Indian languages.[182]

Infrastructure

Science and technology

Internet in Singapore is provided by internet service providers (ISPs) that offer residential service plans of speeds up to 1 Gbit/s. The rise of these Gigabit Networks increased exports and created 80,000 jobs in 2006.[183] Mobile phone penetration rate is extremely high at 148 mobile phone subscribers per 100 people.[184]

Education

The Lee Kong Chian School of Business of the Singapore Management University, one of five public universities in Singapore

Education for primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is mostly supported by the state. All institutions, private and public, must be registered with the Ministry of Education.[185] English is the language of instruction in all public schools,[186] and all subjects are taught and examined in English except for the "mother tongue" language paper.[187] While the term "mother tongue" in general refers to the first language internationally, in Singapore's education system, it is used to refer to the second language, as English is the first language.[188][189] Students who have been abroad for a while, or who struggle with their "Mother Tongue" language, are allowed to take a simpler syllabus or drop the subject.[190][191]

Education takes place in three stages: primary, secondary, and pre-university education. Only the primary level is compulsory. Students begin with six years of primary school, which is made up of a four-year foundation course and a two-year orientation stage. The curriculum is focused on the development of English, the mother tongue, mathematics, and science.[192][193] Secondary school lasts from four to five years, and is divided between Special, Express, Normal (Academic), and Normal (Technical) streams in each school, depending on a student's ability level.[194] The basic coursework breakdown is the same as in the primary level, although classes are much more specialised.[195] Pre-university education takes place over two to three years at senior schools, mostly called Junior Colleges.[196]

Some schools have a degree of freedom in their curriculum and are known as autonomous schools. These exist from the secondary education level and up.[194]

Educational attainment of non-student Singaporeans above 15 years old in 2005[197]
Highest qualification Percentage
No education
 
18%
Primary school
 
45%
Secondary school
 
15%
Post-secondary diploma
 
8%
Degree
 
14%

National examinations are standardised across all schools, with a test taken after each stage. After the first six years of education, students take the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE),[192] which determines their placement at secondary school. At the end of the secondary stage, GCE "O"-Level exams are taken; at the end of the following pre-university stage, the GCE "A"-Level exams are taken. Of all non-student Singaporeans aged 15 and above, 18% have no education qualifications at all while 45% have the PSLE as their highest qualification; 15% have the GCE 'O' Level as their highest qualification and 14% have a degree.[197]

Singaporean students consistently rank in the top five in the world in the two major international assessments of mathematics and science knowledge:

The country's two main public universities — the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University — are among the top 50 in the world.[201]

Health

Singapore has a generally efficient healthcare system, even though their health expenditures are relatively low for developed countries.[202] The World Health Organisation ranks Singapore's healthcare system as 6th overall in the world in its World Health Report.[203] In general, Singapore has had the lowest infant mortality rate in the world for the past two decades.[204] Life expectancy in Singapore is 80 for males and 85 for females, placing the country 4th in the world for life expectancy. Almost the whole population has access to improved water and sanitation facilities. There are fewer than 10 annual deaths from HIV per 100,000 people. There is a high level of immunisation. Adult obesity is below 10%.[205]

The government's healthcare system is based upon the "3M" framework. This has three components: Medifund, which provides a safety net for those not able to otherwise afford healthcare, Medisave, a compulsory health savings scheme covering about 85% of the population, and Medishield, a government-funded health insurance program.[202] Public hospitals in Singapore have autonomy in their management decisions, and compete for patients. A subsidy scheme exists for those on low income.[206] In 2008, 32% of healthcare was funded by the government. It accounts for approximately 3.5% of Singapore's GDP.[207]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Singapore

Singapore has one of the lowest rates of drug use in the world. This may be due in part to the country's very strict drug laws, which include mandatory death sentences for some drug trafficking offenses. Although these laws have drawn repeated criticism from human rights organisations such as Amnesty International, Singapore's government has publicly defended them.[208]

Foreigners make up 42% of the population,[151][176] and have a strong influence on Singaporean culture. The Economist Intelligence Unit, in its 2013 "Where-to-be-born Index", ranks Singapore as having the best quality of life in Asia and sixth overall in the world.[209]

Languages, religions, and cultures

A scene in a street market in Chinatown, Singapore, during the Chinese New Year holidays.
The Armenian Church of Saint Gregory the Illuminator − the oldest Christian church in Singapore
Sultan Mosque in Singapore
Thaipusam is a Hindu festival celebrated by Singapore's Tamil community

Singapore is a very diverse and young country. It has many languages, religions, and cultures for a country its size.[210]

When Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1963, most of the newly minted Singaporean citizens were uneducated labourers from Malaysia, China and India. Many of them were transient labourers who were seeking to make some money in Singapore and they had no intention of staying for good. A sizeable minority of middle-class, local-born people, known as the Peranakans, also existed. With the exception of the Peranakans (descendants of late 15th and 16th-century Chinese immigrants) who pledged their loyalties to Singapore, most of the labourers' loyalties lay with their respective homelands of Malaysia, China and India.[211][212] After independence, the process of crafting a Singaporean identity and culture began.

Former Prime Ministers of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, have stated that Singapore does not fit the traditional description of a nation, calling it a society-in-transition, pointing out the fact that Singaporeans do not all speak the same language, share the same religion, or have the same customs.[210][213] Even though English is the first language of the nation, according to the government's 2010 census 20% of Singaporeans, or one in five, are illiterate in English. This is a marked improvement from 1990 where 40% of Singaporeans were illiterate in English.[214][215]

Unlike many other countries, languages, religions and cultures among Singaporeans are not delineated according to skin colour or ancestry. Among Chinese Singaporeans, one in five is Christian, another one in five is atheist, and the rest are mostly Buddhists or Taoists. One-third speak English as their home language, while half speak Mandarin Chinese. The rest speak other mutually unintelligible Chinese languages at home.[214] Singaporean Indians are much more religious. Only 1% of them are atheists. Six in ten are Hindu, two in ten Muslim, and the rest mostly Christian. Four in ten speak English as their home language, three in ten Tamil, one in ten Malay, and the rest other Indian languages as their home language.[214]

Each Singaporean's behaviours and attitudes would therefore be influenced by, among many other things, his or her home language and his religion. Singaporeans who speak English as their native language tend to lean toward Western culture, while those who speak Chinese languages as their native language tend to lean toward Chinese culture and Confucianism. Malay-speaking Singaporeans tend to lean toward the Malay culture, which itself is closely linked to the Islamic culture.

Attitudes and beliefs

Singapore, as a country, in general is conservative socially, but some liberalisation has occurred.[216] At the national level, meritocracy, where one is judged based on one's ability, is heavily emphasised.[217]

Racial and religious harmony is regarded by the government as a crucial part of Singapore's success, and played a part in building a Singaporean identity.[218] Singapore has a reputation as a nanny state.[219][220] The national flower of Singapore is the Vanda 'Miss Joaquim' named in memory of a Singapore-born Armenian woman, who discovered the flower in her garden at Tanjong Pagar in 1893.[221] Many national symbols such as the Coat of arms of Singapore and the Lion head symbol of Singapore make use of the lion, as Singapore is known as the 'Lion City'. Public holidays in Singapore cover major Chinese, Western, Malay and Indian festivals.[222]

Singaporean employees work an average of around 45 hours weekly, relatively long compared to many other nations. Three in four Singaporean employees surveyed stated that they take pride in doing their work well, and that doing so helps their self-confidence.[223]

Cuisine

Main article: Singaporean cuisine

Dining, along with shopping, is said to be the country's national pastime.[224] The focus on food has led countries like Australia to attract Singaporean tourists with food-based itineraries.[225] The diversity of food is touted as a reason to visit the country,[226] and the variety of food representing different ethnicities is seen by the government as a symbol of its multiculturalism.[227] The "national fruit" of Singapore is the durian.[228]

In popular culture, food items belong to a particular ethnicity, with Chinese, Malay, and Indian food clearly defined. However, the diversity of cuisine has been increased further by the "hybridisation" of different styles (e.g., the Peranakan cuisine, a mix of Chinese and Malay cuisine).[226]

Arts

Domed black building with bumps reminiscent of those on a Durian
The durian-shaped Esplanade, performing arts centre, stands out in front of the Marina Square area.

Since the 1990s, the government has been promoting Singapore as a centre for arts and culture, in particular the performing arts, and to transform the country into a cosmopolitan "gateway between the East and West".[229] One highlight was the construction of Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay, a performing arts centre opened in October 2002.[230] The national orchestra, Singapore Symphony Orchestra, plays at the Esplanade. The annual Singapore Arts Festival is organised by the National Arts Council. The stand-up comedy scene has been growing, with a weekly open mic.[231] Singapore hosted the 2009 Genée International Ballet Competition, a classical ballet competition promoted by London's Royal Academy of Dance.[232]

Sport and recreation

Main article: Sport in Singapore

Popular sports include football, basketball, cricket, swimming, sailing, table tennis and badminton. Most Singaporeans live in public residential areas (known as "HDB flats", as mentioned above) near amenities such as public swimming pools, outdoor basketball courts and indoor sport complexes. Water sports are popular, including sailing, kayaking and water skiing. Scuba diving is another popular recreational sport. The Southern island of Pulau Hantu, particularly, is known for its rich coral reefs.[233]

Singapore's football (soccer) league, the S-League, formed in 1994,[234] currently comprises 12 clubs including foreign teams.[235] The Singapore Slingers, formerly in the Australian National Basketball League, is one of the inaugural teams in the ASEAN Basketball League, founded in October 2009.[236]

Singapore began hosting a round of the Formula One World Championship, the Singapore Grand Prix, in 2008. The race takes place on the Marina Bay Street Circuit and was the inaugural F1 night race,[237] and the first F1 street race in Asia.[238] The Singapore Grand Prix will remain on the F1 calendar through at least 2017, after race organisers signed a contract extension with Formula One Group on the eve of the 2012 event.[239]

Kranji Racecourse is run by the Singapore Turf Club and hosts multiple weekly meetings and many important local and international races, notably the prestigious Singapore Airlines International Cup.

Singapore also hosted the inaugural 2010 Summer Youth Olympics.[240]

Media

Main article: Media of Singapore

Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in Singapore.[241] MediaCorp operates most free-to-air television channels and free-to-air radio stations in Singapore. There are a total of seven free-to-air TV channels offered by Mediacorp.[242] The channels are Channel 5 (English channel), Channel News Asia (English channel), Okto (English channel), Channel 8 (Chinese channel), Channel U (Chinese channel), Suria (Malay channel) and Vasantham (Indian channel).[243] Starhub Cable Vision (SCV) also offers cable television with channels from all around the world[244] and Singtel's Mio TV provides an IPTV service.[245] Singapore Press Holdings, a body with close links to the government, controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.[246]

Singapore's media industry has sometimes been criticised for being too regulated and lacking in freedom by human rights groups such as Freedom House.[241] In 2010, Reporters Without Borders, a France-based international non-governmental organisation, ranked Singapore 136 out of 178 in its Press Freedom Index, just below Mexico.[247]

The Media Development Authority regulates Singaporean media, claiming to balance the demand for choice and protection against offensive and harmful material.[248] Private ownership of TV satellite dishes is banned.[246] Television is censored, and shows like Sex and the City and Queer as Folk are banned. There are 3.4 million users of the internet in Singapore,[246] one of the highest internet penetration rates in the world. The Singapore government does not engage in widespread censoring of the internet,[249] but it maintains a list of one hundred websites (mostly pornographic) that it blocks as a 'symbolic statement of the Singaporean community's stand on harmful and undesirable content on the Internet'.[250] As the block covers only home internet access, users may still visit the blocked websites from their office computers.[251]

Transport

The Port with a large number of shipping containers and the ocean visible in the background
The Port of Singapore with Sentosa island in the background

Since Singapore is a small island with a high population density, the number of private cars on the road is restricted so as to curb pollution and congestion. Car buyers must pay for duties one-and-a-half times the vehicle's market value, and bid for a Singaporean Certificate of Entitlement (COE), which allows the car to run on the road for a decade. The cost of the Singaporean certificate of entitlement alone would buy a Porsche Boxster in the United States. Car prices are generally significantly higher in Singapore than in other English-speaking countries.[252] As with most Commonwealth countries, vehicles on the road and people walking on the streets keep to the left.[253]

Electronic Road Pricing gantry (road sign) at North Bridge Road

Singaporean residents also travel by foot, bicycles, bus, taxis and train (MRT or LRT). Two companies run the public bus and train transport system SBS Transit and SMRT Corporation. There are six taxi companies, who together put out over 27,000 taxis on the road. Taxis are a popular form of public transport as the fares are relatively cheap compared to many other developed countries.[254]

Singapore has a road system covering 3,356 kilometres (2,085 mi), which includes 161 kilometres (100 mi) of expressways.[255][256] The Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, implemented in 1975, became the world's first congestion pricing scheme, and included other complementary measures such as stringent car ownership quotas and improvements in mass transit.[257][258] Upgraded in 1998 and renamed Electronic Road Pricing, the system introduced electronic toll collection, electronic detection, and video surveillance technology.[259]

Singapore is a major international transport hub in Asia, positioned on many sea and air trade routes. The Port of Singapore, managed by port operators PSA International and Jurong Port, was the world's second-busiest port in 2005 in terms of shipping tonnage handled, at 1.15 billion gross tons, and in terms of containerised traffic, at 23.2 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs). It is also the world's second-busiest, behind Shanghai, in terms of cargo tonnage with 423 million tons handled. In addition, the port is the world's busiest for transshipment traffic and the world's biggest ship refuelling centre.[260]

Singapore is an aviation hub for Southeast Asia and a stopover on the Kangaroo Route between Sydney and London.[261] There are eight airports in the country, and Singapore Changi Airport hosts a network of over 100 airlines connecting Singapore to some 300 cities in about 70 countries and territories worldwide.[262] It has been rated one of the best international airports by international travel magazines, including being rated as the world's best airport for the first time in 2006 by Skytrax.[263] The national airline is Singapore Airlines.[264]

Ships in the ocean with Singapore visible in the background

See also

References

Notes
  1. Chew, Ernest (1991). Lee, Edwin, ed. A History of Singapore. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-588917-7.
  2. Hoe Yeen Nie (2 June 2009). "State of Singapore came into being 50 years ago on 3 June". Channel News Asia (Singapore).
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Leitch Lepoer, Barbara (1989). "Singapore as Part of Malaysia". Library of Congress Country Studies. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Statistics Singapore – Latest Data – Population & Land Area (Mid-Year Estimates)". Statistics Singapore. June 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  5. 5.0 5.1 "Singapore". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  6. "Distribution of family income – Gini Index". CIA. 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  7. "2014 Human Development Report Summary" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  8. "Singapore - Encyclopedia Britannica". Webcache.googleusercontent.com. 17 November 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  9. "The AAA-rated club: which countries still make the grade?". The Guardian (UK). 15 Oct 2014.
  10. "Singapore". CIA.gov. GDP - composition, by sector of origin: CIA. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Census of population (pages 13 to 16 of the pdf file)". Singapore Department of Statistics. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  12. Loo BF (2005) Transforming Singapore's Military Security Landscape: Problems and Prospects, allacademic
  13. Tan ATH (1999) Singapore's Defence: Capabilities, Trends, and Implications, questia
  14. "Sang Nila Utama". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board. 26 November 1999. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  15. The Population of Singapore by Swee-Hock Saw p.2-3
  16. Malayan Place Names by S. Durai Raja Singam p.C-186
  17. "Country Studies: Singapore: History". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 1 May 2007.
  18. 18.0 18.1 "Founding of Modern Singapore". Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  19. "East & South-East Asia Titles: Straits Settlements Annual Reports (Singapore, Penang, Malacca, Labuan) 1855–1941". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  20. "The Malays". National Heritage Board 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  21. "On This Day – 15 February 1942: Singapore forced to surrender". BBC News. 15 February 1942. Retrieved 1 May 2007.
  22. Leitch Lepoer, Barbara (1989). "Singapore, Shonan: Light of the South". Library of Congress Country Studies. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  23. "Country studies: Singapore: World War II". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  24. "Country studies: Singapore: Road to Independence". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  25. "Headliners; Retiring, Semi". The New York Times. 2 December 1990. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  26. 26.0 26.1 26.2 "The Singapore Legal System". Singapore Academy of Law. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  27. "Communism". Thinkquest. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  28. "A Summary of Malaysia-Singapore History". europe-solidaire. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  29. "Road to Independence". US GOV. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  30. Wikisource link to Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource.
  31. Terry McCarthy, "Lee Kuan Yew." Time 154: 7-8 (1999). online
  32. "Country profile: Singapore". BBC News. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  33. "World Factbook – Singapore". U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  34. 34.0 34.1 "Freedom in the World 2010 – Singapore". Freedom House. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  35. "Democracy index 2010" (PDF). The Economist. 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  36. "The President". Singapore Government. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  37. "Members of Parliament". Government of Singapore. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  38. "Singapore". Freedom House. 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  39. "GE: Singapore's PAP returns to power". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore). 8 May 2011.
  40. "The Singapore Legal System". Singapore Academy of Law. 25 September 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  41. "Judicial caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei". World Corporal Punishment Research. 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  42. Kuntz, Tom (26 June 1994). "Ideas & Trends; Beyond Singapore: Corporal Punishment, A to Z". The New York Times.
  43. "Singapore country specific information". U.S. Department of State. 19 March 2010.
  44. "Singapore: The death penalty – A hidden toll of executions". Amnesty International USA. 2003. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  45. "The Singapore Government's Response To Amnesty International's Report "Singapore – The Death Penalty: A Hidden Toll Of Executions"" (Press release). Ministry of Home Affairs. 30 January 2004. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  46. "Hong Kong has best judicial system in Asia: business survey". ABS-CBN News (Philippines). Agence France-Presse. 15 September 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
  47. "Corruption Perceptions Index 2009". Transparency International. 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  48. "Singapore". Washington DC: World Justice Project. n.d. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  49. "Singapore to toughen protest laws ahead of APEC meet". Reuters. 17 January 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  50. Savage, Victor R.; Yeoh, Brenda S.A. (2004). Toponymics: A Study of Singapore's Street Names. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press. ISBN 978-981-210-364-2.
  51. "Bukit Timah Hill". National Heritage Board. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  52. "Towards Environmental Sustainability, State of the Environment 2005 Report" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  53. "Earthshots: Satellite Images of Environmental Change: Singapore". Earthshots. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  54. "Speech by MOS Desmond Lee at the Asia for Animals Conference Gala Dinner". National Development Ministry. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  55. "Singapore, A City in a Garden" (PDF). National Parks Board.
  56. "Country Rankings". Yale. 25 January 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  57. "Weather – Singapore". BBC News. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  58. "Weather Statistics". National Environment Agency. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  59. Bond, Sam (2 October 2006). "Singapore enveloped by Sumatran smog". Edie newsroom. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  60. Mok Ly Yng (22 September 2010). "Why is Singapore in the "Wrong" Time Zone?". National University of Singapore. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  61. "Weather Statistics". National Environment Agency. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  62. "Singapore/Changi Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  63. "Timeline: Singapore". BBC News. 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  64. "World War II". 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  65. "Port of Singapore". 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  66. GDP (per capita) (1968) by country at the Wayback Machine (archived 11 May 2011), NationMaster.com.
  67. Murphy, Craig (2006). The United Nations Development Programme: A Better Way?. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-521-86469-5.
  68. Kelly, Rachel (10 January 2008). "Singapore retains busiest world port title". Channel News Asia (Singapore).
  69. Li, Dickson (1 February 2010). "Singapore is most open economy: Report". Asiaone (Singapore). Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  70. "Singapore ranked 7th in the world for innovation". The Straits Times (Singapore). 5 March 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
  71. "The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 rankings and 2008–2009 comparisons" (PDF). World Economic Forum. 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  72. "Singapore top paradise for business: World Bank". AsiaOne (Singapore). Agence France-Presse. 26 September 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2010. For the second year running, Singapore tops the aggregate rankings on the ease of doing business in 2006 to 2007.
  73. Ogg, Jon C. (8 August 2011). "Remaining countries with AAA credit ratings". NBC News. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  74. "Singapore Case" (PDF). World Bank. 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  75. Ramesh, S. (14 January 2011). "S'pore is India's second-largest foreign investor". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore).
  76. "44 Percent of Workforce Are Non-Citizens" (our estimate). Your Salary in Singapore.
  77. 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.4 "Australia – New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA)". New Zealand Government. 4 December 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  78. Seung-yoon Lee. "Ha-Joon Chang: Economics Is A Political Argument". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  79. Official Foreign Reserves, Monetary Authority of Singapore.
  80. "Statistics Singapore -IMF SDDS – Economic and Financial". Singstat.gov.sg. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  81. "Based on USD/SGD rate of 1.221". Xe.com. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  82. Low Siang Kok (22 June 2002). "Chapter 6: Singapore Electronic Legal Tender (SELT) – A Proposed Concept". The Future of Money (PDF). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. p. 147. ISBN 978-92-64-19672-8. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
  83. "The Currency History of Singapore" (Press release). Monetary Authority of Singapore. 9 April 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  84. Andrew Heathcote (15 April 2013). "Tax havens: Brett Blundy latest to join the Singapore set". Business Review Weekly. Digital Media. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  85. "Financial Secrecy Index - 2013 Results". Tax Justice Network. 7 November 2013.
  86. "Global Financial Centres 7", City of London, March 2010.
  87. 87.0 87.1 87.2 Adam, Shamim (10 August 2011). "Singapore Miracle Dimming as Income Gap Widens Squeeze by Rich". Bloomberg (New York).
  88. Facts and Figures – Singapore Economic Development Board.
  89. Burton, John (10 April 2006). "Singapore economy grows 9.1% in first quarter". Financial Times (London).
  90. "Facts and Figures". Singapore Economic Development Board. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  91. Yang Huiwen (7 November 2007). "Singapore ranked No. 1 logistics hub by World Bank". The Straits Times (Singapore). p. 69.
  92. "Singapore Overtakes Japan as Asia’s Top Foreign-Exchange Hub". Bloomberg. 6 September 2013.
  93. "Gross Domestic Product by Industry" (PDF). Singapore Statistics. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  94. "Xilinx Underscores Commitment To Asia Pacific Market At Official Opening Of New Regional Headquarters Building In Singapore" (Press release). Xilinx. 14 September 2007. Archived from the original on 29 March 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  95. "A diversified economy vital amid turmoil, says Hng Kiang". MyPaper (Singapore). 30 June 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  96. "Statistics Singapore - Latest Data - Tourism". Singapore Department of Statistics. 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  97. "Proposal to develop Integrated Resorts – Statement by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong" (PDF) (Press release). Ministry of Trade and Industry. 18 April 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2007.
  98. Dogra, Sapna (16 July 2005). "Medical tourism boom takes Singapore by storm". Express Healthcare Management (Mumbai). Archived from the original on 26 October 2005.
  99. "Developing Asian education hubs". EU-Asia Higher Education Platform. 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  100. "The long, long ride". New Straits Times (Kuala Lumpur). 7 May 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  101. "Foreign Students in Singapore". Ministry of Education. 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  102. "Performance of the Singapore Economy in 2005" (PDF). Ministry of Trade and Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  103. Loh, Dominique (31 December 2006). "CPF increase possible if outlook stays good: PM Lee". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore). Archived from the original on 27 January 2007.
  104. "Employment Situation in Fourth Quarter 2010" (Press release). Ministry of Manpower. 31 January 2011.
  105. Mahtani, Shibani (1 June 2012). "Singapore No. 1 For Millionaires – Again". Wall Street Journal Southeast Asia blog (New York).
  106. "Minimum wage not a solution". MyPaper (Singapore). 12 January 2011.
  107. "Countries with the Biggest Gaps Between Rich and Poor". Yahoo. 16 October 2009.
  108. "Assistance". Ministry of Social and Family Development. 26 October 2014.
  109. "The stingy nanny". The Economist (London). 16 October 2009.
  110. "Welfare in Singapore: Singapore government response". The Economist (London). 17 February 2010.
  111. "Unemployment". Ministry of Manpower. 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  112. Chan, Joanne (15 June 2011). "S'pore unemployment rate falls to three-year low". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  113. "Singapore may cap low-skilled foreign workers". TV New Zealand. 2 February 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  114. "Executive summary" (PDF). Building and Construction Authority. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  115. Sudderuddin, Shuli (22 February 2009). "Singapore's phantom workers". The Straits Times (Singapore). Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  116. "On immigration to Singapore and employment pass for foreign workers". 3E_Accounting_Private_Limited. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  117. "Singapore Missions Overseas". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  118. "Overview". ASEAN. 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  119. "NAM Member States". The Non-Aligned Movement. 23 January 2002. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  120. "Member States". Commonwealth Secretariat. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  121. 121.0 121.1 Gifford, Rob (18 September 1998). "Malaysia and Singapore: A rocky relationship". BBC News.
  122. 122.0 122.1 "World Factbook – Field Listing: International disputes". Central Intelligence Agency (USA). Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  123. Lloyd Parry, Richard (17 March 2007). "Singapore accused of land grab as islands disappear by boatload". The Times (London).(subscription required)
  124. "Brunei Foreign and Trade Relations: ASEAN". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 14 January 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  125. Zhang Xuegang (20 November 2007). "Opening "window of opportunity" for China-Singapore cooperation". People's Daily (Beijing). Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  126. "Total trade by selected country at current prices" (PDF). Ministry of trade and industry. 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  127. Matthew, David (14 February 2012). "Singapore Eyes U.S. Balance". The Diplomat (Tokyo). Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  128. "Factsheet – The Strategic Framework Agreement". MINDEF. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  129. Moss, Trefor (18 January 2010). "Buying an advantage". Jane's Defence Review (London).
  130. "SAF remains final guarantor of Singapore's independence". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore). 1 July 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  131. 131.0 131.1 "Speech by Minister for Manpower and Second Minister for Defence Dr Ng Eng Hen" (Press release). Ministry of Defence. 18 February 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  132. 132.0 132.1 132.2 132.3 "Lunch Talk on "Defending Singapore: Strategies for a Small State" by Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean" (Press release). Ministry of Defence. 21 April 2005. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  133. "S'pore to boost expenditure, raise defence spending". AsiaOne (Singapore). 13 October 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  134. 134.0 134.1 134.2 Barzilai, Amnon. "A Deep, Dark, Secret Love Affair". University of Wisconsin (originally published by Haaretz, July 2004). Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  135. Marsita Omar; Chan Fook Weng (31 December 2007). "British withdrawal from Singapore". National Library Board. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  136. "Israel alarm at UN force members". BBC News. 18 August 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  137. Rosenberg, Matt. "Diplomatic and Foreign Relations of Israel". About.com. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  138. "Malaysian FA apologises to Benayoun over racist abuse". BBC News. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  139. "Jewish Virtual History Tour: Singapore". Jewish Virtual Library. n.d. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  140. "THE ISRAELI ARSENAL DEPLOYED AGAINST GAZA DURING OPERATION CAST LEAD" (PDF). Institute of Palestine Studies. p. 186. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  141. 141.0 141.1 "Singapore – Recruitment and Training of Personnel". Country-data.com. December 1989. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  142. "RAAF Base Pearce". Royal Australian Air Force. 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  143. "Opening Ceremony of the RSAF Helicopter Detachment in Oakey, Australia" (Press release). Ministry of Defence. 20 August 1999. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  144. "Beyond Limits – Jet Training in France". Ministry of Defence. 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  145. "Equipment – Republic of Singapore Air Force". GlobalSecurity. 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  146. Reif, Jasmine (23 November 2009). "Singapore celebrates Peace Carvin V partnership with U.S. Air Force". U.S. Air Combat Command. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  147. Chua Chin Hon (13 July 2010). "PM gets feel of RSAF's new jet at US base". The Straits Times (Singapore). Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  148. "Singapore to send 192 military personnel to Iraq". Singapore Window. Agence France-Presse. 7 October 2003. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  149. "SAF to provide medical aid, set up dental clinic in Afghanistan". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore). 16 May 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  150. "Katrina Relief Operations". Ministry of Defence. 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  151. 151.0 151.1 "Trends in international migrant stock: The 2008 revision", United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2009).
  152. Hoe Yeen Nie (12 January 2010). "Singaporeans of mixed race allowed to 'double barrel' race in IC". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore). Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  153. 153.0 153.1 "Statistics Singapore – Latest Data – Households & Housing". Statistics Singapore. 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  154. "HDB InfoWEB: HDB Wins the 2010 UN-HABITAT Scroll of Honour Award :". Hdb.gov.sg. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  155. "More than 1.3 million foreigners working in Singapore: Tan Chuan-Jin". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore). 5 August 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  156. "Statistics Singapore – Latest Data – Resident Population Profile". Statistics Singapore. June 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  157. "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  158. Ng, Julia (7 February 2007). "Singapore's birth trend outlook remains dismal". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore). Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  159. 159.0 159.1 159.2 159.3 "Census of population 2010: Statistical Release 1 on Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion" (PDF) (Press release). Singapore Statistics. 12 January 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  160. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Singapore. Pew Research Center. 2010.
  161. "Global Religious Diversity". Pew Research. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  162. Khun Eng Kuah (2009). State, society, and religious engineering: toward a reformist Buddhism in Singapore. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-865-8. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  163. "Modernity in south-east Asia". Informaworld. 2 December 1995. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  164. 164.0 164.1 164.2 164.3 "Census of Population 2010:Key Indicators of the resident Population" (PDF). 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  165. 165.0 165.1 "Republic of Singapore Independence Act, s.7".
  166. "Education UK Partnership – Country focus". British Council. October 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  167. "Speech by Mr S. Iswaran, Senior Minister of State, Ministry of Trade and Industry and Ministry of Education". Ministry of Education. 19 April 2010.
  168. "Constitution of the Republic of Singapore. Part I". 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  169. "What do I do if I can't speak English?". Singapore Subordinate Courts. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  170. "Dependant's Pass – Before you apply". Ministry of Manpower. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  171. "Census of Population". Singapore Statistics. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  172. "Census of Population 2010". Singapore Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  173. "What are some commonly misspelled English words?". Singapore: National Library Board. 18 April 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  174. Tan Hwee Hwee (22 July 2002). "A war of words is brewing over Singlish". Time (New York). Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  175. Oi, Mariko (5 October 2010). "Singapore's booming appetite to study Mandarin". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  176. 176.0 176.1 "Chapter 2 Education and Language". General Household Survey 2005, Statistical Release 1: Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics. Singapore Statistics. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  177. Lee, Lee Kuan Yew (2000). From Third World to First. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish.
  178. Afendras, Evangelos A.; Kuo, Eddie C.Y. (1980). Language and society in Singapore. Singapore University Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-016-8. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  179. Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J. (2006). Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society 3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  180. Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act (Cap. 296, 1985 Rev. Ed.)
  181. "Literacy and Language". Singapore Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  182. "Returning Singaporeans – Mother-Tongue Language Policy". Ministry of Education. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
  183. Burns, Simon (20 June 2006). "Singapore outlines gigabit broadband plans". V3.co.uk (London). Retrieved 6 June 2013. (subscription required)
  184. "Statistics Singapore - Latest Data - Social Indicators". Singapore Department of Statistics. 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  185. "Private Education in Singapore". Ministry of Education. 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  186. "International Student Admissions: General Information on Studying in Singapore". Ministry of Education. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  187. "ASEAN Scholarships: Frequently Asked Questions". Ministry of Education. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  188. "Speech by Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Senior Minister of State for Trade & Industry and Education at the Seminar on "The Significance of Speaking Skills For Language Development", organised by the Tamil Language and Culture Division of Nie On 15 February 2003" (Press release). Ministry of Education. 2 January 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  189. "Mandarin is important but remains a second language in S'pore MM Lee". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore). 26 June 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  190. "Returning Singaporeans – Mother-Tongue Language Policy". Ministry of Education. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  191. "Refinements to Mother Tongue Language Policy" (Press release). Ministry of Education. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  192. 192.0 192.1 "Primary Education". Ministry of Education. 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  193. "Primary School Curriculum". Ministry of Education. 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  194. 194.0 194.1 "Secondary Education". Ministry of Education. 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  195. "Special/Express Courses Curriculum". Ministry of Education. 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  196. "Pre-University Education". Ministry of Education. 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  197. 197.0 197.1 "Education and Language" (PDF). Singapore Statistics. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  198. "Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study". IEA. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  199. "Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study". IEA. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  200. "Comparing countries' and economies' performance" (PDF). Paris: OECD. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  201. "Universities' ranking". QS. Retrieved 2012.
  202. 202.0 202.1 Tucci, John (2010). "The Singapore health system – achieving positive health outcomes with low expenditure". Towers Watson. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  203. "World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems" (Press release). Geneva: World Health Organization. 21 June 2000. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  204. "Statistics Singapore - Latest Data - Births & Deaths". Singapore Department of Statistics. 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  205. "Singapore: Health Profile" (PDF). World Health Organization. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  206. "The World Health Report" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2000. p. 66. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  207. "Core Health Indicators Singapore". World Health Organisation. May 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  208. "The Singapore Government's Response To Amnesty International's Report "Singapore – The Death Penalty: A Hidden Toll Of Executions"" (Press release). Ministry of Home Affairs. 30 January 2004. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  209. International: The lottery of life | The Economist
  210. 210.0 210.1 "Speech by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong on Singapore 21 Debate in Parliament". singapore21. 5 May 1999. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  211. "A Short History of Southeast Asia: Singapore". ASEANfocus, Peter Church. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  212. "Crown Colony". U.S. Library of Congress. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  213. "MM Lee says Singapore needs to do more to achieve nationhood". Channel NewsAsia (Singapore). 5 May 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  214. 214.0 214.1 214.2 "Findings". Singapore Statistics. 5 May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  215. "Literacy and language". Singapore Statistics. 5 May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  216. Lloyd-Smith, Jake (24 July 2004). "Singapore filmmaker takes Cut at censors". Houston Chronicle (Texas). Associated Press. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  217. "Old and new citizens get equal chance, says MM Lee". PMO. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  218. "PM Lee on racial and religious issues (National Day Rally 2009)". Singapore United. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  219. Harding, Andrew (16 August 2004). "Singapore slings a little caution to the wind". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  220. Arnold, Wayne (16 August 2004). "The Nanny State Places a Bet". New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  221. National Flower
  222. "National Symbols". mystory.sg. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  223. "Survey finds that workers in Singapore put in longest hours". China Post (Taipei). 16 August 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  224. "Singapore Dining". App.www.sg. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  225. Yue, Karen (14 May 2013). "Business Events Australia to target tummies of Singapore planners". TTGmice (Singapore).
  226. 226.0 226.1 Wu, David Y.H.; Chee Beng Tan (2001). Changing Chinese foodways in Asia. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 161 ff. ISBN 978-962-201-914-0. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  227. Martini, Fadhel; Wong Tai Chee (2001). "Restaurants in Little India, Singapore: A Study of Spatial Organization and Pragmatic Cultural Change". Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 16: 161–164.
  228. "In durian love". Time Out Singapore. 23 August 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  229. "Culture and the Arts in Renaissance Singapore" (PDF). Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 1 May 2006.
  230. "Virtual Tourist: Reviews of Esplanade (Theatres by the Bay)". Retrieved 28 March 2006.
  231. Chee, Frankie (12 July 2009). "Stand-up is back". The Straits Times (Singapore).
  232. "Updates". Royal Academy of Dance. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
  233. "About us". The Hantu Bloggers. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  234. "About S-League". Football Association Singapore. 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  235. "French And Chinese Teams Join Singapore's S-League". goal.com. 21 January 2010.
  236. "ASEAN Basketball League takes off". FIBA Asia. 20 January 2009.
  237. "Singapore confirms 2008 night race" (Press release). Formula1.com. 11 May 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
  238. "SingTel to sponsor first Singapore Grand Prix" (Press release). Formula1.com. 16 November 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
  239. Collantine, Keith (22 September 2012). "Singapore confirms F1 contract extension to 2017". Formula 1 Fanatic. Retrieved 22 September 2012. The Singapore Grand Prix will remain on the F1 calendar for at least the next five years.
  240. "Singapore to host first edition of the Youth Olympic Games in 2010" (Press release). International Olympic Committee. 21 February 2008. Archived from the original on 11 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  241. 241.0 241.1 "Country Report 2010 Edition". Freedom House. 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  242. "Free-to-Air Television". MDA. 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  243. "TV listings". XIN MSN. 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  244. "Cable Television". XIN MSN. 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  245. "Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)". XIN MSN. 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  246. 246.0 246.1 246.2 "Singapore country profile". BBC News. 16 November 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  247. "Press Freedom Index". Reporters Without Borders. 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  248. "Media: Overview". Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. 16 March 2005. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  249. "Singapore". OpenNet Initiative. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  250. Wong, Tessa (11 January 2011). "Impossible for S'pore to block all undesirable sites". The Straits Times (Singapore). Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  251. Chua Hian Hou (23 May 2008). "MDA bans two video-sharing porn sites". The Straits Times (Singapore). Archived from the original on 24 May 2008.
  252. Aquino, Kristine (17 February 2011). "BMW Costing $260,000 Means Cars Only for Rich in Singapore as Taxes Climb". Bloomberg (New York). Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  253. "Once you're here: Basic Road Rules and Regulations". Expat Singapore. 16 August 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  254. "Taxi info" (PDF). Land Transport Authority. 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  255. "Public transport ridership". Land Transport Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  256. "Tracing our steps". Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
  257. Small, Kenneth A.; Verhoef, Erik T. (2007). The Economics of Urban Transportation. London: Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-415-28515-5.
  258. Cervero, Robert (1998). The Transit Metropolis. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 169. ISBN 1-55963-591-6. Chapter 6/The Master Planned Transit Metropolis: Singapore.
  259. "Electronic Road Pricing". Land Transport Authority. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  260. "Singapore remains world's busiest port". China View (Beijing). Xinhua. 12 January 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  261. Marks, Kathy (30 November 2007). "Qantas celebrates 60 years of the 'Kangaroo Route'". The Independent (London).
  262. About Changi Airport
  263. "2006 Airport of the Year result". World Airport Awards. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2006.
  264. Yap, Jimmy (30 January 2004). "Turbulence ahead for Singapore flag carrier". BrandRepublic (London: Haymarket Business Media).
Bibliography
  • Hill, Michael (1995). Kwen Fee Lian, ed. The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12025-X.
  • King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality. Insight Press. ISBN 0-9775567-0-0.
  • Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, R.S. (2002). Singapore Politics: Under the People's Action Party. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24653-9.
  • Tan, Kenneth Paul (2007). Renaissance Singapore? Economy, Culture, and Politics. NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-377-0.
  • Lee Kuan Yew (2000). From Third World To First: The Singapore Story: 1965–2000. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019776-5
  • Worthington, Ross (2002). Governance in Singapore. Routledge/Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1474-X.
  • "Census of Population (2000)" (PDF). Singapore Department of Statistics. Retrieved 11 January 2000. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  • "Key Facts & Figures". Ministry of Transport, Singapore. Retrieved 11 January 2003.
  • "Nation's History". Singapore Infomap. Retrieved 11 January 2004.
  • "MOE-PRIME". Programme For Rebuilding and IMproving Existing schools (PRIME). Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
  • "Eight More Schools to Benefit from Upgrading" (Press release). Ministry of Education. 14 February 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.

External links

Government
General information
Trade